Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of treatment with antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, and their combination on lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and renal functions (urea & creatinine) in Iraqi epileptic patients. Ninety epileptic patients were participated in this study and their age ranged from (1-45) years. Seventy patients were previously diagnosed with epilepsy and received antiepileptic drugs for at least six months before this study (retrospective groups). The remaining patients were newly diagnosed with epilepsy (prospective groups). Twenty healthy subjects were selected to be a normal group for the purpose of comparison. The result showed an elevation in lipid profile after three months of treatment and this elevation was significant in serum total cholesterol, HDL-c, and LDL-c in retrospective groups and only significant for HDL-c in prospective groups. A clinically significant elevation in the level of CRP was observed in one patient and in seven patients after treatment with topiramate and combination therapy respectively. No significant differences were observed in renal function tests among the groups after treatment. In conclusion, the long term antiepileptic treatment increased the risk of atherosclerosis without significantly affecting renal functions.

pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected intercourse. About 1 in 7 couples have problems conceiving, with a similar incidence worldwide. Over 80% of couples who have regular sexual intercourse and do not use contraception will achieve a pregnancy within one year. The aim of this was to investigate the effect of Nigella sativa on male infertility. This study is a case control longitudinal clinical study. It was conducted on 55 infertile men with age range from 18-40 years from December 2011 to December 2012. The patients included were those who attended the clinics of specialist urologist, who are complaining of infertility with low sperm count or quality. Forty patients from the total 55 patients (15 patients withdraw from the study for many reasons) who were complete the whole treatment trial were included in this study. 40 infertile men were treated with N. sativa Capsule 2g per day. Semen parameters, serum Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were measured before and after 3 months of treatment with N. sativa. Sperm count was significantly increased after 3 months of treatment with N. sativa. The percentage of actively moving sperms was significantly increased after 3 months of treatment with N sativa. The semen volume was significantly increased after 3 months of treatment with N sativa. The sperms viability was significantly increased after 3 months of treatment with N. sativa. Sperms normal morphology was significantly increased after 3 months of treatment with N. sativa. Serum FSH, LH and testosterone levels were significantly increased after 3 months of treatment with N. sativa. These results supported by many studies published that explained and concluded the effect of N. sativa on semen quality. The present study conclude that N. sativa can be used as a single agent for treatment of male infertilit

β-thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder in hemoglobin synthesis that results in anemia, growth retardation and certain pathological changes. The treatment of choice for β-thalassemia is the repeated blood transfusion, but unfortunately it results in an iron overload with additional risk factors. The present study aims to evaluate iron profile in transfusion dependent β-thalassemia patients and the effects of repeated blood transfusion on serum ferritin level and the possibility of using the total number of blood transfusion to predict serum ferritin level. 40 transfusion dependent β-thalassemia patients were included in the present study all dependent on blood transfusion only with age range 1-4 years old. A control group of 20 apparently healthy children with age range 1-4 years old was used for comparison. Blood sample of 5 ml was collected from each individual and tested for serum levels of iron, TIBC, % saturation, and serum ferritin. The present study revealed significant changes in the levels of iron profile parameters between patients and control subjects manifested by significantly elevated serum iron and ferritin levels with significantly decreased serum TIBC. Iron status and iron overload in transfusion dependent β-thalassemia patients revealed a significant correlation between serum ferritin level and the number of transfused RBCs units. However this correlation is a rough correlation and some times unpredictable and it could not be used to assess the level of serum ferritin as used by some physicians.

To assess the effects of metformin and glibenclamide each one alone on complete blood picture (CBP) in type 2 diabetic patients. A case control study. This study was conducted during the period from 1/5/2011 to 31/1/2012 in Ibn Sina hospital in Mosul city. CBP were measured in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Group 1: 21 patients on metformin therapy (850-1500mg/day), group 2: 23 patients on glibenclamide therapy (5-10mg/day), also 22 apparently healthy volunteers were taken as the control group. Blood samples were taken from the three groups and analyzed for full blood count including red blood cells count (RBCs) ,white blood cell count (WBCs), and platelet count, hemoglobin (Hb) , mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and hematocrit (PCV). WBC count was higher in group 2 than that in group 1 and control group. The other parameters of complete blood picture in group 1 and 2 showed no significant differences compared with the control group. Metformin and glibenclamide have no significant effect on CBP except for the effect metformin which decreases WBC and platelet level which are already elevated in type 2 DM , but remain within the normal range. Such effect could not be seen in glibenclamide group.

