kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Objectives: This study aimed to find out the effect distracted parenting and housing that lead towards Juvenile's Bullying children.
Methodology: Qualitative research design was used to study the impact of broken family, and housing factors on juvenile delinquency. Researcher used a Non – probability (purposive) sampling technique and selected one hundred juvenile offenders from Juveniles Bullying Station for data collection belonged to the age range between fourteen to eighteen years from 3th April to 10th November 2023. Present study explored various effects of juvenile delinquency related with broken family, and housing factors on juvenile. Reliability of instrument was determined through the use of Alpha Cronbach approach and the instrument validity was determined through a panel of experts. The analysis of the data was used descriptive statistics frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In order to assess the effect distracted parenting and housing on Bullying children.
Results: The findings of the present study reveal that indicate to high percentage theft (29%), drug abuse (21%), murder (16%) and rape (14%); while there is positive association among types of offenses committed by the juveniles with residence area (r=0.219), father married another woman (r=0.224), mother married another man (r=0.289), divorce (r=0.225), father death (r= 0.257) and mother death (r=0.246).
Conclusion: The study concluded that there is positive association among types of offenses and misdemeanor committed by the juveniles with distracted parenting and housing.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency within the general population suggests the emergence of glucose intolerance. The relationship between insufficient vitamin D levels and gestational diabetes mellitus remains a subject of ongoing discussion.
Objectives: The investigation looked into the connection between vitamin D levels and the chances of developing gestational diabetes mellitus.
Methodology: This cross-sectional analytic study includes 262 pregnant women who attended the Gestational Diabetes Center and Antenatal Counseling Center at the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani City. The study used convenience sampling, and the data was collected from November 1st, 2021, to October 1st, 2022. The study used a specific questionnaire divided into four sections: demographics, medical, and obstetric. Simultaneously, the Roche Elecsys vitamin D3 assay determined serum vitamin D status.
Results: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus had a significantly higher prevalence of vitamin D inadequate levels (p =0.000), Significant variance in residency (p =0.000), education (p =0.000), body mass index (p =0.038), age at marriage (p =0.023), history of using the contraceptive pill (p-value =0.000), parity (p =0.001), and gravidity (p =0.014) were additionally identified between the two groups of gestational diabetes mellitus and non-gestational diabetes mellitus.
Conclusion: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus had higher rates of vitamin D deficiency than those without, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate caregivers’ performance concerning pressure ulcer preventive measures for spinal cord injury patients.
Methodology: This is a pre--experimental design study carried out on 25 caregivers. A Purposive sampling technique was used to recruit the participants, This study starts from 21th, May 2021 to 31th January, 2024. A questionnaire was used after obtaining an official approval. The first part of the questionnaire measured the participants’ demographic variables and the second part measured their performance towards pressure ulcer preventive measures. The data were analyzed in SPSS 26.0.
Results: The findings revealed that the majority of the study respondents were at age (28–37 year) and male caregivers, most of them married and living together with the patient. The present findings showed that caregivers had a low level of performance in the pretest. Yet, they showed promote their performance to the good level in the post-test at p-value=0.001.
Conclusion: The present study concluded that the educational program was highly effective in caregivers’ performance. This study recommended that caregivers needed to develop and expand their knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention through media and brochures in order to improve their performance.

Background: A key component of managing heart failure, self-care can significantly affect patient outcomes. Patients may find the constant and intricate demands of self-care stressful, and they may need to show resilience to manage their symptoms.
Objectives: The present study aimed to identify resilience and self-care among patients with heart failure.
Methodology: The design of the present study was cross-sectional. The research population consisted of heart failure patients visiting the cardiac hospitals admitted to the cardiac ward. A convenience sampling method was used to select 200 patients with heart failure. The data were collected from April 6th, 2023 to June 29th, 2023 about the participants’ demographic variables, Self-Care of Heart Failure Index (SCHFI V6.2 English), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, standard deviation, mean score) for the demographic variables. To assess reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was used.
Results: The present study showed that the majority of sample (n=185, 92.5%) had a medium level of self-care in symptom perception (Mean±SD= 28.86±16.32), self-care maintenance (Mean±SD= 34.2±15.63), and self-care management (Mean±SD= 35.52±17.25). The research findings showed a strong negative association between patients' resilience and self-care (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant association between self-care and participants’ marital status (p=0.02). Self-care was greater among those who were married.
Conclusion: The present findings showed that patients with heart failure had a moderate level of self-care and resilience. There were associations between resilience and self-care in heart failure patients. The variables that may mediate or affect self-care need to be well recognized by the research population.

