Journal of Education for Humanities

The amazement of the Holy Qur’an never ends, and its deep studies and analysis will be going on until Judgement day and through passing times people faith increase in its miracles and tight-fitting.
The Holy Qur’an was revealed in different readings (Qira’at) so as to make it easy on the Muslim nation. Almost all of the Qur’anic Suras have some kind of variations in the Qira’at and this is one of the linguistic aspects highlighting its miracle.
Scholars had tackled and tried to explain and give reasons for the various Qira’at and showed the linguistic aspects of it; however, to the researcher’s knowledge, none of the scholars have studied and analyzed the coherence of the singular word in the different Qira’at where every scholar uses the same word in the different Qira’at in the singular and plural tenses and that necessitate further study and analysis.
The research aims to show the importance of understanding and analyzing the Qur’anic Qira’at, show the harmony in the different Qira’at and their uniformity in the singular word. Also, to emphasizes that the divine revelation is the only source of these Qira’at
This study is an added step to the blessed journey that studied and analyzed the most truthful words where it shows new forms of the linguistic aspect of the Qur’anic expression through the various Qira’at. Furthermore, this study will benefit the people of Qira’at through their enhanced appreciation of the Qira’at. To achieve these goals, the researcher used the inductive and descriptive method.
At the conclusion of this study, the researcher encourages other researchers to do more studies with respect to the Qira’at so people can appreciate and glorify Allah’s book.

The research focuses its attention on the biography of Professor Muhammad bin Abdul Qadir Al-Mubarak, who was considered one of the most important sheikhs of Syria during the modern era. He had a great impact on the intellectual arena in Syria after completing his studies in Arabic literature, and undertaking the sciences of jurisprudence and hadith after studying it with the great sheikhs of the Levant. Given his contemporary with the French Mandate over Syria, he tended to resist Western ideas by enlisting a number of young people who influenced the resistance to the occupation, by opening some Islamic associations to preserve the Arab and Islamic identity, and to engage in political activity to represent Muslim scholars in Parliament. After retiring from politics, he turned to practicing his intellectual activity by writing a number of books and scientific research, as well as social studies. Sheikh Muhammad Al-Mubarak had friendly relations with a number of sheikhs and scholars in all countries, which enabled him to move from Damascus University to Omdurman Islamic University in Sudan, then he settled in Makkah Al-Mukarramah and was appointed to the Faculty of Sharia and a consultant at King Abdulaziz University until his death in 1981.

Narrative writing in general, and the novel in particular, was known for its diversity at the level of topics and artistic formation through milestone transformations in history. Through political and cultural discourses with the voices of individuals or groups that have an epistemological awareness capable of presenting the vision and the vision that differs from it.

The partisan movement in Lebanon was spread among all sects except the Shiite community, its sons did not have a party under which they organized, so the Vanguard Organization appeared, which was founded by Rashid Beydoun to be the mouthpiece of the members of the sect, and he worked to organize and unite them under a unified leadership, so his orientations received a great response from the sons of the Shiites who rushed to join the organization, especially since Rashid Beydoun had a good reputation among the people of southern Lebanon, so he worked to end illiteracy among the people of the south and try to be part of the The general system of the Lebanese state, and the organization did not differ from the rest of the other parties in terms of organization, party hierarchy.
The methodology necessitated that the research be divided into four main axes, the first axis was entitled (the first beginnings of the Shiite party movement until 1943), the second axis came (the establishment of the Vanguard Party in 1944), the third axis (the party's law) and the fourth axis is (the spread of the party and its activity among the Shiites of Lebanon 1944-1948).
 

The ancient city of Ur is one of the most important archaeological sites in the world because of the cultural evidence it contains that reflects the history of Mesopotamia and the extent of urban development that the third dynasty of Ur reached with its capital. the ancient city of Ur. And the accuracy of urban engineering is that The design capacity of the drainage sewers after the rainstorm amounted to an estimated amount of rain discharged at about (12.600) cubic meters of water within (24 hours) through the drainage pipes in the city of Ur. and this amount of discharge reflects the ability of the pipes to drain rainwater in the study are Also. this technique in draining rainwater. which was used before more than (3500 BC) It coincides with the concept of sponge cities that developed countries aspire to. and through recent studies. using them to reduce global warming and high temperatures within the major cities in the world.

