journal of Language Studies

One of the most prominent characteristics of the Arabic language, which it inherited from its Semitic origins, is that its words have three origins of letters, and this number of origins is appropriate in terms of construction, as it is not too small in terms of the beauty of the pronunciation and the possibility of diversifying it, nor is it long and heavy in pronunciation that is complex in construction, just like nouns. Most of the verbs in Arabic have a triple construction, and a single linguistic root may come in three forms (verb, verb, and verb), that is, by opening the eye, breaking it, and adding it. This change in the eye movement has an effect in specifying the subject of the verb, its grammatical function, and its lexical significance, such as the root: (a). (Jn) comes from (Ajn, Ajn, Ajn), and to repeat this case, I chose to make the single linguistic roots that come from (verb, verb, verb) a subject of study, and for the Intermediate Dictionary to be a field for research, due to the accuracy and precision of its materials and for it being a solid and comprehensive dictionary. Its publication was supervised by a council Arabic language in Cairo.
Keywords: verb form, linguistic root, function, connotation.

Al-Bajuri’s footnote contains many grammatical issues on which jurisprudential rulings were based, by relying on what is related to grammatical topics, especially with regard to nouns, as we looked at the parsed nouns starting with the subject, the predicate, the subject and its deputy, as we found with regard to the subject or deletion of the subject that there is A close connection with jurisprudential rule, and this matter applies to other topics in accusative and accusative cases, as well as accusative nouns and subjunctive nouns. In studying the grammatical issue, I followed the selective descriptive analytical approach, as I chose examples of similar issues on the same topic and left the rest. The nature of the topic required that I arrange it into sections on accusative nouns. The conclusion came with the most prominent results and conclusions that I reached, including: Al-Bajuri linked the jurisprudential ruling to the grammatical function, in addition to that, the difference in jurisprudential rulings based on the difference in the Bedouin aspects. We also explained the disagreement that occurred between Abu Shuja and Ibn Qasim regarding the parsing aspects and the jurisprudential rulings that resulted from it
keywords: Al-Bajuri’s footnote- active objects - Abu Shuja’

(The sentence in general) - compared to the singular - has not received the attention of scholars, past and present, and as for the implicitly linked explanatory sentence in particular, no studies have been singled out for it - to the best of my knowledge - that do it justice in detail and explanation, coupled with its evidence and examples. So I spoke to myself, determined to enter this field with a study. I think it will give a clear picture - or almost - of this type of sentence in the context of the Holy Qur’an, and I labeled it (the implicitly linked explanatory sentence and its examples in the Holy Qur’an), and I ask God for success and guidance in words and deeds.
Key Words: sentence / explanatory / implicitly / associated / grammarians / Its patterns

This paper is entitled (existence in the novel " God’s Guardians " by Ata Mohammed) ،We have tried to illustrate human existence through examples taken from the novel. as a manifestation of life , By making man's existence in the world appear as an original or non-original Being, in order to determine his nature. He is responsible for this himself, so he always lives with worry. The research was conducted in the light of methodology (analytical praise).
The research consists of two parts. The first part consists of two topics. The first topic presents the concept and term of existence, while the second topic discusses the types of existence. The second part consists of two themes: the first theme is a brief description of the novel, and the second theme is an attempt to compare the types of existence among the " God’s Guardians.
Keywords: existence, Type, Novel, Ata Mohammed

Our research is to present the literary and cultural status of Mohammed Mustafa Kurdi as an educated, intellectual, educational and religious teacher. The author often used essays in Arabic literature because he had a religious and Arabic culture, and was influenced by Persian literature, so he translated essays from Persian He drew on folk literature, poetry by poets and even stories. In addition to essays, he has translated several poems from Arabic and Persian or has translated his ideas and subjects into poems and essays from a Kurdish perspective. The author has published them in the magazines (Roji Nwy, Hiwa, Blesa, Zhen, Sulaimany). In addition to several riddles, he has published poetry in most magazines and newspapers. They have become the focus of attention of scholars, which are a sign of the level of intelligence and linguistic ability, terminology and dictionary (Mohammed Mustafa Kurdi).
Keywords: Folklore Literature, Articles, Riddles, Proverbs, Riddles Poems .

