kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Objectives: To evaluate the high school females’ cancer-preventive behavior-based Health Beliefs Model relative to its components of perceived barriers in Nasiriya City.
Methodology: A descriptive design was used to guide this study. The research was conducted at a high school in Nasiriya City. The study included a probability simple random sample of 300 female students.
Results: The results demonstrated that (59.7%) of the high school female students exhibited a moderate cancer-preventive behavior in terms of perceived barriers. This result is supported by psychological factor is perceived barriers, which points out the person’s perception of intrinsic and extrinsic obstacles in performing a behavior.
Conclusions: Cancer-preventive behaviors based Health Believes Model is not satisfactory among high school female students.
Recommendations: These results highlight the importance of educating female students in schools and including an educational curriculum related to aspects of health prevention.

Background: Trismus means the inability to open the mouth more than 35 mm, it is also called restriction of the mouth opening, and negatively affects eating, drinking, and speech, as well as the difficulty of the mouth cleaning. In addition, the Trismus in patients with head and neck cancer may be caused by an increase in the size of the tumor that affects the chewing muscles or tissue fibrosis as a result of surgery or radiation.
Objectives: The present study aims to determine the incidence of trismus among patients with head and neck cancer.
Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was conducted national teaching hospital of oncology in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf City. Anon-probability (purpose sampling technique was used to select 91 patients with head and neck carcinoma. Descriptive statistics like frequency, mean, standard deviation, percentage and inferential statistics, were used to analyze the study data.
Results: The study found the patient-related trismus suffering from mild to severe trismus (16.5 %, vs. 11.0 %).
Conclusion: Our study results showed that the most of participant patients had been jaw movement problems that can have affected by location, duration, and treatment of cancer.

Background: Standard precautions include hand washing, protective equipment, respiratory hygiene, sharps safety, injection techniques, patient care, waste disposal, and disinfected surfaces for infection control.
Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate Nurses' Performances Regarding Infection Control Standard Precautions, and the Association between the Practices of Nurses and Sociodemographic Characteristics.
Methodology: This study used a descriptive observational design to study 212 nurses in all departments at Shar Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani. A probability-based sampling method was used, and data were collected from March 15, 2022, to September 20, 2022. The questionnaire involved questions about the nurses' demographics and their work environment.
Results: The result of the study indicates that (39.6%) of the nurses have good performance regarding infection control standard precautions, and there was a statistically significant association between nursing performance concerning age, level of education and employment.
Conclusion: Only half of the participants had good infection control practices. Factors that affected this level of practice were found.

Background: In patients with diabetes, diabetic foot ulcers are a significant and frequent consequence that can, in extreme situations, result in the amputation of the lower limbs. This study looked at the impact of a new dressing technique that uses apple cider vinegar on diabetes patients to reduce foot ulcer severity and grade.
Objectives: This study aims to examine the effects of using apple cider vinegar dressing to reduce foot ulcer grade among diabetic patients.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental study conducted at Imam Al-Hassan Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes in holy Kerbala governorate during the period from 26th September 2022 to 12th June 2023.The study sample consist of 60 patients with diabetic foot ulcer were divided into two groups: 30patients were assigned in the intervention group and 30 in the control group. Patients in the intervention group were followed to apply apple cider vinegar dressing, while in the control group only received routine conventional care.
Results: The result indicate that the mean score of diabetic foot ulcer grade of control group is 4.07±0.30 and the mean score of study group is 3.81±0.26. There is a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest period in healing process and consequently decreasing severity of foot ulcer grades for the study group at p -value (0,00). This study exposed that the using of apple cider vinegar dressing is effective in promoting foot ulcer healing and decrease grades among diabetic patients.
Conclusion: The results of the current study demonstrated that the application of apple cider vinegar dressing reduced the grade severity and enhanced wounds healing of diabetic foot ulcers.

Background: One of the social phenomena that has come to be seen as a primary problem in the society is divorce, which has had a devastating impact not only on the institution of the family but also on society as a whole.
Objectives: To assess the Psychological Impact of Planning for Divorce and to find-out the association between the psychological health and their socio- demographic data for married couples planning a divorce.
Methodology: Descriptive-Analytic study design was used to describe the variables and the relationships that occur among them in this study. This design was carried out in order to achieve the aims of the present study to identify the psychological impact on spouses planning divorce in Karbala Federal Court of Appeal / Presidency of the Karbala Criminal Court, the second body during the period from 12th December 2021 to 15th February 2022. Purposive sampling (nonprobability) of (70) spouses planning divorce in Karbala. The questionnaire it has 3 subscales (depression, anxiety, and stress). The data collection started by using questionnaire format and fill out sampling was obtained by spouses planning divorce in Karbala city. The process of collecting data for the researcher through the interview questionnaire to spouses planning divorce in Karbala Federal Court of Appeal, took time to fill the questionnaire time of 10-15 minutes and participants were asked to read the questionnaire. The correlation between psychological state and demographic characteristics has been examined using Chi-square tests.
Results: This table shows that there is high significant and significant relationship between Depression with (Age at marriage, Age difference between spouses, do you want to return to a single life, does divorce negatively affect children, what do you think is the main reason for divorce in our society, Number of divorces) at p value < 0.05.
Conclusion: The majority of samples were had Psychological Impact of couples. There is a significant relationship between impact psychological health of planning for divorce with socio- demographic characteristics.

Background: It is important to be concerned about anxiety during pregnancy since it will influence the fetus's growth. Extreme levels of stress, sadness, or anxiety during pregnancy increase the risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome.
Objectives: To Evaluate the Nulliparous pregnant women childbirth anxiety. To find out the association between pregnant women’s anxiety with some demographical and gestational age.
Methodology: A descriptive design used a non-probability (purposive sample) of (200) nulliparous pregnant women to collect the data through a self-reported questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised of (14) items of pregnancy related anxiety. The study was conducted from February to July 2023.
Results: Regarding age about half (50%) of pregnant women at age (20-29) years (27%) are graduated from preparatory school. More than two-thirds (67%) in the second trimester. The majority of them have planned pregnancy (81.5%). Most of them have mild anxiety (57%), and the leftover (43%) have severe anxiety. There are no significant association between pregnant women’s childbirth anxiety with age, education, or gestational age.
Conclusion: This study concluded that more than half of pregnant women have mild anxiety, and more than two thirds have severe anxiety.
Recommendations: Pregnant women need prenatal education and support regarding childbirth anxiety during routine prenatal visits.