In its simplest terms and most comprehensive sense, the literary text is a linguistic construction and an artistic formation. As a linguistic construction, it means that it consists of words and vocabulary that are organized into sentences and syntactical structures to form a linguistic structure. As an artistic formation, it means that it employs figurative uses of language and its structures, departing from the realm of practical usage to the aesthetic usage based on displacement and deviation to achieve the literary objective of capturing the attention and stirring the emotions of the recipient.
Stylistics, as a methodology, seeks to study and analyze both of these aspects, focusing on the literary text as a linguistic and semantic structure on one hand, and its artistic and aesthetic impact on the other.
This research is a serious attempt to uncover the characteristics of structural displacement through the phenomenon of "Introduction and Delay" in the collection "The Apple of Time" by the poet Mohammed Saber Obaid, using the methodologies of stylistics. The study consists of an introduction, an introduction, and two main sections that explore both theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. It is followed by a conclusion highlighting the key findings of the study, as well as a bibliography that includes the research sources, references, and citations.

The science of jurisprudence is one of the most prominent and important Islamic sciences for its direct contact with the life of the Muslim, and Allah ease with his pleased to obtain a manuscript relating to this important science, But it's; the Loyal Requirement, Explanation of Kenz Al-Nasfi by its author Muhammad bin Suleiman AlRihawi (d. 1158 H) Who stayed for a long time did not achieve and did not serve, It contained an explanation of one of the most important corpus in the Hanafi fiqh, the Kanz al-Daqa'iq for Al-Nasfi, The (Reviving barren book) was selected by investigation and comment as a research based on the thesis, Because of the importance of the subject and the many jurisprudence it contains, which many people are ignorant of, Serving this science and showing it to people and adding it to the scientific library was one of the most important reasons for the investigation of these scientific treasures left to us by great scientists and communicating it to the learner with ease and easy, Thank God for the complete and prayers of God on our Master Muhammad and on his God, his companion and peace.

The book: (Enlighten the Walkers and Encourage the Seekers) in the virtue of the remembrance of Allah, by Abd Al-Karim bin Wali Al-Din bin Yusuf Al-Qara Hisari (d. 1100A.H), it is an explanation of most of the hadiths contained in the virtue of remembrance and supplication, then the best words of remembrance, times of response, conditions and places, the author collected in it nearly (380) hadiths about all that a Muslim needs in his life of remembrances and supplications, and he collected what is in the books and presented them to us as a precious gem. He arranged the hadiths in alphabetical order, starting with the first hadeeth: (Oh God) as a blessing and an oath, attributing each hadith to its place and to the one who extracted it, with the provision on it, if any, it is a book of great importance and valuable benefits, which will become clear to the honorable reader when he reads this thesis.

The current research aims to identify:
1- the Cognitive Self Scheming among students of the College of Education .
2- The cognitives biases among students of the College of Education .
3- The correlation between Cognitive Self Scheming and cognitives biases among students of the College of Education .
4- The correlation between Cognitive Self Scheming and cognitives biases according to the gender variable. Male, female, and specialization. Scientific and humanitarian among students of the College of Education .
The research is limited to Basra University students for preliminary morning studies, of both sexes (males, females) and specialization (scientific, human) for the academic year (2022-2023). To achieve the goal of the study, a tool was built to measure the strategy of positive refocusing according to (Al-Kaabe 2020). The scale is in its final form of (15) items ,A tool was also adopted to measure the cognitives biases prepared by (Delphi 2021), according to Kahneman's theory)1972(, and the scale in its final form consisted of) 29(items, The psychometric properties of the two scales were verified and their validity and reliability were extracted. The two scales were applied to the research sample of (200) male and female students, which was chosen by the stratified random method, with 100 male and 100 female students and from the scientific and humanitarian specializations from the students of the University of Basr, the following results were reached:
1- that students of the College of Education have Cognitive Self Scheming.
2- that students of the College of Education have cognitives biases .
3- Crowned Correlational relationship between Cognitive Self Scheming and cognitives biases among university students.
4- There is no statistically significant relationship between Cognitive Self Scheming and cognitives biases according to the male gender variables. Females, and specialization, scientific, humanitarian, among students of the College of Education .
Based on these results, the research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestion.

