Ahl Al-Bait Jurnal

The Role of Traditional Schools in Shaping Modern Universities and the Significance of Arab Heritage in Establishing Higher Education Traditions, Research Methodologies, and Pedagogical Principles

The administrative thought of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) is distinguished by its strength, coherence, and reliance on solid logical foundations. This thought stands out with unique qualities that may not be found in any Western administrative thinker. It is a human-centered thought because it views administration from a humane perspective, where the primary agent in administration is the human being, not the machine. Imam Ali’s view of the administrative institution is that it is a miniature society, where all social components work in solidarity. Moreover, his view of the tool is that it is an organized system, not a mixture of chaos, and this system has a noble purpose. Organization does not exist randomly, but to achieve significant goals in life.

The sources of political thought are numerous and countless. The first source of Islamic political thought is the Holy Quran, followed by the authentic Hadith books, then books on creed, jurisprudence, and exegesis. After these primary sources, there are other sources written by scholarly jurists who based their studies on the fundamental principles of the Quran and Sunnah. Undoubtedly, most of those who wrote on these topics were influenced by the sermons of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), and many of them cited these sermons as references. We will examine the impact of Nahj al-Balagha on these authors according to the historical sequence.

Governments, despite their varying political systems and ideological orientations, have realized the need for the support and backing of their people for the decisions they make and the diverse actions they take in all circumstances and at all times. In order to achieve this, they have strived to address the problems of their citizens and respond to their diverse demands through a set of plans and programs (referred to as public policies) aimed at achieving a range of benefits and alleviating the suffering of the majority.

Parallel exchange rates compared to official exchange rates are considered one of the economic and financial indicators that reflect the strength of a country\'s economy, whether it is a developed or a developing nation. Exchange rates are influenced by various political and economic factors, among which are inflation and prevailing market interest rates. These factors affect the exchange rate of the national currency in the parallel market relative to the official national exchange rate. This study focuses on the impact of inflation and interest rates on parallel exchange rates during the period from 1992 to 2001 in Iraq and some neighboring countries.

The Abbasid era witnessed significant advancements in public life, whether social, cultural, or political. People began to enjoy the benefits of urbanization, civility, luxury, and material prosperity. This led to varying responses to the new circumstances: some indulged excessively, while others approached them with hesitation. Accordingly, a group of poets leaned toward paying meticulous attention to verbal imagery, enriching it with rhetorical embellishments and deepening its meanings with obscurity and complexity. At the forefront of this group were Abu Tammam and Muslim ibn al-Walid, referred to by early critics as proponents of "artifice."

On the other hand, another group adhered to the earlier tradition, focusing on the sweetness of expression and selecting words that were more melodic and clear, steering away from excessive ornamentation. Al-Buhturi and Abu al-Atahiyya led this group, known among critics as the proponents of "nature."

To explore these two schools briefly, we will take Abu Tammam as an example of the artifice school and Al-Buhturi as an example of the nature school. To avoid falling into the trap of critical bias, we must carefully and thoroughly examine the poetry collections of both poets to identify and analyze the artistic and semantic structures in their works. This approach will provide a clear picture of these two great poets. Additionally, we will draw upon the views of the critic Al-Amidi in his comparison between the two Tayyis (Abu Tammam and Al-Buhturi).

I must, while writing a brief piece about Ahmad ibn Yusuf, the writer who passed away in 213 AH, and about what some ancient and modern critics have said regarding his style, delve into the artistic opinions and analyze texts from his letters. To write this, it is essential for me to be familiar with as many sources and references about this writer as possible. Some of these have been made available to me, but I refrained from focusing on the historical aspect due to the scarcity of information about him, and the loss or obscuration of most of his letters. Therefore, in this brief study, I will lean toward the analytical aspect.

Some may refuse to label religion and its association with a particular marginalized group, along with the various aspects of activities related to their beliefs, under the term \"religious institution.\" This rejection may stem from the sanctity of religious thought and the distinctiveness of its activities from those of other institutions. Therefore, the researcher sought to study institutions and their characteristics to deduce the common denominator among them, in order to properly use the term \"institution\" for them. The study addressed the key components of the Shia (Twelver) religious institution, focusing on the aspects of religious authority and imitation (taqlid).

The concept of the social contract has appeared in the writings of many thinkers throughout history, starting with the Sophists, as well as Epicurus, Lucretius, Roman jurists, and continuing to 16th-century philosophers such as Hotman, Lathé, Tox, and Bodin. This idea is embodied in the belief that humans initially lived in a natural state characterized by conflict and wars, which led them to seek ways to organize their social relations to protect themselves from external dangers, whether natural or from other groups.

However, achieving this organization was not straightforward, as the visions of the early proponents of the social contract differed significantly. Their primary aim was to establish a fair and balanced relationship between the ruler and the ruled. Yet, the divergence in goals and outcomes, along with the varying political and social perspectives of these thinkers, hindered the attainment of a unified vision for this objective.

In both ancient and modern commercial transactions and financial contracts subject to usury-based differentiation, if implemented, it would lead to the dominance of the strong or wealthy over the weak or poor. This would foster selfish individual motives in the usurer, attempting to exploit the efforts of the needy. Thus, Islam, based on the principle of preventing the exploitation of one human by another, has prohibited transactions involving usury (riba) through clear Qur’anic verses and explicit Hadiths. This prohibition aims to preserve economic and social balance in the Islamic state, fostering mutual connection and compassion among people through the spirit of human brotherhood. Islam emphasizes raising the status of the poor and combating poverty, whether through aid, loans in a fund, or the distribution of zakat, charity, and similar acts.

News agencies represent an important primary source of news within the media process. These institutions have taken the lead in dealing with events, following them, and covering their developments for the public through their networks and correspondents in various countries and hot spots around the world. These agencies, especially the large global ones, have acquired a wide and influential space in this field, thus dominating the flow of news. This research attempts to follow this topic and highlight its key aspects in light of the field experience of working in a local news agency.

News plays a crucial role in the world of media in our contemporary society. It remains a vital means for following events and their developments amidst the vast amount of information being handled by various forms of communication. The news is an essential element in the media process, whether in journalism, radio, television channels, or satellite broadcasting networks. The process of news production, preparation, and presentation has undergone significant development in the last decade of the past century. This development has extended to include the language of news, its formulation, editing, structure, and the way it reaches the audience. Therefore, researchers have given, and continue to give, this subject special attention, in line with the major developments in journalism, viewed as both a science, art, and industry. This research contributes seriously to addressing this field with scientific frameworks that keep up with its latest trends.

It is clear to any researcher in the field of grammar how significant Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi (al-Anbari) was in his field, due to his rich knowledge, broad understanding, clear methodology, and dedication to documenting the views of prominent grammarians on grammatical issues. His grammatical works became a major source where various perspectives and ideas representing different grammatical trends and schools of thought that dominated his era converged. Upon tracing the life of al-Baghdadi, we find his connection to the developments in various fields of knowledge, such as jurisprudence, interpretation, logic, and Arabic, under the rulers of the 6th century AH, and the emergence of the Baghdad-based Nazamiya school. This school nurtured many scholars, which had a significant impact on shaping his intellectual and personal development. He built and derived his culture from this environment, setting his academic path by following the general trajectory of his era. We know that a writer or scholar is influenced by his environment, and thus al-Baghdadi is an example of the cultural and educational flourishing that blossomed in the city of knowledge, Baghdad.