Background: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early child hood and mother’s knowledge and practice regarding complementary feeding are fundamentals for attaining child’s growth and development and optimum health. Complementary feeding is an additional food or drink containing nutrients, given to infants or children aged 6-23 months to meet nutritional needs other than breast milk.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess knowledge and practice regarding complementary feeding among primiparous and multiparous mothers.
Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among a convenience sample of 100 mothers having 6-23 months’ age children in Qaladiza city in 2019. A questionnaire format was design to obtain necessary information with face to face technique. Validity and reliability of the data collection tool was attained (r.=0.71). Data were collected and analyzed with the help of SPSS version 26.
Results: Among all of the mothers, 57% of them were multiparous. The highest age group was 26-30 by 39%. Additionally, the highest percentage of mothers 36% were at the highest education level (graduated). There were no significant association between sociodemographic characteristics with mother’s level of knowledge and practice. Regarding mother’s knowledge toward complementary feeding 36.8% of multiparous and 55.8% of primiparous mothers were at high level. Regarding complementary feeding practice only 2.3% of primiparous and 15.8% of multiparous mothers were at high level. There were no statistical significant differences between them primiparous and multiparous mothers regarding complementary feeding knowledge and practice.
Conclusion: In this study, it was attained that there was an acceptable level of knowledge and low level of practice regarding complementary feeding among participated mothers. In addition to
that, primiparous mother’s level of knowledge was higher with a lower level of practice compared to multiparous mothers.
Recommendations: It is recommended for increase mother’s knowledge and practice regarding complementary feeding and its impact on their child’s health state.

Background: Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is one of the most frequent issues that hospitals are facing in every country worldwide. Since nurses are an essential part of the medical workforce that they play a special role in preventing the transmission of infections within hospitals.
Objectives: to assess levels of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding standard precautions. Find out the relationship between knowledge level and practice level.
Methodology: 400 nurses from eight hospitals in Babil governorate are included in this cross-sectional study. To assess the knowledge and practice levels, an interview questionnaire was used. SPSS-27 was used for analyzing the data that was collected between September 2022 and March 2023.
Results: The main results revealed that 56.3% of nurses had a high level of knowledge on standard precautions. While 51.5%of nurses had poor practice regarding standard precautions. A significant positive relationship between nurses' level of practice and their level of knowledge was also identified.
Conclusion: Despite the fact that the majority of study participants had a high level of knowledge, the majority did not always practice these precautions. In addition, the level of practice correlates positively with level of knowledge.

Background: The prevalence of anemia is a global public health concern, affecting both developed and developing countries. The effects of childhood anemia are devastating, ranging from stunted growth and impaired cognitive and motor development to an increased risk of mortality.
Objectives: The study aims to determine the mother and child medical history associated with hemoglobin levels among under-five children in Kut City.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study with a convenience sample (non-probability) was conducted among 264 children admitted to hospitals in Kut City. From September 1st, 2022, to March 1st, 2023. Data were collected via questionnaires, and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate the data.
Results: The total number of children participating in the study was 264, with 39.0% having mild anemia and 60.0% having moderate anemia, according to the WHO classification of anemia. The results showed that the children most at risk of developing anemia were born to mothers with prenatal medical problems. As well as the period of admission of the child to the hospital. Children who were partially immunized showed the lowest mean of hemoglobin. In contrast, children with a History of acute blood loss showed the lowest mean of hemoglobin. The degree of anemia was significantly associated with a long duration admission in pediatric word or neonatal care unit
Conclusion: According to the study, the most critical factors facing anemia were high significant with partially immunized and a history of blood loss.

Background: Clinical training is a part of nursing education and it is the way to prepare nursing students to become responsible for providing high quality of care as nursing care professionals.
Objectives: Assessing students' attitudes toward the clinical learning environment and clinical supervision. Also, identifying if student class and the patient’s number in the wards had an effect on attitudes.
Methodology: A descriptive study design and choose a random sample consisted of (200) students from Nursing College at Mosul University. The present study was conducted from the 1st March of 2022 to the 1st of March 2023. The questionnaire comprises first section which contains demographic characteristics. The second section include (12) questions for a clinical environment, In addition, the third section was (12) questions for clinical supervision.
Results: Students had negative attitudes toward clinical supervision and the clinical learning environment (42%, 36.5%) respectively. The current study found a significant relationship between students' attitudes and the role of the clinical supervisor at a P-value equal to or less than 0.05.
Conclusion: Nursing students had mixed attitudes, with negative attitudes about clinical supervision and positive attitudes about the clinical learning environment. In addition, determining the class of students and the number of patients in hospital wards had an impact on students' attitudes.

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the cardiac catheterization procedures used to diagnose and treat coronary artery disease(CAD). It may lead to local vascular complications after the removal of the femoral arterial sheath, which may contribute to morbidity and mortality, and increase the patient's length of stay and hospital costs.
Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the effect of direct cold compress for femoral arterial sheath removal on reduction of local vascular complications in patients after PCI.
Methodology: A randomized controlled trial, post-test only was conducted on patients in the present study. A non-probability (homogenous purposive sample) of (90) patients are involved after PCI (45 patients for the experimental group and 45 patients for the control group). The experimental group exposed to direct cold bag compression for removing the femoral arterial sheath removal. While, the control group exposed for usual nursing care provided for patients in CCU. The study was conducted at Al-Najaf AL Ashraf City/ AL-Najaf Center for Cardiac Surgery and Cardiac Catheterization. The local vascular complications involved in the present study for both groups are hematoma, bleeding and ecchymosis.
Results: The study results indicated that there is a reduction in local vascular complications (hematoma, bleeding, and ecchymosis) for patients after femoral arterial sheath removal in the experimental group compared with those patients in the control group.
Conclusion: The present study has been concluded that the using of direct cold bag compress for removing the femoral arterial sheath in patients after PCI is an effective approach in reduction of local vascular complications compared with the control group.
Recommends: Based on the results of the present study, the researcher suggests the direct cold bag compress for femoral arterial sheath removal as a nursing intervention to reduce local vascular complications (hematoma, bleeding, and ecchymosis) for patients after PCI.