Contemporary critical studies have been concerned with title as one of the most important entrances to the text and its thresholds, so titles are no longer written arbitrarily, but have become highly intentional in all literary genres because of the semiotic and semantic presence it constitutes. Surprising the recipient, attracting and seducing him | He sought to reveal the aesthetics of addressing in the short story collection Junoon and the like of the storyteller Najman Yassin in order to reveal the interpretations of this textual threshold in that group. The research sought to benefit from the data of the modern critical curricula and to receive and interpret the text in the way that the researcher thought would lead to an understanding of its deep connotations, since reading is a new production of the text created by the recipient through his own understanding.

The current research aims to know the effect of the numbered heads strategy in the development of learning agents for fifth grade pupils in science.
The researcher used the experimental design with two equal groups. one experimental and the other controlling. and the size of the research sample was (30) pupils. with (15) pupils in each group. the experimental group and (15) in the control group. the researcher conducted the equivalence between the two research groups in the following variables: the chronological age of the pupils calculated in months. Intelligence. the general average of the pupils’ grades in the fourth grade. the degree of science in the fourth grade. the educational level of the parents. the pre learning process test. and to achieve the goal of the research. the researcher prepared a test for the learning processes. and the researcher extracted its validity. excellence and stability. which amounted to (0.84) using the Coder-Richardson equation (20) and it may be in its final form of (15) paragraphs. The experiment was applied in the Mosul city for the academic year (2020-2021) at Al-Ataa School for Girls'. as the experiment was applied in the first semester of the previous year. It began on Sunday dated (13/12/2020) and the experiment ended on Monday on (15/2/2021). and after processing the data statistically using the T-test for two independent samples. the results showed that there was a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the experimental and control groups in the learning processes test in favor of the experimental group. As well as a large effect of the numbered heads strategy on the variable of learning processes.
In light of the results. the researcher recommended several recommendations in which she emphasized the importance of using the numbered heads strategy in primary schools and the importance of holding training programs for male and female teachers to use this strategy in their teaching. The emotional level of the learner. such as: trends. tendencies. scientific values. and scientific sense.

The current research aims to reveal the effectiveness of the description as a representative formula that transforms the novel into a text force. It has a great role in shaping structure and semantics of a novel (A House on the Tigris River) whose discourse is a pattern in keeping with the journey of evolution and change in modern and contemporary Arabic narrative. The study of this novel, from the issue of visual to linguistic transformation, has taken as an important and fundamental pillar and a starting point through the description's impact on the whole of the artwork, and its influence in clarifying the implicatures and clarifying concepts that are intended to be professed in the social environment, as well as interpreting the narrative texts and reading structural and semantic relationships between the elements of the narrative's discourse. This was done through identifying the ability which the author's desired goals were accomplished the, drawing on the dominant means of building the novel (description), its influence on the formation of the novel and its mechanism of process. 

The importance of this study came in the fact that Ibn Hamdoun's footnote is a Moroccan linguistic effort that contained an indispensable scientific wealth for the scholar of our time who specializes in grammar. Because it includes the grammatical opinions of those who preceded Ibn Hamdun from the ancient and late grammarians and his contemporaries.
The study aims to clarify the approach adopted by Ibn Hamdoun in his presentation of the grammatical reason in his footnotes, and to clarify the sources of reasoning for him, and to reveal the terms of reasons used in his grammatical directives. Hamdoun, and then comment on it; For the sake of facilitation and clarification, then he mentioned the opinions of the grammarians and their explanations from those who preceded Ibn Hamdun and his contemporaries, then those who came after him from the grammarians with mentioning the similar and different ills between the grammarians, and that the opinions he adopted and adopted in his reasoning, and the most likely to accept the analysis and interpretation of their opinions in the light of the sayings of the grammarians, with Referring to the researcher's tendency and giving preference to the grammarians' opinions in some of the explanations.