Background: COVID-19 initially described at the end of 2019. COVID-19 is caused by an uncommon ‎coronavirus infection. Since then, it has been spreading rapidly and has caused a global pandemic, infecting more than 29 million people and causing more than ‎‎900,000 deaths as of September 15, 2020. In most cases this disease mainly affects the respiratory ‎system and can cause a syndrome called acute respiratory distress, leading to acute ‎respiratory failure. However, COVID-19 causes other systemic ‎indications, such as myocardial injury, coagulopathy, and cytokine storm. Myocardial injury patients were determined by elevated troponin levels by large number of COVID-19 patients, ranging from ''7.2% to 36%''. COVID-19 patients may experience myocardial injury due to other complications such as ‎arrhythmias, heart failure, or even sudden cardiac arrest, as well, COVID-19 is a complex disease that can cause severe respiratory ‎failure. Understanding these complications is crucial for ‎managing the disease ‎and developing effective treatment.
Aim: This review research aims to assess the roles of troponin in COVID-19 patients at a higher risk of ‎myocardial injury, as well as shed light on the most significant research articles conducted in this ‎field of regard area between 2020 and 2022.
Methods and Materials: This review outlined the latest scientific research for the period from 2020 to ‎‎2022 ‎associated with the involvement of cardiac injury in the population of COVID-19 ‎‎patients by focusing on the use of troponin levels as a vital ‎indication. Additionally, it is starting from ‎encountered patients with COVID-19, as well as it‎‏ is ‏‎related to the increased risk of ‎death data and it had a crucial role in the identification of COVID-19 with a high risk of hypoxia in the blood. At that point, it was going through the evidence regarding COVID-19 and ‎cardiovascular biomarkers, such as troponin articles recognized using the electronic ‎search, as performed via PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar Database through a ‎comprehensive search conducted by combining key terms for instance; “biomarkers”, ’’myocarditis”, “COVID-19”, “troponin”. English-language articles were screened for ‎relevance and a full review of publications for the important studies was conducted, ‎including additional publications which had been identified from individual article ‎reference lists.
Conclusion: Cardiac troponin (cTn) is the most reliable test for detecting heart disease, particularly myocardial injury. Elevated levels of troponin (both cTnI and cTnT) are a critical risk factor for severe myocardial injury and hospitalizations, especially for COVID-19 patients who face a higher risk of adverse events. Therefore, measuring cTn levels is critical to monitor the progression of heart disease and effectively manage patients' care.

Background: Newborns are tested shortly after birth to get their Apgar score. This assessment evaluates an infant’s cardiac function, muscle tone and other essential characteristics to establish whether additional investigations or actions that can be considered as emergency procedures are needed.
Objectives: To assess the impact of the educational program in enhancing the knowledge of Apgar score among nurses.
Methodology: A cross-sectional interventional study was conducted with the selected nurses at General Hospital and the Pediatric and Maternity Hospital in Akre City in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program for enhancing the knowledge of the Apgar score. Eighty nurse nurses, who made up the entire study population during the study period, made up the sample size. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire, specially designed for the research, indicating their overall satisfaction. In the data analysis, statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the results.
Results: This current study found out that, the overall mean knowledge degrees of the nurses rose 30 days after the program had been initiated; the enhancement is statistically significant.
Conclusion: A thorough training program significantly increased the nurses' understanding of the Apgar score.

Background: Traditional practices are usually derived from the relationships with the environment and human attitude towards nature. Various societies, especially in developing nations, have unsafe traditional practices for newborns, traditionally associated with poverty, low educational levels, religiosity, culture, and by word of mouth intergenerationally handed over advice by elders in the families.
Objectives: This narrative review points out the prevalence, cultural significance, and health implications of unsafe traditional newborn care practices in Iraq and the Philippines.
Methodology: Literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google. All iterations searched literature among mothers whose neonates were at issues, favoring traditional techniques rather than modern medicine—a total of 51 articles to be reviewed from articles published from 2019 to June 2024.
Results: The following ten critical themes of unsafe practices were identified: care of the umbilical cord, feeding, traditional healing, bathing rituals, circumcision, swaddling, and treatments for gastrointestinal, respiratory, and eye problems, besides newborn isolation and practices of exposure. All these practices are comparatively prevalent in the rural setup and are ingrained in the fabric of cultural beliefs and traditions. These could include exposure to infection, complications, developmental delays, and neonatal mortality. The practices have also been associated with the perpetuation of poverty, low literacy levels, and cultural backgrounds.
Conclusion: This review indicates that interventions towards these problems have to be multi-faceted. Multiple dimensions can be integrated into evidence-based interventions to improve education and economic opportunities, engagement with religious and cultural leaders, health system strengthening, fomenting research, and community engagement to develop culturally relevant solutions linking tradition and evidence-based care to improve newborn health outcomes.