Background: Back pain is frequently reported following cardiac catheterization. This is mainly due to the prolonged bed rest prescribed post-cardiac catheterization, ranging from 3 to 6 h (Masoudi et al.,2017).
Objectives: To determine the effect of change position and back massage on physiological parameters for patients with back pain post-cardiac catheterization.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was conducted on patients divided into two study groups. A non-probability (homogenous purposive sample) of (90) patients is included in the present study (30 patients for the study group1,30 patients for study group 2 and 30 patients for the comparison group) where study group 1 received the change position protocol and study group 2 received the change position and back massage. All patients are post-cardiac catheterization and have back pain.
Results: Improvement in physiological parameters for patients with back pain in study groups compared with those participants in the comparison group and between the pre-test and three readings of the post-test in the study groups.
Conclusion: Implementing the change position and back massage for patients post-cardiac catheterization who have back pain is an effective approach to improve physiological parameters.
Recommendations: Future studies should be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the intervention strategy on improving physiological parameters, particularly back pain in combination with other interventions to compare current study's impact with another intervention method for patients with back pain post-cardiac catheterization

Background: bullying is associated with negative consequences such as depression, anxiety, self-harm behavior, and other psychosocial problems. While establishing the prevalence of traditional bullying and cyberbullying and the associated effects on mental health.
Objectives: the study aims to determine the psychological effects of bullying behavior on mental health status among adolescents at secondary schools.
Methodology: cross-sectional community-based study 304 students participated from two schools in Saudi Arabia, different sets of questionnaires including the Demographic Questionnaire, the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (R- OBVQ), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21).
Results: The findings suggest that bullying conduct has different psychological consequences on depression and stress, compared to anxiety. Additionally, it implies that sociodemographic factors may have an impact on the victim's mental health and bullying frequency.
Conclusion: According to the research, female students were bullied more often than male pupils. When compared to Saudi pupils, there is a higher prevalence of bullying among non-Saudi students.

Background: The healthcare staff, to apply prevention and control health associated infection guidelines need basic knowledge on standard precaution and the medical staff to gain this knowledge they need education through effective training. For that reason, training is a fundamental part of every infection control programs.
Objectives: Aim of the study is to evaluate the Sulaimani governmental and non-governmental hospitals training process on the infection control.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried at inside Sulaimani city (11 governmental and 7 non-governmental) hospitals in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the data collected by constructed questionnaire form both hospital administrations and also from 200 healthcare workers who working in those hospitals from 2nd October 2022 to 25th February 2023.
Results: The result show that most of the Sulaimani hospitals their infection control responsible of staff training 11 (61.1%), provide continuous training on the infection control 16 (88.9%) and 9 (56.25%) provide training when the workers need it. For healthcare staff, majority of the healthcare staff 111 (55.5%) did not attended any training on the infection control and 142 (71%) did not attended any training in the current hospitals they working in it now.
Conclusion: the study reveals that most of the Sulaimani hospitals claim that they having a continuous training based on the evaluated data on the healthcare staff knowledge. Contrast majority of the healthcare staff reported that they did not attend any infection control training in the previous or the current hospital.

Background: Glomerulonephritis is the common cause of end-stage of renal failure. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is characterized by glomerular injuries and formation of crescents. Moreover, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), and pro-inflammatory cytokines play a damaging role in a crescent glomerulonephritis.
Objectives: The main goal of the current study was aimed to determine the ANCA autoantibodies, and the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, INF-γ), as well as the relationship between these cytokines and ANCA test in a pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis patients.
Methodology: The study was carried out in AL-Yarmouk teaching hospital and AL-Sader teaching hospital during the period from April 2022 to April 2023. This study was involved 90 patients with a crescentic glomerulonephritis disease, the diagnosis was made by the consultant medical staff. In addition to a 60 samples of healthy individuals as control group was involved to comparison the results. ANCA test was made by Indirect immunofluorescence method for the detection of ANCA autoantibodies in serum, in addition to measure the serum level of cytokines including IL6, IL-17, IL-18, and IFN-γ by using Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay methods.
Results: This study has shown that the majority of patients were male (66.7%). Moreover, the most effected age groups within the age ≥ 61 years in percentage (65.5%) followed by the age group 51-60 years old (28.8%). There were 59 (65.5%) positive cases for ANCA from total patients and all of these cases were MPO-ANCA. The total RPGN patients were showed a highly significant increased mean serum levels of IL-18, IL-17, IL-6, and INF-γ as compared to healthy controls, as well as, the same cytokines were showed significant increased levels in myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA positive serum in crescent glomerulonephritis patients as compared to ANCA –negative serum of patients. These results indicate a functional role of IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, and INF-γ in ANCA-mediated neutrophil activation by the interdependence of IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, and INF-γ priming for ANCA responses.
Conclusion: It can be drawn from the present study that, the pro-inflammatory cytokines play an integral role in determining the course of disease and it can be used as major drug targets for therapy, as well as these cytokines have the ability to priming neutrophils thus contribute in the progression of a pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis disease.

Background: Breastfeeding is a part of the distinct bio psychosocial system of our species, which evolved over the course of mammalian evolution to enhance the health and survival of both infant and his mother. The act of breastfeeding involves much more than just passing breast milk from mother to children but vital aspect of a baby's upbringing from feeding the mother's breast.
Objectives: The study aims to assessing of mothers’ knowledge toward maintaining breast milk flow when their high-risk newborns are in the hospital and find out the relationship between mothers' demographic variables and knowledge.
Methodology: From the 26th September 2022 to 1st July 2023, descriptive research was conducted on mothers with high-risk neonates in Holy Karbala. The research was conducted at three different hospitals: Women's Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Karbala Teaching Hospital for Children, and AL-Husainia General Hospital.
Results: The most of mothers are within the age groups of (20-30) and (above 30) years of old represented (33%), most of them cannot read and writing, the majority of mothers are housewives and resident in urban area, also most mothers with somewhat enough as economic status, and most of them with normal delivery birth. Furthermore, most participants have two to three births. The study shows that mothers have moderate level of knowledge toward maintaining breast milk flow represented (52%).
Conclusion: Parents frequently worry at the end of a preterm infant's hospital stay about whether the baby is ready to be fed by mouth. This only receives significant attention when other major health issues have been resolved or made easier to manage. Because there haven't been many studies on adults born prematurely, many moms are ignorant of the risks of not breastfeeding their high-risk newborns. They are also ignorant of the long-term benefits of breastfeeding for themselves and their children.
Recommendation: Awareness programs for the mothers during pregnancy (before birth) about the success of breastfeeding to know ways to keep her milk flowing for their children. And increasing mothers' knowledge about maintaining and increase milk flow through media programs and educational events in community.

