journal of Language Studies

Anita Desai is a well-known writer in India. Her writings are influenced by the Indian world as well as European literary traditions. In the majority of her works, she is primarily concerned with Indian women. Anita Desai has a feminist vision that explores women's struggles against patriarchal oppression. She is distinct from other female writers in that she stresses personal redemption and inspiration.
This research discusses how women struggle secretly and seek liberation in Desai's well-known novel Clear Light of Day (1980). This research focuses on Bimla, the protagonist in Desai's novel, who strives to overcome patriarchal obstacles in her search for independence, voice, and identity. The novel explores women's plight in India for a long time before and after independence in 1947, also how India's partition from Pakistan influenced both the nation and individuals. Desai concentrates chiefly on the women of the Das household, and the choices of the different female characters have in life.
The fundamental aim of this research is to shed light on a woman's perspective in Indian culture. Woman in the East and India resides in unique sociological, political, and cultural circumstances. These circumstances have an essential impact on her future, identity, and personality.

The following study is an attempt to shed lights on the analysis of signs and their interpretations in terms of phonology and their role in meaning comprehension in human mind, throughout taking Emily Dickinson’s mystic poems as an example. It is generally accepted that every literary artistic work is a string of sounds made up of a group of conventional phonological signs. They are formed by combining with each other according to the special rules of language, forming larger linguistic units to show their ability in word order and language proficiency. Five critical aspects below have been investigated in the process of this study, namely; alliteration, consonance, assonance, onomatopoeia and rhyme.
Finally, the following conclusions have been drawn: topics, as the difference between literary and linguistic semiotics can lead us towards the principals and the basics of understanding, and perceiving meaning. Scientific study of language, familiarity with viewpoints related to achieving the basics of perception, aesthetic analysis and cognitive semiotics of perceiving texts, have a great role. Dickenson’s poetry carries a kind of harmony that functions as the transporter of meaning and feeling in addition to the elements transferring meaning. There are major roles in the use of phonemes: meaning transferring, emphasis on the basic meaning, feeling transferring, increasing musicality and creating coherence

Frayer Model strategy is one of many main strategies presented to classroom teachers. When these strategies are followed step by step, they can have a positive impact on pupils’ achievement.
The current study aims at:
1.Investigating the impact of Frayer Model strategy on EFL pupils' achievement.
2.Investigating the improvement of EFL preparatory pupils' achievement
To carry out the study , the hypotheses are posed as the following :
1.There is no statistical significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group, which is taught by of Frayer Model strategy and the control group which is taught by traditional method in post-test achievement.
2.There is no statistical significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group students in the pre-test and post-test achievement.
A sample of the currant study consists of (60) pupils in fourth grade of secondary school scientific branch are derived from AL-Aqeeda schools for girls in Tikrit city. Two sections are selected as a study sample; Group (A) represents experimental group that includes (30) pupils are taught according to Frayer Model strategy. Group (B) represents control group which also include (30) pupils who are taught according to the traditional method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables from Educational level of parent, English grades achievement in previous schooling year , and the pretest of both groups . A unified posttest which contains ten questions are constructed to collect data . Face and content validity have been attained.To analyze the data, different statistical means have been used namely T-test, weighted mean and percentile mean to measure the pupils’ post-test. The results explain that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught according Frayer Model strategy and the control group who is taught by using the traditional method , also there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in pre –post tests achievement.

Henrik Ibsen’s concern in A doll’s house (1879) is the exposition of what he deems social evils and shortcomings, consequently leaving his protagonist’s future, after she famously slams the door on her married life, to the audience’s speculation. His open ending thus exemplifies Barthes’s seminal argument against unquestioned authorial authority in ‘The death of the author’ (1967), reasoning that what matters is the impression that a text makes on its destination, i.e., the reader. This paper looks into the take of one such reader on Ibsen’s text. Lucas Hnath, who provides a sequel to Ibsen’s play, daringly calling it A doll’s house, part 2 (2017), interprets Nora’s venturing into the outer world in terms of career and financial success. He begins his play with a knock on the same door ushering in, supposedly fifteen years later, the now established and self-assured feminist novelist Nora. As the two plays thus form a unified ontology, they showcase the Formalist postulate of the recurrent devices and the binding autonomous interrelations of literature. The themes that Ibsen starts are continued and elaborated by Hnath, who offers an extensive portrayal of various perceptions of Nora’s decision to leave her family. He does so through the tactic of the discussion, originally introduced by Ibsen, which goes counter to the latter’s general style of the well-made play. As New Criticism shares with Formalism its focus on the literary text itself, severing it from author and social context, its approach of close reading is used in this paper to analyze the merged schema of the two plays

This study is an attempt to investigate the procedural encoding strategies of the discourse marker بَس(bas)(but), selected from one of the Syriac plays performed in the dialect of the Qaraqoush community. This discourse marker in this study, having interrelated procedural functions according to the context used, is assumed to be a discourse procedure that guides the hearer to the intended conceptualization of the discourse. The procedural functions of the selected discourse marker limit or constrain the context relevance of both speaker and hearer’s assumptions. The constraining is taken place by deriving one of the kinds of contextual or (cognitive effects); contextual implication, strengthening, and contradiction, or by reorienting the hearer to a path in the given context that leads to these effects. In this respect, the study aims to prove that procedural encoding is necessary for the conceptual encoding of the utterance context to achieve the intended meaning of the speaker. The data examples selected from the Syriac play are analyzed within the domain of Relevance Theory. The selected data are transliterated, translated, and analyzed concerning the procedural functions of the involved discourse marker. Due to the outcome of data analysis, some findings are raised. The most striking finding presented here is that the procedural role of the discourse marker بَس(bas)(but) in Syriac discourse is very significant; in that, it guides or directs the speaker to interpret the intended meaning. In the light of the findings, the study presents some suggestions to researchers who are interested in such a field of research.