Background: The critical care unit is one of the important units in the hospital that receives critical and dangerous cases. There are medications used in these units, including shock medications. The nurse must have enough knowledge about these medications to reduce the rate of medication error and prevent harm that occurs to patients.
Objectives: To determine nurses knowledge toward drugs used in critical care units and to find out relationship between nurses' knowledge and their demographic data.
Methodology: A quantitative descriptive study was carried out in Critical Care Units at affiliated to Al-Furat Al-Awsat Hospital, Al-Hakim General Hospital, and Al-Saddr Teaching Hospital in Al-Najaf City/Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Health Directorate. A Non-probability (convenience) sample of 77 nurses was obtained from the above settings, regardless of their characteristics. The study began from December 10th, 2022 to April, 1st, 2023. Data were collected through a special questionnaire prepared to collect the data which was divided in to two parts. The validity of the questionnaire was acquired by examination of (13) experts in the different fields, correlation utilized as a statistical approach to evaluate the reliability of the study questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The general assessment of the nurses' knowledge regarding drug in intensive care units was fail with an average score of less than (1.50), as the scores were unsatisfactory with regard to medication administration.
Conclusion: A study concluded that a nurses' knowledge about the medications used in intensive care units was Low, less than (1.50) as overall.

Background: Relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing) have an impact on the patients with hypertension as they produce a relaxation response within the body and thus, are efficient in lowering the stress and blood pressure in the patients.
Objectives: This study aims to determine the role of relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing) on improving mental health outcome in hypertensive patients (depression, anxiety and stress).
Methodology: A Quasi-experimental design used to guide this study, it was conducted by use of a pre-posttest approach during the period 26th of November, 2023 to 7th of April, 2024. A non-probability (purposive) sampling has been performed during a selection of (100) patients who attending Outpatient Clinic in Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, (50) patients as control group and (50) patients as study group. The researcher used a socio-demographic and psychological parameter scale (DASS-21).
Results: The findings of the current study show highly statistically significant differences in post-test between study and control group (at P ≤ 0.001). On other hand, there is no statistically significant difference in the pre-test between the two group of all psychological parameter (at P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Based on the study's findings, progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing exercises can both proved to be significantly effective in improve mental health in hypertensive patients (depression, anxiety and stress).
Recommendations: In order to reduce hypertension and other psychological parameters in patients with essential hypertension, the researcher suggested combining pharmacological therapies with non-drug therapy (relaxation techniques intervention) in the management of hypertension.

Background: Workplace safety climate and job performance are closely related. A positive safety climate is associated with better job performance, particularly in health care settings.
Objectives: The study aims to investigate the relationship of workplace safety climate and job performance among nursing staff.
Methodology: Correlation study design research used in the present study among 250 nurses choosing from Imam Hussein Hospital in Karbala Governorate which is located south of Iraq, about 105 km2 away from the capital, Baghdad. The study has been carried out during the period 17th September 2023 to 16th January 2024. Using questionnaire prepared and modified by the researcher.
Results: The majority of nursing staff are females between the ages of 20 and 29, married, with diploma qualification and their monthly income is barely enough to cover their expenses. They reside in urban areas. Professionally, the majority of them had experience ranging from 1 to 5 years, and most of them work in surgical departments for 6-8 hours a day and do not work overtime. Health-wise, most of nurse’s sleep for 5-7 hours daily and do not suffer from any chronic diseases. There is significant relationship between workplace safety climate and job performance among nursing staff.
Conclusion: The significant relationship between the two factors and emphasizing the importance of improving safety climates for enhanced job performance and better health outcomes in healthcare settings.