Background: Positioning is a crucial aspect of developmental care because it keeps the infant flexible, aligned, confined, and comfortable. It is a simple therapeutic procedure that is effective and safe for preterm infants.
Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of an instructional program on nurses' practices toward change position, and to find out the relationships between the effectiveness of instruction program and demographic characteristics of nurses.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental study design was initiated from 20 December 2022 to 22 May 2023 at Maysan hospital for child and birth, in Al-Amarah city. A non-probability “convenience” sample was selected and consisting of 50 Nurses. The data was obtained by observation utilizing a constructive practices checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data by using SPSS (version 26.0).
Results: Findings reveal that nurses in the study group are showing fair level of practices during the pre-test time (76%) while they are showing good level of practices during the post-test 1 (88%) and post-test 2 (84%) that indicate the significant changes in level of practices among nurses after applying the program.
Conclusion: The Instructional program had a positive effect on the practices of neonatal intensive care unit nurses. There were significant differences in the study group's practices scores between the pre-test and post-test. There was association between nurses’ practices and their age.
Recommendations: Providing Neonatal intensive care unit nurses with posters, leaflets, and books so they can learn enough about the right and safe position for preterm babies. Standardized checklists should be made available in NICU.

Background: The study aimed to demonstrate the effect of a magic solution on preventing oral mucositis in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Objectives: The study aimed to focused on applying the magic solution as a potential treatment for prevention oral mucositis in cancer patients during chemotherapy.
Methodology: Study adopts pre- and post-testing as part of a quasi-experimental study design. The investigation was carried out at the Babylon Oncology Center between January 25 and May 17, 2023. Forty patients make up the study's sample, which was chosen using a non-probability sampling method. Experts validated the study instruments', and a pilot study was used to confirm the tools' dependability. Data were collected, and descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results: The findings showed that 56.2 years old in the study group and 52.1 years old in the control were responders to the treatment. Sixty percent of participants were men. According to the study group's data, there was no noticeable difference in oral mucositis, severity, or toxicity between the two measurement periods known as the pre-test and post-test, which occurred before and after the intervention. The findings in the control group indicate a substantial difference in oral mucositis prevention, severity, and toxicity between two periods of measurements, such as a pre-test and a post-test (after the passage of seven days of taking the magic solution).
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, oral mucositis caused by chemotherapy can be avoided by using the magic solution. There were statistically significant differences between the study group and the control group, which indicates that the magic therapy was effective in avoiding inflammation of the oral mucosa. The intervention required additional research with a large sample size.

Objectives: To (1) find out the association between palliative care for children with malignancies and mothers’ level of education, and (2) investigate the differences in the quality of palliative care among mothers’ level of education groups.
Methodology: descriptive predictive correlational design is carried out to find The Difference Between palliative care for Children with Malignancies and mothers’ level of education. This study was conducted in each of Pediatric Welfare Teaching Hospital – Medical City Complex and Child’s Central Teaching Hospital – Al-Karkh Health Directorate, Baghdad City. Data were collected through structured interview with the study participants for the period from December 2nd, 2022 to January 31st, 2023. A non-probability (convenience) used to select sample of 165 mothers of children with malignancies.
Results: The study results display that the palliative care is good from the perspectives of most of mothers (n = 114; 76.0%), followed by those who perceive it as fair (n = 31; 20.7%), and those who perceive it as poor (n = 5; 3.3%).The study results reveal that there is a statistically significant difference in the Psychosocial and spiritual dimensions among mothers’ level of education groups (p-value = .016).
Conclusion: Mothers who hold a bachelor’s degree perceive the psychosocial and spiritual dimensions as the lowest compared to mothers of other levels of education.
Recommendations: There is a need for the pediatric nurses to devote special attention to mothers of children with malignancies whose level of education is low with the goal of raise their awareness of the palliative care their children are receiving.

Background: Heart failure is a global health issue that affects approximately 26 million individuals worldwide. The majority of individuals with heart failure live with a significant symptom burden, comorbidities, and impairment; up to 88% of persons with heart failure experience breathlessness at repose.
Objectives: determination the Effect of patients education on number of re-hospitalizations in Patients With chronic Heart Failure disease.
Methodology: A randomized control trail (RCT) was conducted in Holy Karbala City in Iraq. A purposive sample of heart failure patients in clinic and out clinic. Then based of Block Random Assignment, the patients were divided into two groups, the control group consist of (35) patients and intervention group consist of (35) patients, the patients in study group exposed to the health education about heart failure self-management . Data were collected by using demographic questionnaire included age, gender, marital status, level of education, duration of heart disease, side of heart failure, Occupation Status, and number of hepatizations during last three month. A descriptive and inferential data statistical technique was used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of study showed a significant decreasing number of hospitalization Among patients in intervention group comparing with those in a control group at a p-value less than 0.01.
Conclusion: Implementation of Patient education can decrease in number of re-hospitalizations of patients with chronic heart failure.

Background: DSM-5-TR defines conduct disorder as groups of repetitive and persistent behaviors, including aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violation of rules in children and adolescents aged under 18 years.
Objectives: To assess of primary school teachers' knowledge and attitude toward Conduct Disorders.
Methodology: Descriptive study was carried throughout the period (1st December 2022 to 10th June 2023) to assess primary school teachers' knowledge’s and attitudes toward conduct disorders among children in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city. A (70) primary school teachers were selected by a non-probability (purposive) sample from candidate school were included in the present study, The Study Instrument consists of three parts, the first part contains demographic information. The second part contains six domains to measure teachers' knowledge toward conduct disorders, and the last part consists of fifteen questions to find out teachers' attitudes toward conduct disorders.
Results: the result indicate that 71.4 % of study sample with poor knowledge toward conduct disorders, while 55.7% of sample with unfavorable attitude.
Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that two third of teachers' with poor level of knowledge and half of teachers with unfavorable attitude toward conduct disorders.
Recommendations: The authors recommended collaborating between the Ministry of Education and mental health organizations to establish partnerships between schools and mental health professionals or organizations specializing in conduct disorders. This collaboration can provide additional support and resources to teachers and help create a more comprehensive approach to addressing conduct disorders in educational settings.