The study aimed to find out the effectiveness of using the brainstorming strategy in developing the mathematical dexterity skills of the seventh grade students. The study sample consisted of (46) pupils, randomly selected into two equal groups. The two researchers used an achievement test in the components of mathematical proficiency from their preparation for the unit of equations and inequality, consisting of (12) questions, and the most important statistical methods were: averages, standard deviation, and the (T) test for two independent samples, and the findings showed that the pupils of the experimental group excelled in the achievement test over the pupils of the control group. The most important recommendations were to train teachers on active learning strategies. The study also came out with suggestions, the most important of which is conducting studies on the effectiveness of a program based on mathematical proficiency in developing mathematical problem-solving skills.

The term “face of speech” is usually used in the phrases of advanced scholars of language, grammar, and interpretation, and it means the supreme aspect and the first choice in a composition, when there is a multiplicity of sayings in one issue, and it is an acceptable multiplicity that stands before it, the consensus of the readers in the famous Quranic reading on a specific aspect, for example. , or the meaning does not match all of these aspects, so a face emerges from it that is the chosen one. Although the rest of the facets are not unhealthy. In our research, we dealt with the term mentioned by Al-Farra’ in his book, The Meanings of the Qur’an, and he is the confident and skilled scholar in the sciences of linguistics and interpretation, so that we can stand on his views on those issues that he made a face of speech, and the extent of their impact on the sayings of later scholars, and the extent of the accuracy of his choices in those sayings and their consistency with the meaning The intended. Authorship and grammatical classification was in its infancy, and it is not right to say that it is a foundation stage. That is why his sayings were arguments on which later scholars built their opinions, and scholars learned from them abundant knowledge. famous.

This research aims to identify the problem verses formed by the grammarians, and they went to various according to their grammar schools, especially the interpreters of the Koran, headed by Al-Nahas in his book the expression of the Koran, which he paid great attention to, in order to reach the intended meaning of the composition, by directing the problem verse grammatically and semantically, and accordingly the plan was based on in the second research, I presented the semantic problem, and the rest of the problems followed the table of the last Research, and then I followed it all with a conclusion in which I indicated the most important findings Study.

The research deals with the place in the poetry of Ibn Furkoun al-Gharnati, its connotations and artistic tools through his human experience, which reflected his poetic experience and the impact of this in his poetry, interrogating the religious, military and historical connotations and suggestions, in terms of familiarity and hostility, and the link of the place to the self and what the poet suffers from psychological alienation makes him a prisoner outside his city, and the impact of the natural place and its effectiveness in his poetry, and the composition of the graphic poetic image that emits artistic creation, and the employment of those places and their impact in the field of drafting and the quality of casting and the strength of the phrase.

The current study aims to reveal the effectiveness of using the Flipped classroom in teaching English to develop reading comprehension among First-grade students at Al- Hariri intermediate school for girls (experimental group), by comparing it with the tradition method of teaching in Al Zubaida intermediate school for girls (control group) in Nineveh governorate. The study adopted the semi-experimental approach on a sample consisting of (40) students, and the sample was randomly distributed divided into two groups of equal number. The students in the experimental group studied a group of English reading texts use the inverse classroom strategy, while the students of the control group studied the same texts in the traditional way.
The present study prepares an achievement test to achieve the objectives of the study, from a multiple-choice type to measure the level of reading comprehension (literal, deductive, critical, and creative) of the two study groups. After applying the test on the two study groups (before and after), the results showed that there were statistically significant differences at the significance level (= 0.05) between the scores of the students of the two study groups on the reading comprehension test and on all skills, and for the benefit of the experimental group students who studied using the inverse classroom. The results also showed that the inverse classroom, as this strategy focuses on self-learning of students, and makes it the focus of learning, from the English language subject. The present study contributed to the development of reading comprehension skills among the students in the experimental group in the study recommended the use of the inverse classroom strategy in teaching the English language and its various skills, and in the various other stages of education

This research deals with a critical topic of the topics of ancient Arab criticism, through the study of the phenomenon of criticism when a scientist of the Arabic language is Al-Asma'i, and this research consists of several titles, as it begins with a brief translation of the life of Al-Asma'i and the most prominent stations of his scientific life, and his scientific status in language and literary criticism, then presents a glimpse of the efforts of linguists in literary criticism and its difference from the efforts of writers and critics, and also the research deals with the position of Al-Asma'i from poetry, followed by the status of Al-Asma'i as a literary critic, Then the research to identify the qualities of Asma'i in terms of being a literary critic such as humility, objectivity, piety and other qualities that draw the features of his critical personality, and finally it was that the research studied the most prominent technical characteristics of literary criticism when Asma'i, pointing to the predominance of linguistic character on criticism.