Background: The New research thoroughly examines the intricate and challenging role of foster parents, which involves various stressors that go beyond the usual challenges of parenthood..
Objectives: The study explores the connection between parenting style and self-esteem to determine the relationship.
Methodology: A descriptive quantitative study design was initiated from the period of 1stNovember (2023) to 1st may (2024) that use the (Parenting Style Questionnaire) that consist of 38 questions to measure the parenting style. The sample of the study A non-probability (convenience sample) consists of 110 students in university of Kerbala. Sample were selected from the collegians nurses and accept to participated in research and accomplish the questionnaire.
Results: The result showed for those 110 students, the age of participants was 51.8% were 18-20 years, 93.6% of the sample was single and more than half of the sample was female the great percentage of participants have enough monthly income. The present study showed the parenting style was Negligent in 57.2 percent. The study showed that there was non-significant statistical correlation between the parenting style and the self-esteem, finally the self-esteem was moderate for 57.3% of the participants..
Conclusion: These results indicate the need to support positive parenting style (Authoritative) that support the correct upbringing of children through adolescence and then adulthood, which reflects positively on the personality.

Background: Cardiac surgeries have negative impact on patients’ respiratory function and contribute to develop of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). Different breathing exercises such incentive spirometer and diaphragmatic breathing are recently used to reduce postoperative pulmonary complications.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effect of preoperative breathing exercises combination on respiratory status and pulmonary complications postoperatively in patients with cardiac surgery.
Methodology: Quasi-experimental design study conducted in 75 patients planned to undergo cardiac surgery divided into two groups; interventional with 38 participants and control with 37 participants. The interventional group received preoperative breathing exercises combination and control group received postoperative routine exercises only. All patients with on pump; coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve, or CABG with valve surgeries.
Results: The study results indicated that patients in the interventional group who practiced preoperative breathing exercises had a lower postoperative pulmonary complication rate especially atelectasis with a statistically high significance difference (p-value ≤ 0.005).
Conclusion: This study concluded that added preoperative breathing exercises with conventional postoperative therapy is an effective method for reduce occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications especially atelectasis in interventional group compared with control group.
Recommendations: Further studies with a larger sample size, multicentric approach, and with same or different breathing strategy should be conducted to allow the generalization of findings and determine the effectiveness of non-therapeutic intervention on PPCs especially atelectasis for patients with cardiac surgery.

Background: Breast cancer accounts for 19.5% of the total cancer cases diagnosed in Iraq (4996 cases), and 34.3% of all cancers diagnosed in women (4922 cases). This places breast cancer at the top of the list of the top ten malignant neoplasms afflicting the population. In 2016, 897 women lost their lives to this illness, which is listed as the leading cause of cancer-related death among Iraqi women.
Objectives: This study aim to determine the relationship between the fear of breast cancer and mammography self-efficacy of women over the age of 40 living in Iraq.
Methodology: The research was conducted with 386 women recruited in the main primary health care centers of Hilla I and II sectors from June 1, 2022, to September 1, 2022. The research is cross-sectional and relational. Data were collected using the form Champion Mammography Self-Efficacy Scale-Arabic version and the Champion Breast Cancer Fear Scale-Arabic version.
Results: The mean age of women is 48.46±6.83, 38.6% are university graduates, 75.4% are married, 68.1% have children, 54.7% work, 61.7% income equal to the cost, 76.7% have good health, 91.5% have no family history of breast cancer, 88.3% have no breast problems, 61.1% have received information about breast cancer, 97.2% had no history of breast cancer. 66.6% of women do not do breast self-examination, 77.5% do not have a clinical breast examination, 90.2% have not had mammography before, and nurses or doctors have recommended 6.2% of them. A statistically significant correlation was found between self-efficacy and fear as weakly positive (r=0.147) (p=0.004).
Conclusion: It was found that Iraqi women had a high level of mammography self-efficacy and fear of breast cancer. There is a significant relationship between mammography self-efficacy and fear of breast cancer.

Background: Premature infant born with immature body system, their organs are not ready for extra uterine life, and they are unable to deal with external stress, which could alter body functions such as cardio-respiratory function. In addition, poor muscle tone increases the chance of developing an abnormal posture. To reduce this instability, applying developmental care such as nesting is vital to promote cardio-respiratory stability, maintain position, and reduce stress in preterm.
Objectives: The study aims to assess the impact of the nesting technique on preterm cardio-respiratory parameters in various positions (supine, prone, and right lateral).
Methodology: The research used randomized controlled trial design. By simple random sampling technique was choose 60 preterm infant, and they were divided into four groups equally (supine, prone, right lateral, and control group). The cardio-respiratory parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) were measured before and after applying the nesting and positioning techniques for 3 consecutive days. Data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program.
Results: The study results showed a significant difference in the mean score of cardio-respiratory after three days of nesting technique with lateral, supine, and prone position groups at p= 0.000. While the control group showed there was non-significant change in the mean score of HR, RR, and Spo2 at p > 0.05.
Conclusion: The Study concluded that the nesting technique was effective for stabilizing the cardio-respiratory parameters of preterm infants. The authors recommended routinely using nesting with the ideal position technique in preterm as a part of developmental care at the neonatal intensive care unit.