More than one language of instruction can be discerned in the higher education system of the Kurdistan Region. In the colleges and departments of pure and applied sciences, the programmes are taught in English or a mixture of English and Kurdish. However, Kurdish is not yet fully relied on in colleges and departments of humanities and social sciences. That is, in some departments and colleges, it is still assumed that the Arabic language is dominant in the learning process. The main aim of this study is to determine the level of use of Kurdish as a medium of instruction in law departments at Kurdistan Region universities. Additionally, to understand the effects of the Kurdishization of education in the law department on the learning process and to unveil the obstacles facing the process of Kurdishization of programmes and teaching, specialised subjects in the law department at the universities of the Kurdistan Region.
The research is descriptive and relies on a survey method to obtain the opinions of 103 students of both genders (male and female) in different stages of the Department of Law at the University of Garmian during the second semester of the academic year (2022-2023).
This research has reached several concluding points, chief among them being that the language used in the student-related activities is Kurdish, while in the teacher-related tasks, Arabic is mainly used. Kurdishization of the law in the law department will also have several positive effects on the learning process, including making students feel comfortable, reducing their level of fear and anxiety, and enabling them to participate in questions, answers, scientific discussions, and classroom activities. Meanwhile, the study found that there are several obstacles to the process of Kurdishization of the curriculum and teaching of law departments in universities, including the lack of a legal curriculum in Kurdish and an underestimation of the capacity of the Kurdish language dictionary for conveying and teaching legal subjects.
Key Word : language policy, language planning, language use, mother tongue, educational linguistics

Today information technology has permeated all aspects of life One of the aspect which is directly affected and under hegemony of technology is language, since language is the most important means of communication, and the whole human society communicate and understand each other through language. With any changes and develops (progress) of life society language changes and progresses parallels, this why technology reflected in language
Rather, a special branch of language has emerged is computer language that works on the coordination between computer and language progress The content of this research discuss( focus on) the beginnings of this kind of linguistics( language) and its role in Orthography and phopnology in kurdish language

Second Language is the language the learner learns at an older age, i.e.; after the first language. The source of that language can be school, home, society, etc. However, learning this language (second language) should not be based on the mother tongue (which is called language transfer), because the mother tongue is an effective source of interference to Learning the second language.
Therefore, learning the second language is a process that an individual learns at an older age. From this perspective, what is discussed here is the determination of the age level of second language learning in the educational process. This study seeks to answer the question “what is the appropriate age for children to learn the second language in their learning stage?”. In light of this question, the study discusses the consequences and dimensions of age-related second language learning in the educational process according to the descriptive-analytical approach. The study consists of three chapters. The first chapter is the methodology of the study. While, the second chapter is dedicated for introducing and explaining the terms. The third chapter discusses the determination and type of age level of second language learning by children. Finally, the study reached several important conclusions, with reference to the used sources.
Key Word : mother language, second language, learning and learning language, educational language

Wittgenstein believed that language is the central question of philosophy, and that philosophical problems arise from misunderstandings of logic and linguistic grammar. As a result, he believed that the primary duty of philosophy is to critique and study language. In his Tractatus and later works, Wittgenstein established the grounds and conditions for any linguistic expression to be considered meaningful. According to Wittgenstein, the only meaningful language is that which contains an image of the external world.
Key Word : language, meaning, logic, fact, image.