To investigate the effects of Ginkgo biloba (GB) and Celecoxib on the parameters of oxidative stress (OS) and matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) concentration and the markers of inflammation in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). To achieve the aim of this study, a randomized control trial(RCT) was adopted. A total of 80 patients with KOA were recruited and investigated for parameters of OS which included: malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and serum MMP-1 concentration, in addition to measuring the markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The patients were divided into 2 groups namely, the GB plus celecoxib group which consisted of 40 patients(with mean ± SD= 51.10 ± 9.78) and the Celecoxib group which consisted of 40 patients(with mean ± SD=51.47±6.26). The patient groups were followed- up for 8 weeks during which the parameters under study were measured before starting therapies and at the end of the follow-up period using commercially available kits. The patient groups were compared with a control group consisted of 40 apparently healthy subjects. By comparing the concentrations of MDA,TAS and MMP-1 in patients with KOA before and after therapy , there was a highly significant decrease (p<0.001) in serum MDA concentration and a significant decrease (p=0.02) in MMP-1 levels with a highly significant increase (p<0.001) in TAS values after two months use of GB plus celecoxib and celecoxib alone, but with results in favor of the former group. GB plus celecoxib seemed to produce a highly significant decrease (p<0.001) in CRP and ESR compared to celecoxib after two months of therapy. The use of GB plus celecoxib and Celecoxib alone for 8 weeks in KOA patients have beneficial effects on the parameters of OS, MMP-1 and inflammatory markers

gonadotropin for ovulation induction in PCOS women after clomiphene citrate failure, Seventy eight women with PCO failed to conceive with clomiphene citrate divided in to three groups A,B,C treated with letrozole tablet, , letrozole plus follicular stimulating hormone and follicular stimulating hormone injection alone respectively for ovulation induction..Results: ovulation rate was (65.4%),(76.9%) and(76.9%) in group A,B &C respectively, pregnancy rate in study groups were (50%),(69.2%)and(65.4%) in A,B,&C respectivelyConclusion: Letrozole appears to be a suitable ovulation inducing agent in PCOS women with CC failure and significant higher pregnancy rate was observed in letrozole co treatment with gonadotropins as compared to other two protocoles

In this work, the complexation and extraction processes of sildenafil citrate (SC) were evaluated by using classical optimization versus factorial design methodology. The selected factors were based on the reaction of sildenafil with methyl orange (MO) as a chromogenic reagent via the formation of ion-association complex in acidic buffer media, followed by extraction with chloroform and quantitatively measured by visible spectrophotometry at λmax of 427 nm. The optimization step was first carried out by classical one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) from which the extracted results were exploited in the experimental design optimization by using 24-1 fractional factorial and 32 full factorial designs for the chosen variables such as pH, concentration of reagent, reaction time, extraction time and temperature. Results obtained from fractional factorial design 24-1 showed that only the variables pH, MO concentration and their interaction based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) in term of Pareto chart, were statistically significant at 95% confidence level. Under the optimized conditions, the assay method of SC was validated in term of the analytical figures of merit. SC can be determined in concentration range of 0.5-40 μg mL-1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9991, detection limit (S/N) of 0.15 μg mL-1, RSD (n=10) of 1.43%, accuracy as %Erel of -2.23% and mean percent recovery of 97.77±0.87. The proposed method was applied for the determination of SC in commercial medicaments without fear from excipients interferences with the assay procedure.

To evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of gliclazide therapy on serum glucose level and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. Thirty newly diagnosed T2DM patients were participated in the study (15 males and 15 females) with mean age of (47.55+-8.46) years .A thirty healthy subjects (15 male and 15 females ) of matching age were also recruited in the study as control group. Both groups were matched regarding age, sex and BMI. Fasting serum glucose (FSG) concentration was estimated using a kit supplied by Biocon (Germany). Serum MDA was measured using thiobarbituric acid (TBA) chemical assay method. Showed that T2DM patients having a significant rise in marker of lipid peroxidation MDA and FSG before starting treatment as compared with the control group. After 8 weeks of gliclazide monotherapy there was a significant reduction in both FSG and MDA level. Gliclazide having free radical scavenger properties showed from the decrease in lipid peroxidation in addition to its hypoglycemic effects

This study was based on a random sample from a Prospective Cohort study including one hundred healthy young untrained male volunteers, with mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of 22.820 ± 2.271 years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the digit ratio as an indicator for the performance of untrained adult males in endurance sports. The parameters that have been measured were: Index and ring fingers length of both right and left hand, body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, body composition (including: fat, muscle and water percents) and exercise performance (including: distance and time). The descriptive analyses of this study showed that normative values of male 2D:4D ratio vary between 0.912-1.036. and it also revealed that there is a strong inverse relation-ship between digit ratio of the subjects and exercise performance according to the distance and time; as the subject briskly walked on the treadmill at fasting state.