The textual analysis of UNHCR reports on the Ukrainian refugees was conducted here to find out how those refugees have been represented in such reports. This study adopted Halliday and Matthiessen's (2004, 2014) systemic functional grammar approach, in particular, the clause as a representation. The study looked into the six types of transitivity processes: material, existential, relational, behavioral, verbal, and mental, to investigate their frequencies in these reports and how they function as the war continues. The data were collected from the UNHCR's online official website. Five reports were selected randomly to cover the period of the war from its breakthrough on 24th. February 2022 to September 21, 2022. A quantifying qualitative procedure was followed to show the aim behind repeating a certain process more than others. The findings showed that the material process was the most frequently used among others, signifying the UNHCR's role in taking action towards aiding refugees and their occupation in narrating refugees’ real conditions. However, the six processes were all used in the UNHCR reports with different frequencies, and the findings have revealed that the use of the six transitivity processes served well in conveying the intended meaning.

In the cherished annals of ancient grammatical scholarship, luminaries of yore harnessed a plethora of terminologies within their magnum opuses. Often, they refrained from elucidating these terms' profound nuances or delving into their intricate labyrinths. Instead, they proffered these terminologies, judiciously situated within their appropriate contexts and esteemed designations. Thus, the scholars of our contemporary epoch, with a fervent ardor for knowledge, have endeavored to unravel some of these enigmatic terminologies. They've bequeathed entire tomes and scholarly treatises to such pursuits. However, the vast oeuvre within this realm has yet to encapsulate the entirety of what the compendiums of these grammarians enshroud — terms that beckon rigorous examination and erudite scrutiny. Foremost among these is the notion of "the third degree in the venerable volumes of Arabic grammar." This concept, ancient in its inception and comprehension, has hitherto not been singularly addressed in modern scholastic pursuits. I perceived a compelling need to undertake its examination, for its essence demands an intricate delineation, guided by the lexicon and terminologies that resonate with its ethos and are analogous or synonymous with this very notion. This is further augmented by an exploration of its multifaceted details, including an aggregation of elemental principles underpinning this concept.
The scholarly voyage yielded the following illuminations:
1. The term "third degree" eluded the discourse of grammatical visionaries spanning the illustrious second and third Hijri centuries, extending to the dawn of the fourth Hijri century. Neither its explicit nomenclature nor its indicative expressions found mention. Yet, the conceptual underpinnings of this term were by no means absent from their cerebral ruminations on grammar. Subtly, they alluded to its nuances at various junctures within their esteemed grammatical expositions.
2. Al-Rumani emerges as the pioneering luminary to formalize and theorize the idea of "the third degree." However, precedence in illuminating its semantic essence belongs to Ibn Abi Al-Rabee, for he was the inaugural scholar to employ the term in its procedural connotation.
3. The overarching conception of "the third degree," as articulated by both Al-Rumani and Ibn Jinni, does not markedly diverge from subsequent interpretations. It remains, quintessentially, a state wherein a word—be it singular or compound, stemming from the root or the offshoot—is elevated to a tertiary level, connoting a specific and distinct meaning.

Capturing students' attention in the classroom is a crucial challenge for teachers. Therefore, teachers use various techniques, also known as attention-getting strategies, to achieve this goal. The present study focuses on examining the attention-getting strategies employed by EFL teachers. It aims at identifying and providing a list of AGSs used by EFL teachers at the University level. An interview was used as a data collection instrument, namely an unstructured interview. The researchers interviewed 50 EFL teachers at Mosul University. The findings suggest that some EFL teachers do not use attention getting strategies while others do. The attention getting strategies used by EFL teachers can be categorized into verbal and nonverbal strategies. Verbal attention getting strategies involve manipulating verbal communication to interact with students, while nonverbal strategies involve using body movements to capture students' attention. Verbal and nonverbal attention getting strategies also can be subdivided into different subtypes. The study may be useful for EFL teachers who lack pre-determinate attention getting strategies as it provides them with different strategies, they can use to improve their interactions with their students. Additionally, the study may be valuable for teachers in general as it highlights the importance of attention getting strategies in the classroom.