The title of our research is about (The impact of physical geography factors on the division of Kurdish language – taking the dialect of Surchi tribe as example). In this study, we will try to highlight the physical geography factors which can divide a language into several dialects, there are similar factors that divided the Kurdish language into four main dialects, each of which is divided into several sub-dialects, we will also try to focus on a physical geography factor which is the Great Zab River in the territory of the Surchi tribe, which has made the population belonging to the tribe on both sides of the river, although whose main language is Kurdish, their speech styles may differ in terms of language levels, and these distinctions are more noticed by linguists.
In this research, we have done several field visits and interviews with villagers of some villages belonging to the Surchi tribe on both sides of the Great Zab River. After researching and interviewing in these areas, we decided to take two villages as samples of our research, each of which is different in terms of physical geography and speech styles. Zerav village is located on the bank of a river on the right side of the Great Zab, while Kalakin village is located on the left bank of the Great Zab. This study is divided into three main parts: First part concerns Kurdish Language and its dialects, second part is about physical geography factors on division of the Kurdish language, third part presents Surchi tribe, it describes the geographical boundaries of Surchi tribe, then analyzes the speech style of Surchi tribe in general and identifies the phonemes of both villages (Kalakin Sarchia) and (Zerav) in particular, then compare them with each other in terms of phonology.
Key words: Surchi dialect, physical geography factors, Great Zab River, Phonolog.

This study sheds light on the role of the contextual factors in rendering the islamophobia caricatures to identify which of these factors is highly effective. The study aims at examining the importance of the speech events of the caricatures in question by the virtue of Hymes’ classification of contextual factors. It also aims at identifying which translation strategy is highly used by the translators in rendering the islamophobia caricatures. Consequently, the current study hypothesizes that ‘participants’ is the most effective factor that may affect the translation process. It also hypothesizes that the translation of this type of caricature is communicatively oriented. Eventually, the study draws two main conclusions that are: (1) identifying both addressors and addressees in the caricatures helps the translators reach the exact meaning of the caricaturists, and (2) the communicative strategy of free procedure has been adopted by the majority of translators.
Keywords: contextual factors, caricatures, islamophobia, translation, participants, speech events.

In the contemporary era, information technology and mental health are complexly intertwined and the capitalist system plays a significant role in shaping this relationship. The current study argues that most mental diseases like depression, insomnia, schizophrenia, and other diseases of the contemporary era are occurring as a result of being exposed to a huge amount of information technologies. The main aim of this study is to explore and argue that these mental diseases are not a biological state but it comes as a reaction of the mind against the accumulation and acceleration of information in people's minds. The paper uses the observations and opinions of the Italian communist philosopher Franco Berardi to understand the significance of such figurations in Jonathan Franzen's Purity and it will reflect the idea that developing an understanding of how the capitalist system is blamed for these mental diseases by exposing people to an unlimited amount of information that the human mind is unable to access or deal with. Focusing on a depressed woman who is mentally exhausted as a result of the pressure of the new life and wants to change it, Purity uncovers the evils at the heart of our contemporary information technology society.
Keywords: info technology, Berardi, semio capitalism, acceleration, Consumerism, depression.

This paper examines the presence of profound irrationalism in Harold Pinter's play, The Birthday Party, through the lens of postmodernism. The analysis draws on postmodernist theories of language, meaning, and power, to explore the ways in which the play reflects and critiques the socio-political context of the postmodern era. The paper argues that the play is an important work of postmodern literature that embodies the postmodern critique of rationality, reason, and truth.
Keywords: Postmodernism, Irrationalism, Harold Pinter, The Birthday Party

This research focuses on identifying the impoliteness strategies used by the host Trevor Noah in The Daily Show and explaining the purposes of the most frequently used strategy. It also aims at analyzing Trevor Noah’s utterances that use impoliteness strategies proposed by Jonathan Culpeper (1996 / 2005). According to the findings of this research, Trevor's total impoliteness utterances are (19), which encompass four impoliteness strategies outlined by Culpeper: bald on record impoliteness, positive impoliteness, negative impoliteness, and sarcasm or mock politeness. It also shows that negative impoliteness is the most commonly employed strategy. It recurs (10) times and accounts for (52.631%) of the total strategies within the data. Trevor employs it as a strategy to delight the audience. He usually employs 'condescend, despise, scorn, belittle or ridicule' negative impoliteness sub-categories to create laughter and amuse (entertain) the audience by providing them the pleasure of hearing someone being mocked, ridiculed, scorned or belittled.
Key Word : Trevor, impoliteness strategies, the daily show, ridicule, scorn