Background: Chemotherapy is an important therapeutic option for patients with cancers, but it is also associated with a number of adverse effects that can affect practically every body system. The most frequent side effects of chemotherapy are gastrointestinal in nature, such as nausea and vomiting. The pericardium 6 (P6) is one of the most important points used in acupressure techniques for treating nausea and vomiting.
Objectives: This study aims to examine the effects of wrist band acupressure technique on the severity of nausea among patients receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was conducted at the Imam Al-Hussein Center for Oncology and Hematology and the oncology wards of the Imam Al-Hassan Al-Mujtaba teaching hospital, which is located in Kerbala Holy City. Forty-seven patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy were divided into two groups: 22 patients were assigned in the intervention group and 25 in the control group. Patients in the intervention group were followed to perform acupressure techniques, while in the control group only received routine conventional care.
Results: Before applying the interventional approach, the intervention group's overall mean score for nausea was 52.3±10.9; it was 39.8 ±14.5 after implementing the intervention. There is a statistically significant difference in the severity of nausea between the two groups after implementing the interventional protocol at a p-value of 0.000. Moreover, there are no significant differences between the severity of nausea after using wrist band acupressure and the type of chemotherapy (p-value 0.6).
Conclusion: Using wrist band acupressure as a noninvasive technique can be effective in reducing the severity of nausea among patients receiving highly or moderately emetogenic chemotherapy.

Background: Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) frequently results in problems with balance, which increase the risk of falling. Patients with stroke might improve their balance skills and reduce the occurrence of falls by engaging in sitting balance training exercises.
Objectives: The current study aims to examine the effect of sitting balance exercises on the risk of fall in patients with stroke.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was performed on sixty patients with acute stroke by using a purposive sampling method. The recruited patients were divided to experimental and control groups with 30 patients each. Patients in the experimental group were followed to perform sitting balance exercises two sessions per day for 14th days, whereas the patients enrolled in the control group received a routine conventional care.
Results: More than half of patients participating in the experimental group were within the age groups of 60-69 years old and accounted for 53.3%, 56.7% of the experimental group were female while 46.7% of the control group were males. Before applying sitting balance exercises, the experimental group's overall mean score for the level of falling incidences risk level was 1.2±0.40 and 2.1 ±0.86 after implementing the intervention. There is a significant statistical difference in the level of falling risk between the two groups after implementing the interventional protocol at a P<0.001.
Conclusion: Performing of sitting balance exercises immediately after diagnosis with stroke was significantly improved stetting balance and decreased the incidence of falling in patients with stroke.

Background: Nursing profession is a very stressful profession and mounting evidence indicates that it may be on the rise in death and dying, conflict with physicians, inadequate emotional preparation, problems relating to peers, problems relating to supervisors, workload, uncertainty concerning treatments, 8) patients and families and, discrimination especially among nurses who work in emergency department nursing.
Objectives: The current study aimed to assess self-perceived work stress between emergency department nurses' (ED) and general wards nurses (GW).
Methodology: The study was conducted by selecting a non-probability (purposive) sample. Ninety six nurses included in the current study; (48) work in emergency department and (48) in general ward. By interviewing each nurse, we prepared a draft of 57 items within nine domain (Expanded Nursing Stress Scale) questionnaire.
Results: The assessment of stress was moderate for both ED nurses and GW nurses with mean of scores (2.00 and 2.47) respectively. The mean difference was high statistically significant (p-value <0.0001).
Conclusion: ED nurses reported a high level of occupational stress compared to GW nurses.

Curcumin, or Turmeric is a yellow polyphenolic pigment from the Curcuma longa L. It extracted was from the rhizomes of the plant as yellow-brown powder. Turmeric is used as a pulp for the skin and is useful in bruises and swelling, and is placed on excess hair, reducing its growth. Turmeric is also used to activates the liver to secrete bile and increases gastric motility. In addition to increases the dissolution of gallstones. Because it is bile and contains essential oils and water-soluble dyes, so it prevents colic, carminative, regulates menstruation, and contains curcumin, the yellow dye, which has an effect that exceeds cortisone in skin diseases, and it is an antioxidant and more powerful than vitamin E. In addition, Turmeric lowers blood pressure. In recent decades, their biological activities have been extensively studied. Thus, this review aims to offer an in-depth discussion of Turmeric applications for on health promotion and disease prevention.

Background: Asymptomatic hypertension is characterized as increased systolic blood pressure equal to or more than 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure equal to or more than 90 mmHg without immediate signs of end-organ injury.
Objectives: To estimate the incidence rate of asymptomatic hypertension and to assess the lifestyle level and its relation to the incidence rate of asymptomatic hypertension among early middle age people.
Methodology: A cross sectional study design was performed and a non / probability (convenience approach) sampling technique with a size of sample 270 subjects who visited Merjan and AL Imam AL Sadiq Teaching Hospitals from 1 December 2022 to 30 March 2023. Data was gathered by two techniques, an interview and developed a questionnaire, and taking two different blood pressure readings for every participant.
Results: Overall incidence rate of asymptomatic hypertension was 16.58%. The study found a moderate lifestyle (54.81%) and a highly significant relationship between lifestyle items and the incidence rate of asymptomatic hypertension (p-value = <0.0001) among early middle age people.
Conclusion: High incidence rate of asymptomatic hypertension in Hilla City and it is more common in females than male and lifestyle play an important role in developing asymptomatic hypertension among early middle age.
Recommendations: The study recommends activating preventive strategies such as early detection for asymptomatic hypertension in primary health care centers and hospitals and focusing on conducting educational health programs about the seriousness of the disease and promoting optimum and healthy lifestyles, including healthy eating habits, physical activities, stopping smoking, and following a healthy sleep pattern as well as, conducting a periodic monitoring for the level of cholesterol and other laboratory tests that help to early detection of high blood pressure.