Background: Medical education is perceived as being stressful, & a high level of stress may have a negative effect on cognitive functioning & learning of students in a medical school. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of perceived stress among medical students & to observe an association between the levels of stress & their academic performance, including the sources of their stress & their coping strategies. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on one hundred eighty medical students from first stage to sixth stage from the Tikrit were enrolled in the study. The study was conducted using Kessler10 psychological distress inventory, which measures the level of stress according to none, mild, moderate, & severe categories. The prevalence of stress was measured & compared with the six study variables, such as gender, living accommodation, academic year, regularity to course attendance, academic grades, & perceived physical problems Result: The response rate among the study subjects was 100% (n=180). The total prevalence of stress was 57.2%, & the prevalence of severe stress was 12.8%. The prevalence of stress was higher among females (69.9%) than among males(42.9%). 2=16.34, p<0.001). The prevalence of stress was higher in students living at dormitory (31.6%) than students live at parental home (25.5%) but the severity of stress was higher in those students. The prevalence of stress was higher during the preclinical group mostly in third year students (76.7%) & in students who attend irregularly (73.9%). Exams (73%) & load of study (49.5%) are the most powerful stressors. Spend time with friends, sleeping, prayer, music, going into isolation or sports are various coping mechanisms. The academic performance was decline with increase stress level. Physical problems are associated with high stress levels. Conclusion: The prevalence of perceived stress seems to be high among medical students & in all level was higher in female than male. Preclinical group of students had more stress than clinical group & most of students who attend irregularly had high level of stress, which tends to affect not only their academic performances but also all aspects of health. Recommendation: Review of academics & exam schedules, more leisure time activities, better interaction with the faculty & proper guidance, advisory services & peer counseling at the campus could do a lot to reduce the stress.

To differentiate between Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar among patients attended Pediatric, General Hospital and Primary Health Care Centres in Kirkuk City, using Direct wet mount and ELISA techniques.The current study included the examination of (600) stool specimens of patients of different age groups (1-≤60 years) attended Pediatric Hospital, Kirkuk General Hospital, and Primary Health Care Centers in Kirkuk city for the period from 1/8/2008 to 20/4/2009 to search for the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar using ELISA. It was found that out of 600 stool specimens examined by wet mount microscopy 25.66 % were infected with E. histolytica / E. dispar. DRG ELISA based antigen detection kit of E. histolytica / E. dispar in stool specimens revealed that 52.12 % were found to be positive of total specimens examined (140 microscopy positive samples and 48 microscopy negative control samples). TechLab ELISA based antigen detection kit specific only for E. histolytica in stool specimens revealed that 6.38 % were positive for E. histolytica, while the remaining negative 93.62 % were considered E. dispar. DRG ELISA based antibody detection of anti-E. histolytica serum IgG revealed seropositivity rate of 36.17 %. The direct stool examination is not capable to differentiate between E. histolytica and E. dispar. TechLab ELISA based antigen detection of E. histolytica is a sensitive and rapid method for detection and differentiation of E. histolytica from E. dispar. DRG ELISA based antibody detection of anti-E. histolytica serum IgG is a helpful mean to detect chronic infection of amebic colitis, asymptomatic cyst carrier patients, and extra-intestinal infection.

The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and muscloskeletal diseases was determined in random sample of 424 people aged 65 to 85 years. detailed clinical examinations were carried out in about two years between 2010-2011.a total of 3 men and 5 women fulfilled the 1987 American college of Rhumatology criteria for RA, so the incidence of RA was highest in subjects aged 65 years and tended to decline with age, no RA cases were found in men aged 80 years or more, the incidence of musceloskeletal diseases, defined as lack of an extremity or restriction of mobility in ajoint or the spine, was high in the highest aged grou