Background: Drivers are exposed to several health risks due to their work environment, including irregular working hours, sitting for long periods, poor posture, and an unhealthy diet, in addition to stressful work environments, which are further exacerbated by the personal characteristics of drivers.
Objectives: This study aims to identify health problems and health complaints among taxi drivers.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rania City. A Convenience sampling method was used to select 100 participants among 135 drivers. Sociodemographic, morbidity, and health compliance were collected from drivers. Data were gathered using a developed questionnaire and a stress-related health complaints questionnaire, through interviewing techniques.
Results: Out of 100 participant drivers, less than half 48% were found to be healthy. 9% of drivers have musculoskeletal, and 8% have eye problems. Furthermore, the study also identified that taxi drivers have unhealthy lifestyle practices regarding smoking habits, using mobile phones during driving, and obesity. Obesity accounts for 25% of the study sample. Lastly, the study shows less than half of drivers an average of 41% had moderate health complaints.
Conclusion & Recommendation: Obesity, cell phone use, and speeding up driving are more prevalent among drivers. In terms of morbidity, the taxi drivers had complaints of various health issues, such as musculoskeletal problems and eye problems. Screening tests for drivers are needed to detect actual health problems in addition to vision tests every year. Increasing awareness and providing health education is essential regarding risks associated with occupational health among drivers.

Background: Accidents with sharp objects and needle sticks are a global issue. Healthcare workers are frequently vulnerable to a range of hospital-acquired infections.
Objectives: The study aimed to determine the incidence rate and associated factors of needle sticks and sharps injuries among healthcare workers.
Methodology: A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study design study was conducted in five public hospitals in Rania governorate, Iraq. The data was retrieved from the hospital's record of the infection prevention and control department from August 2022 to February 2023 period. The healthcare workers are based on the three categories (Nurses, Physicians, and Laboratory staff). Data was collected using a self-report questionnaire, which was developed based on previous studies with similar objectives and validated by experts in the field.
Results: The study discovered that the frequency of needle stick and sharps injuries was 58.6% among healthcare workers and most of them were injured 2-5 times 58.9%. The highest number of needle stick and sharps injury cases were reported among nurses 66.7%. Syringe needle was the predominant medical tool involved in the injuries, accounting for 82%. A minority of the study participants experienced medical sharp cutting of 15%. The major medical sharp objectives involved in the incident were; ampules 66.7%. There was a significant difference between needle stick and sharp injury with some associated fosters like a unit of work, speciality, and experiences.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the prevalence of needle sticks and sharp injuries among healthcare workers in Rania City was high and most of them were nurses. Regular training about the prevention of needle sticks and sharps injuries is needed to increase workplace safety and protect healthcare workers.

Background: Physical inactivity is believed to negatively impact both mortality and morbidity. To address this issue, it is essential to analyze the perceived benefits and barriers to physical activity and work toward overcoming these challenges.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess nurses' perceptions of the advantages and barriers to exercise in primary healthcare facilities in Baghdad City.
Methodology: An observational study carried out between December 12th, 2022, and January 3, 2023, at psychiatric settings. The information was gathered from five hospitals that include psychiatric wards in Baghdad City. The study's tools were divided into three categories: Part One: Demographic characteristics that include (ages, gender, marital status, educational level, exercise, body mass index, Smoking and intension to exercise). Part Two: To Assess nurses Perceived benefits of exercise and subscale scores for exercise. Part Three: To Assess nurses’ perceived barriers and subscale scores in terms of exercise.
Results: This study finding that the sample participating in the study amounted to 150 nurses, that most of the study sample was from 31 to 40 years old, at a rate of 46.67%, and that the sample of men was higher than that of women by (78%), 85.33% of the sample whose marital status was married, as well The sample was distributed in terms of certificate between graduates of the Medical Institute and graduates of the College of Nursing with a bachelor's degree.
Conclusion: The study's findings suggest that exercise frequency will increase as perceived benefits of exercise increase and decrease as perceived barriers to exercise increase.