This study aims to investigate gender differences occurred during indirect speech acts in Mosuli Arabic interaction within the context of parenting. The study hypothesizes that men and women use indirect speech acts with their children, but they use them for different purposes. The study also hypothesizes that children with parents who use indirect speech acts are more likely to understand and interpret them correctly. The study analyses recorded data that have been collected from Mosuli Arabic speakers of both genders, with similar social backgrounds. The analysis is based on Holtgraves' speech act theory (2002) and Grice's cooperative principle (1975). The analysis includes 5 extracts that have been selected out of 35 recordings. The results of the study provide an elucidation to the role of indirectness in communication and contribute to the understanding of gender differences in language use within the context of parenting.
Through the analysis of conversations between parents and their children, it has been found that fathers tend to use sarcasm and humour to prove their control over the conversation and may include themselves in criticizing their children's behaviour to teach them the importance of reforming their attitudes. Meanwhile, mothers take the act of regulation more seriously. The findings suggest that although parents have the power to set orders, indirect speech acts may be a more effective way of conveying messages and regulating their children's behaviour.

The study aimed to identify The reality of building knowledge and understanding among the students of Public Secondary Schools from the point of view of teachers in Palestine .The study used the analytical descriptive approach and a questionnaire was used as the tool of the study. The study sample consisted of (434) male and female teachers from public schools in the northern governorates of Palestine where they were selected by simple random method. The results showed that the reality of building knowledge and understanding among public secondary school students from the point of view of the principals and teachers of the schools of the northern governorates in Palestine came with an arithmetic average of (3.79) and with a high degree.
Where each of the domains of "the role of the school principal in building knowledge", "the role of teachers in building knowledge", "realizing the concept of building knowledge" got a high degree while the range of "availability of requirements for building knowledge" got a medium score. The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences in the reality of building knowledge and understanding among secondary government school students from the point of view of the northern governorates school teachers in Palestine. It is attributed to the gender variable in favor of males in the field of "the role of the school principal in building knowledge", the field of "the role of teachers in building knowledge", and the field of “realizing the concept of building knowledge” with the exception of the field of availability of knowledge building requirements and the presence of significant differences attributed to the educational qualification variable in favor of teachers who obtained bachelor's degrees in the range of "the role of the school principal in building knowledge" the range of "the role of teachers in building knowledge" and the field of "availability of requirements for building knowledge" with the exception of the field of realizing the concept of building knowledge.
The results also indicated that there are no significant differences due to the variable years of experience and the researcher recommends that principals motivate teachers to build knowledge with teachers of other schools through coordination with school principals to organize exchange visits. That teachers are keen to attend educational activities that aim to build knowledge among each other in a way that enriches their knowledge, experience and skills in addition to the necessity to develop material and moral incentive mechanisms through the school administration in coordination with the Ministry of Education to motivate teachers to build knowledge and the necessity of the Ministry of Education to supply schools with technological devices and the availability of an internet inside the school that enables teachers to build knowledge and exchange it among themselves easily.

The present study investigates the differences in the foreign language speaking anxiety among students in the Department of English in the College of Basic Education based on gender. The study utilizes a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative data with a total sample of 166 students and 13 teachers. The quantitative data were collected via an adopted questionnaire by Batiha (2016) that was derived from Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) developed by (Horwitz et al., 1986). The quantitative data were collected from 124 first and second-year students, while qualitative data were collected through four focus group discussions with first and second-year students, segregated by gender in which the total was 42 students. In addition, thirteen teachers were also interviewed to gain comprehensive insight into their perspective on the phenomenon. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential analysis for quantitative data, while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings of the qualitative data showed no significant difference in the levels of speaking anxiety experienced by male and female students, while the qualitative data of the students showed perceived differences, with female students anticipating higher levels of speaking anxiety.