The word 'collage' simply means pasting unrelated things together to form artistic objects of sorts. It began first to be used by the painters and artists in general to produce a kind of art suitable to the prevalent avant-garde movement in art and literature. T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland and Ezra Pound's The Cantos are two master examples of the use of collage in the early modernist poetry. The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of collage by the poets New York School in selected poems as exemplified in the major poets of the school, namely John Ashbery, Frank O'Hara and Kenneth Koch. The paper argues that the poets of the New York school have been influenced heavily by the prevalent art movements specially the Abstract Expressionism. They imitated the Abstract Expressionists in their rejection of figurative subject matter and their working completely in the abstract. Their resort to such art as collage is to challenge the conventional ideas about art.

Abstract

Cultural hybridity is one of the visible phenomena of our era. It captures the spirit of various writers around the world with its celebration of cultural difference and fusion. Many factors accelerated the growth and spread of this phenomenon. Among them is the migrations, the globalization mantra of unfettered economic exchanges and the supposedly inevitable transformation of all cultures.
In the first decade of the new millennium, British theatre seems preoccupied with various issues such as war on terror, social fragmentation, cultural segregation and the huge number of immigrants. However, the ever-increasing migration in the United Kingdom made British playwrights think seriously in the is in flux.
No doubt, the new comers have their own values, which, on the long term, affects the host ones. Though it is conceivable, the clash between these cultural values can be met in a culturally viable atmosphere. What is the most important thing is that the newcomers tried hard to assimilate in a new hybrid space where all values meet together.
The present paper is an attempt to shed light on the acceptance and rejection of these values as described by David Edgar’s Testing The Echo . It is done with due reference to Homi K. Bhabha’s theories of cultural hybridity and third space.
This paper poses the following questions: In what ways may cultural hybridity be applied in David Edgarʼs selected plays to highlight non-British characters. Is it possible for the newcomers to integrate into the British society? If they do, what are they going to lose?

Nationalism and attachment to country and land is as old as man’s existence on earth; yet, as a concept, it is almost modern, or may be, some steps behind the modern age. There are, undoubtedly, reasons and factors behind the rise of this concept and its appearance in the literature of some, if not all, nations throughout the history. This comparative investigation is an attempt to tackle a number of poems in both the Irish and Kurdish modern poetry. The resemblance between the historical, geographical, political, and cultural situations of the two nations was behind the germination of the idea of the paper. Despite the huge distance between the two nations’ lands, history, and culture, the paper pre-supposes a sort of resemblance that marks ‘the poetry of resistance’ in each case and consequently some common features to be discovered through the poems under study here. The paper starts with a brief introduction about nationalism as a concept along with its development in the modern age due to the political upheavals in different parts of the world. It is followed by a critical analysis of selected Irish and Kurdish poems using some modern and up-to-dates sources. The comparative aspects between the two cases precedes the conclusions and list of sources where some points are concluded the most obvious one of which is the heavy and unexpected semblance between the two groups of poems in forms, themes, and even techniques

The Present paper discusses Horror and fear in Henry James’ “The Turn of the Screw” and Poe’s “The fall of the House Usher”, which are ghost stories. It compares and contrasts the two stories in accordance with American school. The aim of the compararison is to find out the implications and the underlying identities of both similarities and differences so that even the differences can be given their proper place in a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the artist.
The study applies the theory of suspense to analyze the theme of the unknown in the two stories of mystery and suspense. The objective of the study is to find the similarities and differences in the universal theme. The similarities include the supernatural and horror, mystery, suspense and surprise. The differences are in the tragedy and pathetic and sexual relationship.

This study aims at figuring out The weakness of Islamic High Schools Students in Iraq during reading comprehension activities in English as a foreign language, The Reasons and Remedies, intermediate stage as a model”. The study examines the effect of teachers' variables (gender, qualification, and years of experience), In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher developed a data collection instrument: a questionnaire developed in English for the teachers. It consisted of two parts. The first one is demographic questions and the second consisted from 14 questions. The researcher conducted this study on the intermediate stage students who are learning English as a foreign language and their teachers of English of Islamic High School in Iraq by using a stratified random sample. The whole population consisted of (140) teachers, (68) males and (72) females. The results of the present study showed that reading difficulties faced by students in learning English resulting from students' reading behaviors were high. In addition, the content (textbook), teaching aids and teaching methods had a significant effect on the reading difficulties. In the light of the findings of the study, the researcher recommended holding training courses for the teachers to provide them with sufficient experience to teach their students the reading skill in the right way besides Attention distraction, lack of motivation, difficulty in academic content, feeling of making mistakes in front of colleagues, lack of a library concerned in English language in the school and lack of resources in the English language, insufficient time to read during the lesson , their speed of reading is very slow, their efficiency in understanding the meaning of a text is very poor and there are other reasons mentioned in this study. .