Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

The research aimed to identify the role of agricultural employees in transferring agricultural
technologies to farmers in Salah al-Din Governorate, and to find a correlation between the
role of agricultural employees in transferring agricultural technologies to farmers and each of
the following variables (age, academic achievement, job title). The research included all the
agricultural employees in the Directorate of agriculture in Salah al-Din and agricultural
people, which numbered (280) agricultural employees, a proportional random sample of
(40%) was elected by (100) respondents after excluding (30) of them whose service was less
than two years. A special questionnaire was designed for the research that includes two parts:
the first part includes the personal and functional characteristics of the respondents, and the
the second part includes a number of paragraphs, each of these express the role of agricultural
employees in the process of transferring agricultural technologies to farmers and the number
of paragraphs was (70) paragraphs. After ensuring the apparent validity of the questionnaire
form, the stability factor and validity of the scale, whose value (0.91) was measured by the
half-segmentation method, then collected, and after data dump and classifying it, it was
processed statistically using the statistical analysis program for the social sciences (SPSS),
and using a number of statistical methods. The most important of them are (Pearson and
Spearman correlation coefficient, the arithmetic mean, the standard score, and the law of (t)
as well as the law of range and length of the category. The results of the research showed that
more than (87%) of the respondents fall into the large and medium role categories, so their
role is described as large tends to medium. In the process of transferring agricultural
technologies to farmers, the results also showed a significant correlation between the role of
agricultural employees in transferring agricultural technologies to farmers and each of the
variables (age, academic achievement, job title).

The research is aimed to identified of the role of the boarder Internal communication in
performance bettering of agricultural staff in Nineveh agriculture directorate and find out the
relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable .
The research included all agricultural employees working at the Nineveh Agriculture Directorate,
which amounted to (125) respondent, questionnaire was used for collection of the information that
consist of two parts: the first part is include to the personal variables and the second part included the dependent variable that is (internal communication). Has been used of statistical program (Spss) for
the analysis of the study data. The results showed that internal communication in research region,
was high, there is significant relationship between internal communication and the variables some of
studied.
Researcher was given some of Recommendations, the most important of them,the directorate
interest in employees to improve their performance and get their work done.

The research aimed to identify the level of awareness of agricultural extension workers of
the concept of The magnetism treatment technology of irrigation water in Nineveh governorate
in general, and the order of the paragraphs of the level of perception in descending order to
determine the arrange of perception ,agricultural employees towards the technique of magnetic
treatment of irrigation water in each paragraph of the technique of magnetic treatment of
irrigation water ,as well as finding the correlation between the level of awareness of agricultural
employees towards the technology and each of the variables the following (age ,gender,
academic achievement)
The research population included all the agricultural employees working in the agricultural
extension in the Nineveh governorate agriculture directorate and the agricultural districts
affiliated to it, which amounted to (424) the agricultural employees, proportional random
sample of (30%) was elected by (127) subjects.
A questionnaire was designed for the research, which included, two parts, the first Part: it
included the personal, functional, and communicative characteristics of the Respondents, while
the second Part: it included the perception scale, which consisted of(76)paragraphs and
included Four the substitutions are (0,1,2,3) respectively .
After making sure of face validity of the questionnaire form, the reliability Factor and
validity of the scale whose value was measured was measured By the half –spilite method, and
then the search data were collected, unpacked,(0.8) classified and processed statistically using
statistical analysis program (Excel) a number of statistical methods, including (Pearson)
correlation coefficient ,spearman, the arithmetic mean ,standard deviation ,weight etc.

The research mainly aims at identifying the communication efficiency of agricultural
extension workers in Salah Al-Din Governorate, as well as determining the correlation
between the efficiency of agricultural extension workers' communication and each of the
personal variables represented in (age, gender, number of years of employment service,
number of years of extension service, orientation towards extension work). The research community consists of (103) extension workers, and (30) respondents who
are included in the initial test of the questionnaire are excluded. And thus the number of
those included in the research procedures became (73) respondents.
The research data is collected using a questionnaire specially prepared to identify the
communication competence of agricultural extension workers in Salah El-Din
Governorate, which included two parts: The first part of it included the personal
characteristics of the respondents, the second part, included (36) phrases expressing the
efficiency of agricultural extension workers' communication.
The questionnaire form was presented to extension specialists, psychology and media to
achieve the apparent truthfulness and authenticity of the content, The experts added two
Paragraph ,so that the number became final. (38) Paragraph, then the process of collecting,
unpacking and statistically treating data began using the spss program and a number of
statistical methods which are percentage weight and t-test.
The results show that the respondents' communication efficiency was moderate and
tends to be low. The results also show there are significant correlation between
communication efficiency and most of the studied Variables .
The researchers concluded the need for agricultural extension workers in Salah al-Din
Governorate for training in order to raise their communication efficiency and focus on
extension workers with young ages in training.
researchers recommendations important of which is training agricultural extension
workers to increase their communication competence to enable them to carry out their
extension duties efficiently, and give attention to employees of younger ages who need to
practice more extension activities in their field of extension communication, Giving the
agricultural extension workers to plan and implement extension activities in a way that
suits their work conditions, and solve the problems facing agricultural extension workers
in Salah El-Din.
ا