Background: Cesarean section is method of birth used when a vaginal delivery is not possible or when the baby's and mother's health are at risk. Understanding the causes of caesarean section can give us a greater awareness of this common obstetric operation.
Objectives: To determine the indications for cesarean section among primigravid women, attending ‎Kirkuk city hospitals, and to find out the relationship between indications for cesarean section and demographic data with some of reproductive characteristics of the study sample.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at maternity units in Kirkuk city hospitals from August, 2022 to May, 2023. The study sample included 200 primigravid women who underwent to caesarean section. The data was collected through a questionnaire and interview techniques. SPSS version 26 was used for data entry and analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistic were used.
Results: the mean age was 23.62 ± 5.62 most of the patient were in the age 15-19 years old , (42.5%) were graduated from institute, college & higher education, more than half of the sample (59.5%) were housewife, (76.5%) were from urban with (45.5%) of them being from sufficient monthly income, and (44.0%) were obese. Cephalopelvic disproportion and fetal malpresentation were the most common indications for cesarean section. Reproductive history was significantly associated with each of [maternal age at (P=0.001), residency at (P=0.001), monthly income at (P=0.003) and type of antenatal care at (P=0.000). No significant relationship was reported between women demographic data and their indications for caesarean section at p-value <0.05.
Conclusion: Cephalopelvic disproportion and fetal malpresentation were the most common indications for cesarean section, followed by fetal distress and obstructed labor. Performing caesarean section delivery should be for the medical and emergency reasons by the obstetricians.

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is one of the most common public health issues in the world today, causing harm to the fetus, mother, and newborn. World Health Organization (WHO) defined adolescents as individuals between the age of 10 and 19 years old, and according to the, adolescents make up approximately 20% of the world's population.
Objectives: To identify and compare the adverse pregnancy outcomes among two age groups of pregnant women attended Kirkuk city hospitals.
Methodology: A Quantitative (descriptive) study design was carried out between October 2022 and May 2023 on a sample of 280women, aged less than or equal to 19years old & more than or equal to 35 years. Purposive sample selected from 3 main hospitals in Kirkuk City. A structured questionnaire was employed as an instrument for data collection. SPSS version22.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistical methods used.
Results: A total of 280 mothers participated, both groups were primary school graduated ,house wife with insufficient income. Adolescent group had 1-2 gravida & para, While advanced age had from 3-4 with delivery by CS for both groups. Significant relationship of maternal outcome found as complication before labor as placenta previa, gestational hypertension, eclampsia and olighydrominos. In addition for neonatal outcome need to admission to neonatal intensive care unit and early neonatal death had significant relationship at p ˂ 0.05.
Conclusion: No significant relationships were accounted for between the distribution of maternal outcomes among both groups, and the expectation for some complications before labor, a significant relationship at P<0.05 according to the need for neonatal intensive care unit admission & neonatal death among both age groups.

Background: Notifiable communicable diseases are a significant public health issue in Iraq, particularly among children.
Objectives: This study aimed to comprehensively assess the epidemiological profile of childhood communicable diseases in Babylon Governorate, Iraq, over the period 2017–2021.
Methodology: Data from 11,925 cases of notifiable communicable diseases were collected from the health department in AL-Hilla City, Iraq, between 2017 and 2021. The data were analyzed according to the mode of transmission, type of infection, and age and sex patterns.
Results: The majority of the reported communicable diseases (85.4%) were droplet and airborne infections, with pneumonia being the most frequently reported respiratory infection (76.8%). The reported cases of pertussis, viral meningitis, bacterial meningitis, chickenpox, and mumps showed a significant decrease during the study period, while the incidence of measles had two peaks in 2019 and 2020. Viral hepatitis A and typhoid fever were the most frequently reported foodborne infections. Kala-azar was the most common arthropod-borne infection, while brucellosis and rabies were the most common zoonotic infections. Pneumonia and meningitis affected infants and children aged 1-4 years more commonly than other age groups, while pertussis affected infants and children aged 1-4 years more frequently than other age groups, with a female predominance. Measles affected infants and children aged 1-4 years more commonly than older age groups, with a male predominance.
Conclusion: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence and trends of notifiable communicable diseases among children in AL-Hilla City, Iraq, between 2017 and 2021. The findings highlight the need for improved surveillance and prevention measures.

Background: One of the most important global public health issues and it is a major source of death for many people around the world. Illnesses caused by infection invasion of the body with specific germs such as viruses, bacteria, funguses, and parasites.
Aim(s): Evaluatıng communicable diseases surveillance system structure at Mosul City.
Methodology: A descriptive study using an evaluation approach is conducted to evaluate the Communicable Diseases Surveillance System Structure in Mosul City from April 20th 2022 to May 21th 2023. A non-probability multistage sample was adopted of the study, as twenty-three (23) health institutions are chosen and interview is conducted with health staff works in the communicable diseases Surveillance System. Developed evaluation tool (Questionnaire) used to collect the data according to WHO framework (Generic Questionnaire) for monitoring and evaluating surveillance and response system for communicable disease.
Results: The outcomes indicate that the most of system's organizational structure component are effective, available and sufficient to implement such system for the benefit of consumers from communicable diseases services’ in relation to patient surveillance manual, personnel, resources and supplies and training. However, the study findings showed that Public Health Department, both healthcare sectors and hospitals, in Mosul City, have much better organizational structure of Communicable Diseases Surveillance System than Main and Family Medicine Primary Healthcare Centers.
Conclusion: All hospitals, in Mosul City, have presented an experimental evidence that their organizational structure of the Communicable Diseases Surveillance System is well competent to implement it.