The anaesthetic drugs technique used in caesarean section should prevent fetal depressant resulting from passing of drugs through the maternal-placental barrier which can lead to adverse effects such as decreasing in Apgar score and respiratory depression in new born neonates. Apgar score is the first test given to newborn after delivery by caesarian section or normal vaginal delivery to evaluate a newborn physical condition after delivery and to determine any immediate need for extra medical or emergency care. To determine the effect of general anaesthetic drugs on the Apgar score of new-borns in relation to the induction-delivery interval and uterine delivery interval. One hundred healthy full term pregnant women underwent elective C/S, on left lateral position the pre induction with 100% oxygen by face mask, then start induction with minimum dose of Thiopentone (3mg/kg ) with ketamine (1mg/kg), followed by non-depolarization muscle relaxant atracurium(0. 5 mg/kg ). Endotracheal intubation was done and maintenance of anaesthesia with oxygen, 0.5% Halothane and atracurium (0. 1 mg/kg) till the end of surgery. Neostigmine (2.5 mg) and atropine (1.2mg) was given as antidote. During operation the heart rates, blood pressures and oxygen saturation (pulse oxymeter) were monitored. Oxytocin (20 units) or ergometrine (0.8 mg) is injected intravenously after clamping the cord, then (tramadol 75 mg + midazolam 5mg) was given. Induction- delivery interval and uterine-delivery interval was noted using a stopwatch. After delivery the baby’s Apgar score was noted at 1, 5 and 10 min. and proper resuscitation was done. Low Apgar score and low to moderate score at one minute was found when induction –delivery interval up to five minutes and more than 10 minutes also low and low to moderate score of infants when uterine – delivery interval more than 120 seconds. One minute Apgar score of infants were affected by induction-delivery time (≤ 5 min and > 10 min) and uterine –delivery interval (>120 sec).

Body zinc content is regulated by the homeostatic mechanism, which regulate zinc absorption and excretion depending on its body requirements. The function of cells and tissues enzymes is depend zinc content & over 70 human body enzymes with which zinc is associated. Pervious studies show that some trace elements like magnesium, zinc, manganese & selenium may play important role in action of insulin hormone, including activation of insulin receptor sites. The aim of the study is to determine the serum level of zinc in normal healthy men & diabetes mellitus type II patients. A cross sectional study was done in Tikrit teaching hospital from beginning of January to end of December 2010. The study conducted on 50 type 2 diabetic male patients was participated in the study. While, 30 normal healthy men age matched (aged 55 to 60 years) were included as a control. Serum zinc was measured for control healthy non diabetic subjects & diabetic type 2 patients. There were non significant differences regarding age. However there is significant increase in BMI of diabetic patients as compare with control men. Fasting serum glucose was significantly higher in DM patients as compare with control subjects. Moreover, there is significant reduction in serum zinc in diabetic patients (89.35 ± 19.23 μg/dl) as compare with normal health subjects (135 ± 35.18 μg/dl). In diabetic patients, there is significant negative correlation between fasting blood sugar & serum zinc (r= - 0.37). In present study conclude that there is a significant reduction in serum zinc in diabetic patients. The present study recommend that diabetic type II patients should be encourage to eat diet rich in zinc or take zinc supplement.

Pregnancy Induced HypertensionPIH is one of the most frequent complications of pregnancy , however little is known about its etiology. The renin angiotensin aldosterone systemRAAS has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PIH. The study of serum electrolytes is gaining ground in the pathophysiology of hypertension. The study sample consist of 50 normal non pregnant women, 50 normotensive pregnant women, and 50 preeclamptic pregnant women in their third trimester in Mosul city. The aim of this study was designed to evaluate the role of serum aldosterone and the serum electrolytes in pathogenesis of PIH. The results of this study showed that there was a highly significant reduction (P0.000) in serum sodium, calcium, and aldosterone levels in preeclamptic pregnant women in comparison with normotensive pregnant women & the control group. While there is a highly significant elevation (P0.000) in the serum level of potassium in preeclamptic women in comparison with normotensive pregnant women & the control group. The serum chloride level showed a highly significant reduction (P0.006) in preeclamptic women in comparison with the normotensive pregnant women. The serum aldosterone has a positive and negative correlation with serum sodium and potassium respectively in preeclamptic pregnant wome