The present study examines the translation of peace idiomatic expressions in various fields focusing on the effect of context in understanding the meaning of these idioms within context usage. The problem with this study is that comprehensive research is scarce on the influence of context on translating peace idioms and specific expressions used in certain situations. Studying peace idiomatic expressions is critical for releasing how these idioms convey meaning. The study investigates whether the translators attach the real meaning of these idioms with or without context, also, examines the impact of the context in translating the peace idioms. The study aims to deal with peace idioms and find out the translator’s success in achieving the appropriateness of these idioms. The study hypothesizes the difficulties in analyzing and translating such expressions used out or within the context. In evaluating the fitting of renditions, an eclectic model developed by the researcher will be employed in discussing the chosen texts depending implicitly on Halliday and Hasans’ one of the ranks related to the context (1989)which is context of culture, also one of Du beaugrand and Dressler’s regulative principles(1981), specifically appropriateness, as well as Fernando’s classification of idioms(1996) to clarify the sense of the chosen peace idioms. The study has concluded that there are some differences in translations depending on the different comprehension of the translators about the spirit and meaning of the texts and the context of each language. According to the results of investigating the influence of context, the study recommends that the translators should extend their conceive of how the context can affects in presenting the intended sense of the source text
Keywords : Appropriateness, contextualized peace idioms, decontextualized peace idioms ,degrees of explicitness of the idiom, types of idiom

National identity is considered the main reason for displaying the national flag ,celebrating national holidays and even declaring solidarity with millions of people whom we do not meet. The study investigates how national identity can be defined along both ethno-cultural and civic lines. This study is a critical pragmatic study of national identity used in American political discourse. One political speech is selected to be the data.This speech belongs to Trump. The model adopted in the analysis is based on Grice’s Maxims Breaching (1975) and Brown and Levinson’s Politeness Theory (1987). A mixed method is used in analyzing and representing the results. This work tries to answer the following questions: What are the types of national identity that are represented in American political discourse? What is the most common type of maxims breaching and politeness strategies? Which one of these strategies that is highly used? This study aims at identifying the most frequent type of national identity, investigating the most frequent type of maxims breaching and politeness strategies in addition to identifying one of these strategies that is highly used. To answer the above questions, the study hypothesizes that: politicians present their ethnic national identity higher than the civic version, flouting quality maxim is extremely employed, positive politeness strategies score high frequency, and finally politeness strategies are the most dominant strategies used in the adopted model. The most important conclusions the study has come up with are:1) ethnic national identity is highly demonstrated within American political discourse more than the civic one. 2) Regarding maxims breaching, flouting quality maxim is the most commonly one used in the political speech under study. 3) Politicians make use of politeness strategies. Positive politeness strategies are the most dominant ones 4) According to the pragmatic strategies, it is shown that politeness strategies are highly utilized in presenting national identity.
Key Word : National identity, political discourse, ethno-cultural, civic, pragmatic strategies.

Aporia is a rhetorical device that expresses a specific paradox through which the writer feels uncertain about something as a way of proving a point. It is expressed differently in every language by using specific tools. Therefore, problems are raised by translating this term into a different language. In addition, it is problematic in translation because English uses certain means for expressing aporia, while Arabic adopts others. Consequently, this paper aims at giving a comprehensive study of English and Arabic Aporia in order to detect the correct ways of translation. It also aims to explain if aporia exists in Arabic text just like English, and if it is explicitly expressed in Arabic text. It also aims to investigate the challenges and difficulties that obstruct the process of translation dealt with such types of sentences. The study hypothesizes that aporia can be differently realized in Arabic. It also hypothesizes that semantic translation is highly adopted in translating aporia into Arabic.
Three texts are chosen from English literary books and given to five M.A. students of Translation Department, College of Arts, University of Mosul. The model adopted in this paper is Newmark’s (1982&1988) with two types of translation involving semantic and communicative. The paper concludes that aporia is realized by using different structures. In addition, the translators adopt the semantic translation rather than the communicative one. Finally, the paper ends up with some recommendations and suggestions for further studies.
Key words: Aporia, Communicative, Semantic, Translation.