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) stands as the foremost contributor to maternal mortality rates worldwide. It represents the most prevalent form of obstetric hemorrhage, with even healthy mothers facing potential fatality within a mere two-hour window if PPH remains undetected. This study explores the correlation between the professional experience, Knowledge, and Performance of nurses/midwives concerning postpartum hemorrhage.
Objectives: The study aimed to assess routine management of the third and fourth stages of labour after vaginal deliveries, identify gaps in clinical care, and evaluate obstetric care providers' Knowledge and Performance in preventing PPH at the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Sulaimani City.
Methodology: Sixty nurses/midwives stationed in the delivery room and postpartum ward of a maternity teaching hospital in Sulaimani, Iraq, participated in a descriptive (correlational) research endeavor. Data collection spanned six consecutive months, from September 2021 to April 2022, employing an observation checklist and a self-administered questionnaire.
Results: The study findings reveal a statistically significant correlation between Knowledge and Performance, the duration of service (experience) in the delivery room, and the cumulative years of service, as evidenced by a p-value lower than the standard alpha of 0.05.
Conclusion: The results denote a statistical nexus between overall Knowledge and Performance and the duration of service and experience in the delivery room.
Recommendation: Based on these findings, it is recommended that nurses/midwives with extensive professional experience and robust Knowledge of PPH be assigned to the delivery room and postpartum department, as this approach holds promise for reducing PPH incidence rates.

Background: The proper functioning of the female reproductive system is essential for perpetuating the human race, and any disruptions or ailments affecting this system can significantly impact childbearing.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence of diseases affecting the reproductive system among Anbar Province's female residents in Iraq.
Methodology: In a cross-sectional study in Anbar Province, 367 women with the most common reproductive system diseases and 20 women with the lowest prevalence diseases, whose ages ranged from (20 to 50) years old, were recruited. The study data were collected using a questionnaire covering different information from the study samples. The data underwent statistical analysis using Program (SPSS)-version 22. Various metrics such as number, percentage, and chi-square were employed to examine the impact of different factors in the study. A probability level of 0.05 was utilised for comparisons to determine statistical significance.
Results: The results show that women who are unable to read and write, who are mostly rural residents, have a higher percentage of reproductive system diseases than educated women, who are mostly urban residents. Furthermore, housewives were more affected by reproductive system disease compared with women who are employers. The results, also show that the highest percentage of urinary tract infections (UTI) and abortions were among women between 26-30 years old. While uterine cancer and amenorrhea were more prevalent among women between 41-50 years old.
Conclusion: Most of the participants in the study were under the age of 30 and resided in rural regions. Several diseases affect the reproductive system among women, where urinary tract infections have a higher prevalence among women compared with uterine cancer and infertility. Ovarian cysts can form at any age. Education and employment also play a prominent role in reducing these (UTIs).

Background: Postoperative pain is a very important issue for several patients. Indifferent of the surgery type or method, pain management is very necessary. The relief from suffering leads to early mobilization, less hospital stays, reduced hospital costs, and increased patient satisfaction. Nurses in all settings play a key role in the management of pain as experts in assessment, drug administration, and patient education. They are uniquely positioned to assume this role as the member of the health care team most consistently at the patient’s bedside. These characteristics have led to their distinction as the patient’s primary pain manager.
Objectives: To assess nurses' knowledge regarding immediate postoperative pain management in surgical wards. To find out association between nurses' knowledge and their demographical data.
Methodology: A descriptive study is conducted to achieve the study objectives. It started from February 3rd, 2024 until May, 20th, 2024. A Non-Probability (Purposive Sample) of (50) nurses from the staff of Al-Imam Al-Hussein Medical City in Karbala, this type of sampling is used because it is appropriate for the purpose of the study, it include the nurses with an experience more than one year and acting as a Practitioner and provide direct bedside care for the patients. Data are collected through using of a well-designed questionnaire consist of two parts: Part I: Demographic characteristics: It was consisted of (9) items. And Part II: Nurses knowledge regarding pain management: It was consisted of (14) items.
Results: The findings of the present study indicate that the overall assessment for nurses’ knowledge is poor. Also, there is a non- significant association (P>0.05) between the overall assessment of nurses’ knowledge and their demographic data.
Conclusion: the study highlights significant deficits of knowledge regarding pain management among nurses working in surgical wards.