Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

Small enterprises represent one of the economic sectors that many countries in the world are interested in. The study was conducted in five villages in Diyala Governorate, and field information was taken on the information through a random sample of 120 respondents from the 2400 research community .The results of the research showed that there were 13 problems were repeat the answer 3 which had a great influence on farmers with small agricultural enterprises. The average response to these problems ranged from 2.51 to the problems of the security situation and 2.02 to the problem of using old methods of production. These findings also confirmed that 4 problems have a moderate impact on stallholder farming enterprises The average response to these problems ranged from 1.97 to the problem of the high wages of hired labor and 1.87 to the problem of lack of legal cover for small enterprises. While there were 3 low - impact problems, their impact is weak and related 1 the average response to these problems ranged 1.77 the problem of the lack of awareness of the establishment of small-scale agriculture. The results show there is a significant correlation between the farmer`s opinions and both educational level and age.

The research aims to Identify the level of managing farmers' knowledge
and their relationship to scientific sources of information and recommendations
to reduce the effect of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment and
human health, as well as determine the relationship Between the dependent
variable and the studied This research was carried out in the Victory and Peace
Agriculture Division of the Baghdad / Karkh Agriculture Directorate. The study
population numbered (1045) farmers are registered, and the researcher selected a
random sample from the study population of (160) farmers to study the chemical
fertilizer axis, i.e. (15.3%), and the percentage (14.5%) of the study population
was a random sample from the research community to study the axis of
chemical pesticides, as the number reached (152) farmers. The questionnaire
was used to collect data from farmers on a personal interview in January 2020,
after all, The most important results were that the percentage of the field of
chemical fertilizers was 73.75%, the field of chemical pesticides was 63.16%,
and there was also no significant difference between the average levels of
management knowledge of the behavior of farmers and the fields of study of
fertilizers and chemical pesticides, and it was found that there are problems
experienced by farmers in the management of Knowledge of the behavior of
farmers in the areas of research fertilizers and chemical pesticides significantly,
with regard to proposals by farmers, it is good and on the government
agricultural agencies and support activating the role of agricultural extension in
the field of fertilizers and chemical pesticides to change the behavior of farmers.
The most important recommendations were to spread awareness among farmers
and to use recommendations and scientific information in growing crops.

The object of this study was to prepare Edible films from Tamarind mucilage
solutions 0.5,1,1.5% and plasticized with glycerol 50% (w/w) of the mucilage. An
increase in the thickness of the films and the elongation percentage were observed
with an increase in the concentration of the mucilage, as it reached 0.06,0.09,0.11
mm and 26.7,30.2,33.4 %, respectively, while the tensile strength, solubility, and
oxygen permeability rate decreased with the increase in the mucilage concentration
and reached 15.62,12.81,9.78 MPa, 46.6,40.8,36.2 % and 32.91,28.78,25.55 ml /
m². Day. respectively, The results showed the possibility of using tamarind
mucilage films to produce cheddar cheese with good nutritional and qualitative
properties.

Micronutrients that comprises zinc, are much of importance in agricultural
production in terms of quality and quantity. Despite the availability of various
fertilizer sources such as mineral and chelating for these nutrients along with the
availability of different addition methods, however, the efficiency of using these
fertilizers does not exceed 5% of the additive. It is necessary to reduce the loss of
nutrients in the fertilizationprocess and tending to increase the production in crops, by
using nanotechnology and nanomaterials, by using alternative fertilizers rather than
traditional and environment-friendly one. that is called nano-fertilizers which is
very effective. Nanotechnology is one of the modern technologies that have proven
its positive effects in many fields, including agriculture, medicine, engineering, and
the field of energy, as they deal with materials and structures of dimensions ranging
from 1-100 nanometers. Zinc one of the essential micronutrients in plant nutrition
plays an important role in building and growing plants through its participation in
many vital processes, including photosynthesis and energy production. It was noted
that adding nano zinc to oil crops such as (sunflower, sesame, safflower, flax,
rapeseed, soybean, groundnut, cotton, mustard, castor) stimulate and accelerate
growth and increase the productivity of these crops of seeds and oil.

The research aims to determine the knowledge level of employees working in
the Nineveh Agriculture Directorate for the viral diseases solanaceae family,
finding differences in the knowledge level of them according to some personal and
functional factors: age, gender, educational attainment, specialization, job title,
service’s duration, number of honors, training courses, years of experience with
viral diseases, number of infections that exceeded and sources of information
regarding viral diseases. Data was collected using a paper mail questionnaire and
by internet technique; the first part include: independent factors scale, while the
second part include: a test of knowledge level consists of 31 paragraphs distributed
on 6 areas: Methods of virus transmission, The symptoms that appear on infected
plants, Methods of virus diagnosis, viral diseases, Changes that occur in the tissues
of plants infected with the virus, and Methods for protecting plants from viral
diseases. Content validity & extreme comparison have been used to test validity;
reliability coefficient has been tested using Kuder Richardson 0.78; also the
paragraphs discrimination & difficulty coefficient have been found. The research
sample consists of 113 employee; data were analyzed using: Mean; Kruskal
Wallis; Mann Whitney test. Results show that 56.63 % of employees have high
knowledge; a higher knowledge level in methods of virus transmission. The result
shows that there are no significant variances in knowledge level according to all
factors except specialization.