Kufa Journal of Arts

This research represents a glimpse into one aspect of Aristotle (d. 322 BC) the logician. Aristotle, as is known to specialists, had a great influence in many different fields, but he had a greater influence in the field of logic than in any other field, and hence he was called the first teacher and the owner of logic. It may seem to some that logic and logical research are abstract mental ideas, and at best it benefits the student in the philosophical matter specifically and has no relation to reality and life, but this statement, although correct, its consequence is incorrect, because logic is considered one of the closest means by which we know how a particular nation thinks in a particular era, which is to see what logic people follow in their intellectual processes, because that reveals the way they accept or reject ideas and the way they understand what they understand or do not understand.

Water losses for agricultural activity mean the difference between the (theoretical) or ideal water requirements of the plant and the actual equipment in the field. Determining the size of these water losses has a significant impact on determining the amount of possible benefit from the vital water resource. The study area's need for water in agricultural activity includes the need for plant and animal agricultural activities, and this need varies depending on the amount of water needed by a single crop and thus the total crops. The matter is not limited to that, but also extends to the amount of demand according to the season of the year. This means that this need varies according to the degree of economic and social development of this or that region on the one hand, and on the climatic characteristics (1) on the other hand. Crops differ in their water needs, and rice (shalab) had the largest share. The study included four chapters. The first chapter included the theoretical framework that included the study problem, its hypothesis, justifications, importance, objectives, method, limits, visuals, digital elevation maps, and the software used in it. The second chapter included the environmental distribution of the population of the study area. The third section focused on the agricultural density of the population of the study area. The fourth section discussed the theoretical and actual agricultural water consumption and the volume of water losses within the study area.

The study showed that the reality of residential land use in the city of Kufa does not conform to the planning standards and the population size, as there is a clear shortage in the number of residential units and residential area. The population was (157845 people), the residential use area was (546.12 hectares) and (29.11%) of the city area, while the share of each individual from residential use was (34.6 m2/person), and the number of residential units was (22024) residential units distributed over (20 residential neighborhoods).

It was noted that residential use suffers from a clear shortage in area and number of residential units, and the shortage in area reaches (20.89%) of the city area, and the share of each individual is less than the standard (20.4 m2/person), noting that the planning standard is (50%) of the city area at (55 m2/person).

It was found that the need for residential use until the year (2030) is (837.19 hectares) with a population increase of (93670 people).

Greece reached the peak of its greatness and its fame spread throughout the world to this day. Every intellectual and philosophical product throughout history had been studied and drunk from the fountainhead of Greek civilization. It is the fountainhead of ideas and the center of global thought to this day. This does not mean that no other civilization preceded it. The land of the Nile, the civilization of the Tigris and Euphrates Valley, the Chinese, Indian and Persian civilizations preceded it by many centuries. Greece took a lot from them. This was not a defect, but rather a universal law and a law that governs humanity, as the cultural and civilizational exchange and the interaction and integration of ideas are part of this human system under the title of “Integration of Civilizations.”

The current research aims to identify the effect of the mind maps strategy on the acquisition and retention of information among fourth-grade literary students in the subject of the history of Arab Islamic civilization.

To verify the research objective, the researcher formulated the two null hypotheses:

1- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who study the subject of the history of Arab Islamic civilization according to the mind maps strategy and the average scores of the students of the control group who study the same subject according to the usual (traditional) method.

2- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average information retention scores of students in the experimental group who study the subject of the history of Arab Islamic civilization according to the mind maps strategy and the average scores of students in the control group who study the same subject according to the usual (traditional) method.

To verify this, the researcher chose an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of equivalent groups with a post-test. The researcher identified the Central Preparatory School in Najaf Al-Ashraf as the research sample. The research sample amounted to (60) students from the fourth literary grade, with (30) students for each of the two research groups (experimental and control).

The researcher conducted an equivalence that showed the students in the research sample in variables such as intelligence, parents' academic achievement, and the chronological age of the students calculated in months.

The modern organization continuously seeks to achieve efficiency and effectiveness and achieve and maintain creativity and competitive advantage. This drives it to continuously work on developing and updating its goals and strategy, developing its products, and using effective tools, methods, and approaches. To achieve this, it seeks to gain renewed knowledge, which is the basic pillar for achieving competitive advantage, and an effective basis for creativity and innovation processes in modern organizations.

The poet's formative origin varies from one poem to another, and from one situation to another. Each poem has its own special circumstances and distinctive motives. Therefore, it was natural to find different motives and multiple origins in Al-Jawahiri. Sometimes subject to emotional arbitrariness and sometimes subject to artistic intent, and perhaps in many cases both come together in the poet during the birth of the poem, or this continues until a little after.