Background: pandemic related corona virus presented with high level of mortality rate, which produced multiple health problems related psychological aspect, as well as other aspects of health dimensions worldwide.
Objectives: The study aimed to assess the prevalence of anxiety disorder post COVID-19 Infected and to identify the correlation between anxiety disorder and sociodemographic characteristics for people after exposed to the corona virus in Babylon.
Methodology: A cross-sectional design was employed to achieve the objectives of the study for the period from1st September 2022 to 30 June 2023. A purposive sample of (434) individuals, the sampling method using snowball technique to access the participants of the study. The data for this study was collected by using (Sherman A. Lee scale, 2020) tool,
The assessment test scale consists of two parts, Cronbach's alphas test was calculated to determine the internal consistency of the study instrument. The overall internal consistency for the questionnaire was accepted which recorded: α=0.86.
Results: The summary statistics related sociodemographic characteristics showed that the majority of participants in the study are between age group of (20- 39) years old (56.2%). More than half of participants are female (53.5%). Regarding level of education majority of participants have college level of education, which recorded (28.1%). Related marital status more than a half of study sample are single (57.6%). lastly, (51.6%) of participants have barely sufficient level regarding with economic status.
Conclusion: The result of the study shows that anxiety disorder post COVID-19 infected presented as a low to fair level among the sample of study, in addition to that, gender recoded high negative correlation as well as the level of education showed negative correlation with anxiety disorder.
Recommendations: 1. Conducting extra studies to obtain more knowledge related anxiety disorder and COVID-19 infected. 2. Produce an educational program to increase health awareness among people, associated with COVID-19 infected and how to prevent it help them to decrease suffering from anxiety disorder. 3. The media should play a greater role related to increase awareness to reduce anxiety level among population

Background: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is widely used to provide renal support to critically ill patients with acute kidney injury.
Objectives: the research aim to the effectiveness of an educational program on nurses’ practices regarding the application of the guideline on continuous renal replacement therapy in hemodialysis unit.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with the application of the pre-test and post-test approach to the study group (30) and the control group (30) after applying the educational program. Data were collected in two phases: first baseline data (before any intervention presented to the study group) and then 21 days (after the program was administered education in the study group). Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23.
Results: The results of current study showed that there was a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest responses in the study group practices after application of the educational program, while there was a small difference between the pretest and the posttest in the control group. In addition, there was significant association between educational level, and years of experience with nurses’ practices about application of the guideline on continuous renal replacement therapy.
Conclusion: the results of the current study show that the study group participants have significant improvement in post-test practices scores about application of the guideline on continuous renal replacement therapy.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD)، also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD) or coronary heart disease (CHD)، continues to be a leading cause of mortality in industrialized nations despite the tremendous advancements made in recent decades in the treatment and prevention of CAD. During physical activity or as part of ischemic preconditioning, the blood flow restriction low resistance (BFRLR) technique involves applying high pressure with a tourniquet, to the proximal part of the limb (arm or leg) in order to reduce arterial blood flow and shut down venous blood flow (Wilk et al., 2022).
Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of blood flow restriction low resistance exercise on the patients with coronary artery disease.
Methodology: A randomized control trial was performed on 100 patients referred for (the cardiac rehabilitation unit, and consultation) for AL-Najaf Center for Cardiac Surgery and Cardiac Catheterization. Patients were selected through non-probability (purposively) and were randomly assigned into two groups of (50) patients in each group. The study group has been exposed to blood flow low resistance restriction exercises by the researcher. The group that has not been exposed to blood flow low resistance restriction exercises by the researcher is considered the control group. The study started from period 9 th February 2023 to 6th July 2023.
Results: The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the study group and the control group post the blood flow restriction low resistance exercise.
Conclusion: The study result stated that the patients in the study group who received the blood flow restriction low resistance exercise had a decrease in (heart rate, and blood pressure), and improve Spo2 compared to the control group.
Recommendations: Nursing staff should be trained on how to deal with patients with coronary artery disease in cardiac rehabilitation centers through interest in such programs of blood flow restriction low resistance exercise.

Background: Cardiac dysfunction is the term for the heart's diminished capacity to pump blood efficiently, which can cause a number of symptoms like fatigue and dyspnea. The quality of life and functional ability of people with heart dysfunction can be greatly impacted by these symptoms. Exercise has been acknowledged as a crucial part of managing and rehabbing people with cardiovascular diseases. Exercises have shown potential outcomes in reducing dyspnea and fatigue in this population. The ECHO parameters help in diagnosing and monitoring cardiac dysfunction and guiding the rehabilitation strategies.
Objectives: To determine the effect of multicomponent exercise program and to Evaluate patients’ fatigue and dyspnea in pre-test, multi-period and post-test.
Methodology: this randomized controlled trial examine the effectiveness of the Multicomponent exercise program in improving the ECHO parameters in cardiac dysfunction patients. Non-probability (purposively) sample of 80 participants randomly divided into two groups of 40; The study group have been exposed to multicomponent exercise program by the researcher and the control group follow the traditional program provided by the Heart Center. Then the Dyspnea Index scale and the Fatigue severity scale were measures for both groups measured on different intervals during the program period.
Results: The results show a statistically significant (P value less than 0.05) enhancement of both scales among the study group.
Conclusion: The Multicomponent exercise program has improved the levels of dyspnea and fatigue in those patients who attended the program. These results have important implications for the management and rehabilitation of heart failure patients, highlighting the effectiveness of integrated exercise programs to improving the overall quality of life for individuals with cardiac conditions.

Background: Pain associated with arteriovenous fistula puncture is a significant problem among hemodialysis patients. The process of needle insertion often causes considerable physical and psychological discomfort, leading to a decrease in perceived quality of life.
Objectives: Evaluate the level of pain experienced by hemodialysis patients due to arteriovenous fistula puncture.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was used, with a sample size of 40 patients under hemodialysis. The intensity of pain was measured for these patients during the needle insertion by means of a rating analogies scale. The selection of the study sample was done through a purposive sample from a hospital setting. Data collection was conducted using the rating analogies scale. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data on pain intensity.
Results: The results showed that the intensity of pain ranged from moderate to severe. The discussion of the results focused on the implications of the findings for clinical practice and the need for further research in the area. The study highlighted the importance of considering the intensity of pain related to arteriovenous fistula puncture among hemodialysis patients, and the need for further research into interventions that can reduce the associated pain.
Conclusion and Recommendations: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that arteriovenous fistula puncture causes moderate to severe pain in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, it is recommended that healthcare providers should take necessary measures to reduce the intensity of pain during the procedure. These measures may include the use of pain-relieving medications and other methods such as distraction , relaxation techniques and cryotherapy.