The current study aims at investigating the effect of sticky note strategy in developing vocabulary at Al- Sulaymaniyah University.To achieve the aims of this study, a hypotheses is assumed to be that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of experimental group in pre- and post-performance tests .A sample of sixty two students from the second stage at Al- Sulaymaniyah University were randomly selected to carry out the study's aims and validate its hypotheses. The two groups are divided evenly, with group (A) being the experimental group consisting of (31) students who have been instructed using sticky note strategy. Group (B) stands for the control group consisting of (31) students who have received traditional instruction. Making a pre and post achievement test, both groups have been equalized in such variables such as educational level of parents, English scores achievement in preceding year, and the pre-test of both groups. A posttest is made up of two oral questions and three written questions. The dependability coefficient has been validated using the Alpha-Cronbach method. A statistical study of the items has been done to determine the discrimination power and level of difficulty for each item. As a result, the post-test has been administered to the full sample. The formula for "the T-test of two independent and paired samples' has been employed to statistically analyze the data acquired from the post-test results. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group by using the sticky note strategy. Appropriate recommendations and suggestion for future research are made in light of the study's results and conclusions.
Key Words: Impact, Sticky Note, Strategy and Vocabulary

Education is critical to a nation's growth because it develops the mind of the individual to be a useful member. Reform of education has a central role in nation development. It should include teaching the students how to think of themselves and to have confidence in their knowledge. This requires highly respected and motivated teachers who have language awareness and they have good level in language proficiency .Teachers must be kept abreast of new teaching methodologies, scientific breakthroughs and literary master pieces.
The purpose of this study is to finding out the level of Iraqi EFL preparatory school teachers' language awareness and classroom language proficiency. In addition, to improving the correlational relationship between teachers' language awareness and teachers' classroom language proficiency .
To achieve the aim of the present study, a sample of (250)Iraqi EFL preparatory school teachers randomly chosen from the general directorates of education in Baghdad .The instruments of this study are a questionnaire has been constructed for measuring EFL preparatory school teachers' language awareness and the second tool is the EFL teachers' classroom English proficiency Scale.
The main findings show that it is statistically significant and the sample has a satisfactory level of language awareness. Moreover, the results indicate a positive correlation between EFL teachers' level of language awareness and their use of classroom language proficiency .
Key words: Teachers' Language Awareness , and language classroom Proficiency

This paper focuses on the Utilitarian Philosophy in education that appeared in Charles Dickens' "Hard Times" during the industrial revolution. This paper aims to show the outcome of the Utilitarian Education Style taught by Mr. Gradgrind in his model school and to prove how this philosophy ends up with fail. Charles Dickens is trying to show that one of the dark sides of that the industrial revolution is more towards the logic of mind than the logic of heart, so in this case the greed of the people to wealth at that time is very clear. Charles Dickens assent a subject matter of utilitarianism, along with education and industry. Utilitarianism is the idea that something is morally proper if it assist a popular of people. It is a rule concern nothing but facts and leaves no area for creativity or thoughts. Dickens arrange for figurative models of this utilitarianism in Hard Times by using Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, one of the main characters in the book, who has a tough confidence in utilitarianism. This paper is a sarcasm to the philosophy of (Only Facts) by Mr. Gradgrind in his model school which is not based on the morals of the actual education organization.
Key words: Utilitarian Philosophy , Education, Industrialization , Facts, creativity , Imagination.