Perhaps the best way for us to know this is what we find in the poet's own memoirs, from a statement of the motives of some poems and a description of the state that befell him while reciting the poem, and we also find something similar on the tongues of his friends from writers and critics. Some of them described what they saw of the poet's state while he was under the influence of those motives and emotions, in addition to what we find scattered among the verses of his poems here and there of the poet's description of his state and what is raging in his chest when reciting poetry.

He mentioned that when he was invited to the Al-Ma’arri Festival in Syria, he stayed up all night the first, second and third nights and did not come out except with a Daliya poem of no less than seventy verses. However, whenever he reviewed and examined it, he did not find in it the spirit of Al-Ma’arri, so his soul became at the peak of tension and agitation, so he became angry at the poem and tore it into scattered pieces. The days approached and the anxiety increased and the situation of fragmentation and insomnia continued until he found the entrance and as the Greek sage said (I found it) only one verse:

The telegrams, memos and reports exchanged between National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and US President Richard Nixon dealt in detail with the events that took place in Jordan during September 1970, which were known as (Black September) according to the Palestinian factions. However, we did not find that name in the Kissinger-Nixon correspondence, as the editors of those reports were keen to accurately convey the facts of the news, even if the matter was related to US national security or US-Arab or Israeli relations. The important thing is that the research benefited greatly from the contents of those reports, with regard to the political and military events and developments that Jordan witnessed and the positions of international organizations and bodies such as the Red Cross, for example. The Arabs also had a clear position regarding the development of the general situation in Jordan, in addition to the manifestations of the American position and the statement of the American point of view on the conflict between the Jordanian government and the armed Palestinian factions. The first and last goal of the armed Palestinian factions that used Jordanian territory as a launching point for their military operations against Israel was to overthrow the rule of King Hussein. They repeatedly claimed that the throne belonged to the Palestinians, and therefore they followed the method of armed action to seize their right. On the other hand, King Hussein and the American administration saw that the existence of such organizations posed a real threat to the throne of the country on the one hand, and to Jordan’s relations with the Western world, the United States of America, and Israel in particular. Therefore, we see that Jordan often requested American and Israeli assistance and advice, secretly and openly, in order to put an end to the excesses of the Palestinian factions, which is what American reports talked about. The European countries concerned and the international organizations had a position on the events of Black September and on the issue of the conflict between the Palestinian factions and the Jordanian army, and their dealings with the phenomenon of hijacking civilian aircraft differed, as they followed many procedures and methods in order to end the issue of releasing the hostages, and among those methods was sending delegations and representatives to negotiate with the leaders of the Palestinian factions, which the American administration presented and considered a violation of the agreements that had been concluded between them and the International Committee of the Red Cross, that organization that tried to follow diplomatic methods in order to end the conflict in Jordan.

The United States of America tried to follow the method of negotiations and diplomatic methods in dealing with the Jordanian crisis, especially with regard to the issue of releasing the foreign hostages who fell into the hands of the Popular Front, and that was the public policy of the American administration, but in secret, military preparations were in full swing, especially after it found that things did not go according to its vision, so it devoted itself to studying a plan for a military invasion as an alternative solution to the intransigence of the Palestinian factions.

The US administration's stances in dealing with the Jordanian crisis were not limited to that, but rather went beyond that to providing military, material and humanitarian aid following the end of the crisis. Because of the country's severe shortage of food and shortage of military equipment, the US administration tried to correct the course of its relationship with Jordan and rescue it from the deteriorating political and military situation, by following a policy of armament and sending more military and political advisors to Jordan.

This study seeks to investigate the concept of meaning in the London School of Linguistics; as the school that looked at meaning from the angle of social usage, unlike the contemporary linguistic schools that were concerned with linguistic structure only, in isolation from the contexts of its usage, especially the social aspect; as for the London School, one of its ways to study meaning was the term (situational context) introduced by the anthropologist Malinowski, then John Firth came and employed the situational context in his study of meaning in his theory known as the context theory, as for Halliday, he was a loyal student of Firth, he took from his teacher those concepts with a functional tendency, and based his method of linguistic analysis on them, and added to them, so he came out with his theory known as the theory of functional grammar. The search for meaning was the common thread in the work of those figures in the London School. The research material came in an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction was concerned with investigating the concept of scholasticism in London, and explaining the position that the London School took among contemporary schools, in terms of its approach to linguistic analysis, and the opinions of its scholars in studying meaning. The first chapter came to explain the manifestations of meaning according to Malinowski, as the main driver towards studying meaning in the contexts of social use. Then the second chapter came to explain the concept of meaning according to John Firth in light of the directions he took as the foundations of his theory in the context. The third chapter was concerned with explaining the concept of meaning according to Halliday in light of the concepts he presented in the theory of functionalism. As for the conclusion, it included the most important results that the research reached.