Background: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, pose a significant threat and have been associated with a range of disorders, including gastrointestinal infections that may develop into various diseases such as diarrhea, Urinary tract infection, septic shock, and meningitis.
Objectives: to determine the Prevalence of E. coli and household factors and symptom distribution associated with E. coli among children under-12 years in Babylon Governorate.
Methodology: Using a descriptive cross-sectional type of study design and a Non-random convenient sampling technique with a proposed sample of 200 children were used to evaluate the Prevalence of Escherichia coli bacteria at two hospitals in the Babylon Governorate. They were: (Babil educational hospital for Maternity and Children and Al Noor Hospital for Children) located in Al Hillah City, the center of Babylon Governorate. This study was performed from October 1st, 2022, to May 1st, 2023.
Results: The majority of participants, 63%, did not have E. coli, while 37% were found to have E. coli. which indicates a high prevalence of E. coli infection among under 12 years children. The highest reported symptom is diarrhea, accounting for 35.40%, followed by vomiting at 20.40%, fever at 16.60%, and loss of appetite at 14.70%. Approximately 33.5% of respondents confirmed that someone in their family experienced similar symptoms during the same period. Families with 4-5 members and 6-8 members were more likely (41%) to have E. coli in comparison to families with 3 members (15.4%). Families with more than 4 children were more likely to have E. coli (100%) in comparison to families with only one child (23.2%). Families with 4 and more rooms were less likely to have E. coli (25%, 0%).
Conclusion: These results indicate that diarrhea followed by vomiting and fever were the highest reported symptoms. Approximately 53% of respondents confirmed that someone in their family or neighbor experienced similar symptoms during the same period. The results also showed that Families with 4-5 members and 6-8 members, Families with more than 4 children, Families with 3 or fewer rooms, Families who raise animals (especially sheep), and family members of the same infected child were more likely to have E. coli with significant association.

Background: Nowadays, illicit drug abuse is becoming a serious public health problem worldwide specifically in Iraq, affecting the entire community.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the secondary school students' perception in Duhok City about drug abuse and its association with their demographic characteristics.
Methodology: A descriptive (cross-sectional) study which is conducted from September 2022 to January 2023 utilizes an assessment approach in order to determine the secondary school perception of drug abuse at nine boy secondary schools in Duhok City. A probability sample was adapted to select students from each secondary school to reach (135) students. Data were collected through the direct interview technique using the questionnaire as a tool for data collection, which is constructed through the extensive review of the related literature that consisted of two assessment parts. The first one is concerned with the assessment of the secondary school student's demographic characteristics and the second part of the assessment tool is concerned with assessing the student's perception of drug abuse. Data were analyzed through the application of frequency, percentage, cut-off points, and Fisher Exact test. Such analyses are computed by using the SPSS, IBM program version 23.
Results: The findings indicate that approximately half of the students who participated in the present study have good perceptions about each of the general perceptions of drug abuse and perception of physical, behavioral, and Psychological warning signs of such abuse. While they have an average perception of the factors that increase vulnerability and alteration of brain function due to drug abuse.
Conclusion: According to the study results and discussion, more than fifty percent of secondary school students had a high perception of drug abuse.

Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the nurse-midwives’ knowledge and practices regarding placenta examination in a delivery room in Baghdad teaching hospitals.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on non-probability of (50) nurse-midwives who work in the delivery room at Baghdad Teaching Hospitals.
Results: The result of the study indicates that the highest percentages of study participants were in the age group (30-34) years old; most of them graduated from nursing preparatory and have (6-10) years of experience in general and specific specialties without attending any courses about placental examination. Also, there are increased knowledge and practice levels in post-test after receiving a structured teaching program.
Recommendations: The study recommended that nurse midwives update their knowledge through training and attend courses related to principal practice regarding placental examination, which also aids in improving their skills and performance.

Background: Breastfeeding women should have access to family planning information and services to help them select a method of birth control that allows them to support breastfeeding and is safe for the breastfeeding child.
Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the practices of various contraceptive methods among mothers who were breastfeeding.
Methodology: A descriptive-analytic design was conducted for breastfeeding mothers from the period of 12 February to 28 October 2021. To give equal chances to participate, the probability simple randomization technique was applied for selecting (800) postnatal breastfeeding mothers attending the immunization unit in Primary Health Centers in Sulaimani City.
Overall, items included in the questionnaire were in two parts: part one General and specific information about breastfeeding mothers' concerns, and the response to the characteristics of socio-demographic variables and obstetric status. Part two was contraceptive practices. The data were collected through the use of interviews and then analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. Common contraceptives used among breastfeeding mothers were natural contraception (62.5%), condoms (17.5%), ICUD (5.0%), oral contraceptives (3.5%), and breastfeeding (11.5%).
Results: A high percentage of breastfeeding mothers used contraceptives and only ten percent of mothers were using breastfeeding for contraception. A significant difference was found between socio-demographic data and practice contraception and resumption of menstrual after delivery.
Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, a focus on health education for mothers should be established, and the nurse should take on the role of contraceptive method educator.

Background: Online teaching behavior and teachers' acceptance of it can have an impact, as its acceptance will play a vital role in the learning process. E-learning, distance education, and accredited courses previously were part of informal learning. However, it appears that it can gradually replace the formal education system. On the other hand, online courses eliminate practical components such as face-to-face training, and clinical and laboratory sessions; As a result, learners lose the opportunity to train, cooperate and build relationships.
Objectives: This study aimed to describe the faculty members’ attitudes toward readiness to teach online at Iraqi universities, and to identify the relationship between some of the demographic factors (age, gender, and educational status) and their attitudes toward using online teaching.
Methodology: A descriptive exploratory design was conducted, and an online questionnaire was administered to (99) nursing faculties from different Iraqi universities between 1st March and 20th May 2022. A standardized questionnaire was used to achieve objectives of the study. Permission was granted through informational consent to collect data from the participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS program (V.24).
Results: The descriptive data analysis revealed that the age range of the participants represented (48.5 %), (MS=2.1, SD= 0.89), is primarily between (36-45) years old. about half of participants (50.5%) had a Master of Science in Nursing degree (MS=2.15, SD=0.64). The inferential statistics revealed a substantial relationship between age of the participants and items related to utilizing various instructional techniques in an online setting (χ2 (2, N =99 = 26.562, p < 0.05), and managing course time with facilitation techniques (χ2 (2, N =99 = 25.098, p < 0.05). Additionally, a significant relationship was found between the gender of the participants and item related to communicating with students via email (χ2 (2, N =99 = 10.737, p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant relationship was discovered between participants' educational level and items related to spending weekly hours to grade assignments (χ2 (2, N =99 = 21.889, p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The development of creative teaching strategies and curricula that cater to the demands of tomorrow's nurses has become a problem for nursing education programs today, with the rapid changes in the methods of communication and information.