Tympanic membrane (TM) perforation is one of the most common causes of hearing impairment. Apart from conduction of sound waves across the middle ear, the tympanic membrane, also sub-serves a protective function to the middle ear cleft and round window niche. It has been established that the larger the perforation on the tympanic membrane, the greater the decibel loss. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the size of the tympanic membrane perforation on hearing. The study was conducted at Al-Jumhoori teaching hospital during march 2011 to march 2012. Seventy-eight patients with perforated tympanic membranes were included in the study.They all have TM perforation due to recurrent or chronic otitis media. Patients with traumatic TM perforation were excluded from the study. There were 47 males (46.5%) and 54 females (53.5%). Twenty patients had left ear perforation, 35 patients had right ear perforation, and 23 patients had bilateral perforations. Each ear was taken as a case, so the total number of the perforated ear drums were 101. The age ranged from 13- 56 with the mean of (31.64 ± 13.249) years.
The TM perforation was examined and photo image was taken with the aid of the endoscope, and the percentage of the perforation was measured from the whole area by using a special Microsoft (infomap). Controls were 55 patients with a mean age 30.73 ±12.09( range 14-53) years. Male controls were 34 (61.8%), and 21 female controls(38.2%). There was a highly significant correlation between size of TM perforation with the hearing level, air bone gap, high frequency hearing loss and low frequency hearing loss. As a conclusion, there is strong relationship between the size of TM perforation and the hearing level, air-bone gap and both the low frequency and the high frequency hearing level and air-bone gaps.

Polymers can provide new and effective ways of administering drugs and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Polymers also present a means for controlled delivery of several drugs in the form of polymeric drug carriers or polymeric prodrugs. Our study involved synthesize of new condensed polymers from reacting of unsaturated acid anhydride such as maleic or methylnadic anhydrides, with prepared N-asparaginyl imide diamine, which prepared from reacting of asparaginyl chloride with ammonia. The new condensed polymers were curing with styrene and the cross-linked polymers were obtained with high conversion percent. The physical properties were measured and all the prepared monomers and polymers were characterized by FT-IR and UV spectroscopy. The intrinsic viscosity was calculated and swelling index was measured for the prepared cross-linked polymers. The inserted asparagine as amino acid could enhance the biodegradability properties, and these prepared bioactive polymers can be used as biomaterial in different applications, which could be acted as smart polymers due to pH sensitivity.

Diabetic complication is a major health concern , especially uncontrolled lipid profile, contributing to cardiac, renal and multisystem disorders. To evaluate the effect of 2 months supplementation of Omega-3 on lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients and in comparison with the control. This non-randomized clinical trial was conducted at Al-Wafa'a Center for Diabetes Management and Research in Mosul City in the period from 1st of February 2012 to the 1st of July 2012. A total number of 84 patients (42 males and 42 females) diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for 2-5 years and were treated with metformin (dose of 500 mg twice daily) + glibenclamide (dose of 2.5 mg once daily) with no other liver or renal disorders, the patients were divided into two groups: First group included 50 patients with age ranged from 37 to 61 years, the patients were given Omega-3 capsules (1000 mg twice daily) for two months (Omega-3 group). The second group included the remaining 34 diagnosed diabetic patients, matched with the first group by age, sex , and BMI and considered as (control group). Fasting blood samples were taken from the first group at the beginning then after two months of Omega-3 use and from the control group once. The sera obtained from all participants in this study were used to measure lipid profile parameters by using the commercial kits, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) was calculated using Friedewald equation. Atherogenic index (AI) was recognized by simple equation and BMI measured by dividing weight in (kg) by square of height in (meter). There was a significant reduction of serum triglycarides (TG) level and atherogenic index but no significant changes in total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol HDL-c, nor in LDL-c level after 2 months therapy with Omega-3 and in comparison with the control group. The use of Omega-3 supplementation for two months in type 2 diabetic patients resulted in significant reduction in the serum TG level and atherogenic index but there was no effect on the other lipid profile parameters. This may be of therapeutic importance in lowering of the cardiovascular risk factors in patients with T2DM.

This study was based on a random sample from a Prospective Cohort study including one hundred healthy young untrained male volunteers, with mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of 22.820 ± 2.271 years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the digit ratio as an indicator for the performance of untrained adult males in endurance sports. The parameters that have been measured were: Index and ring fingers length of both right and left hand, body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, body composition (including: fat, muscle and water percents) and exercise performance (including: distance and time). The descriptive analyses of this study showed that normative values of male 2D:4D ratio vary between 0.912-1.036. and it also revealed that there is a strong inverse relation-ship between digit ratio of the subjects and exercise performance according to the distance and time; as the subject briskly walked on the treadmill at fasting state.

Facial wrinkling, smoking.