The efforts of the ancients in directing the phenomenon of linguistic or standard substitution were of great scientific value, and its aspects were revealed in many sources. They differed in defining this phenomenon, in the number of letters in which the substitution occurred, and in the reasons for its occurrence. The ancients’ directions for it varied, as some of them considered it a language and others considered it a substitution. The research came to present those efforts using the method of balancing between the reports of the ancients and the results of the modern phonetic study.

We discussed the Shiite position on extremist movements, as it is one of the largest Islamic sects and has strong and firm positions towards these movements, especially the Ahl al-Bayt (B).

I avoided going into detail in presenting some terms that might provoke the ire of a group of researchers who are not accustomed to the critical approach, so I referred the matter to sources and references that can be referred to directly to stand on the contradiction that occurs in some of its resources or texts, especially the doctrinal ones.

It has become clear that delving into the depths of those extremist currents dates back to the historical era that followed the death of the Messenger (7) and extended after that to several decades. Despite the great importance that characterizes that sensitive era, where the political, social and cultural roots of Muslims were formed, it did not receive the desired attention from researchers and thinkers, and many intellectuals only know a little about it. As for some of the few scattered studies that revolved around it, the methods of dealing with that era have multiplied and differed in a way that does not quench the thirst of students of knowledge and truth, nor does it help them to comprehend it and realize its effects. There is the literary trend that dealt with that era in a narrow, limited way, and followed a diluted approach that does not lead to specific results or clear concepts about it, and it lacked a fixed scale emanating from the Islamic call itself by which the events of that era could be measured. Perhaps this trend was aiming at the literary and linguistic aspect only, far from doctrinal visions. There is the silent, closed trend that sees that that era should not be dealt with in research and study at all, and the matter even reached the point of warning against trying to examine Its facts and events, under the pretext that this might lead to suspicion of some prominent figures and groups to which they belong. There is also the flattering, sycophantic trend that has been accustomed to merely praising and flattering, and has spared no effort in turning things upside down and truncating the facts in order to correct the facts of that era and the positions of its people in a way that is difficult to believe or accept for the ordinary reader, in addition to other methods and trends that often fell short of fulfilling the trust of pure scientific research that ultimately leads to educating the reader about the nature of that era, clarifying the vision about it, and concluding with an objective evaluation of it, and determining its relationship.

The purpose of studying the life of the jurist and prince Asad bin Al-Furat is to know his religious biography and his scientific journeys to the countries through which he was able to gain knowledge of the Maliki school of thought and spread it in the Maghreb, as well as to know his political life, most of which he spent judging between people at times and leading the campaign that Ziyadat Allah Al-Aghlabi, the Moroccan prince, asked him to lead at other times, during which he conquered the island of Sicily in the year 212-213 AH, where he performed well until his death there.

The study focused on discovering religious and heritage sites, planning and managing them using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The study combines scientific theory and practical application, as it includes a theoretical framework that deals with (GIS), and a practical application that contributes to benefiting from the (GIS) system in the possibility of storing, retrieving, modifying, processing and displaying data, and drawing it on multi-layered maps. The study reached a number of results, the most prominent of which are: that managing and developing religious and heritage sites using the (ARCGIS 9.2) software saves time and effort by relying on aerial and satellite images and topographic maps with high accuracy, and conducting analyses to reach accurate results in a very short period of time when compared to the time period required when using traditional methods.

This paper investigates the use of warning and threat by learners of English as a foreign language. It focuses on the pragmatic strategies and linguistic forms through which these two operations are accomplished. It demonstrates that these learners tend to use certain strategies in preference to others. It consists of three sections, the first of which is concerned with the distinction between these two operations. The second deals with the pragmatic strategies and linguistic forms of these operations. The third section is concerned with the empirical study of these operations

Molière and Racine use rhetorical techniques in an appropriate manner. The rhetorical style in writing these important styles is not only intended to be stylistic, but also has an indirect persuasive effect. These two writers try to persuade the audience through the aesthetic and artistic features of their speeches. The rhetorical images and figures of these two speeches were not only artistic or decorative, but these rhetorical images and figures are of a distinct argumentative and persuasive nature, used in argumentative speech to persuade others, or to obtain their approval.

This paper consists of some observations directed at the archetypal American search for identity in Mark Twain's book "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". The novel tends to be a matter of overcoming its language problems despite the fact that it is considered the typical American tradition. It can also face the most problematic cases due to its complex history and controversial style. It seeks a great deal of new social identity for America, and is therefore very important for understanding the ambiguous relationship as well as the underestimation of fictional characters. It weaves and underestimates a complex plot, diction and theme. The main purpose of the novel is particularly interesting for the construction of identity. It is not an attempt to impose racial identity because of regardless of skin color. The fact that this novel may be read is a damning indictment of the racial identity of America. It is astonishing, and for a long time it includes all the valuable charisma