The research aimed to determine the importance of electronic agricultural extension
from the point of view of agricultural extension workers in the center of Kirkuk
governorate, and then to determine the relationship between the importance of
electronic extension and personal characteristic of Agricultural extension workers in
the center of the Kirkuk governorate, related to (age ,academic achievement, duration
of extension service, duration of use the Internet, participation in courses of Internet,
the attitudes towards electronic agricultural extension).
The research sample includes (52) respondents. The research data were collected
using a questionnaire form prepared specifically to suggest the importance of electronic
agricultural extension and its determinants. workers and the determinants of the use of
electronic guidance from the point of view of the workers, and the number of
paragraphs (30) which are distributed over two areas as its initial was presented to the
specialists to achieve virtual honesty and content, the stability of the test is calculated
in a half-hash method and the coefficient The stability of (.85), data are collected
against personal data after unloading and processed statistically using a number of the
most important statistical methods (range, the arithmetic mean, the simple Pearson
correlation coefficient, spearman's rank correlation coefficient and t-test.
The results showed that the importance of electronic agricultural extension from the
point of view of extension workers tends to medium, and the results showed the
importance of extension there is a significant correlation between the importance of
extension and all the following variables ( Academic achievement, extension service,
participation in courses of IT, duration of Internet use, the attitudes towards electronic
agricultural extension). While there is no significant correlation with (age).
Researchers concluded the importance of electronic agricultural extension to reduce
of costs and shorten distances and save time to complete extension work. Researchers
recommend providing computers and internet service at the extension work and
training courses for agricultural extension workers on how to use the computer and its
applications in extension work .

The study was conducted in the Lath-house/Department of Horticulture and
landscape design/College of Agriculture and Forestry/University of Mosul on budded
local lemon (Citrus limon L.) at one year old, by using Randomized Complete Block
Design (RCBD) with two factors , three replications and four transplants for each
experimental unit,First factor was rootstock(soure orange and Citrumelo
swingle),second factor was inoculation with Bacillus subtilis bacteria and Trichoderma
harzianum fungi, in addition to control treatment (without inoculation), as the
inoculation with the bacterial and fungus suspension was carried out twice a season
according to the treatments, by adding 10 ml.transplant-1
in each addition, first was in
the mid-March and the second was after three months of first treatment. The averages
were compared using the Duncans multiple range test at a probability of error of 0.05.
Results indicated that the transplants budded on C. swingle gave the highest values of
leaves content of IAA and activity of peroxidase enzyme, while the transplants budded
on soure orange gave the highest value of leaves content of GA3 and carbohydrates but
the rootstocks had no effect on the activity of catalyase enzyme. As for biological
fertilizers the inoculation with T. harzianum gave the highest values of leaves content
of IAA , GA3 , carbohydrates and the activity of peroxidase, while the inoculation with
B. subtilis gave the highest value of the activity of catalyase enzyme. The interaction
between rootstock and bio-fertilizers significantly effected on all studied
characteristics, the interaction between C. swingle and T. harzianum gave the highest
values of leaves content of IAA and GA3 hormones, but the interaction between C.
swingle and B. subtilis gave the highest values of the activity of peroxidase and
catalyase enzyme, while the interaction between soure orange and T. harzianum gave
the highest values of leaves content of carbohydrates .

This study was conducted on seedlings of local pear summer variety, one year old, planted in
plastic anvils during the 2020 growing season in the wood canopy of the Department of Horticulture
and Garden Engineering / College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit, to find out the response of
these seedlings to organic fertilization (compost) and the addition of sulphate and spray With
cytokinin in the mineral content of the local pear seedlings, a summer variety, where solid organic
fertilizer (Compost) was added in three levels (0, 10%, 20%), ferrous sulfate was added in three concentrations (0, 20, 40 mg Fe kg -1 soil) and sprayed with cytokinin (BA) in three concentrations
(0, 150, 300 mg. L1), where the high concentration of organic fertilizers (compost) 20%, ferrous
sulfate (40 mg Fe kg-1 soil) and spraying with cytokinin (300 mg. Liter 1) gave a significant increase
in The leaves content of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and iron, the experiment was carried out
using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and with one seedling
of the experimental unit. The data were collected and statistically analyzed according to the design
using the SAS program (SAS, 2001) and the averages were compared to the D test. We were
polynomial at a 5% probability level, and the results can be summarized as follows:

The study was conducted in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and
Gardening Engineering / College of Agriculture / Tikrit University during the 2020 growing
season, with the aim of studying the effect of adding three levels to each of the organic
fertilizer Humac Pro (0 3 ml 1 liter and 6 ml 1 liter) and ferrous sulfate (0, 20 and 40 Amalgam
Fe. Kg-1 soil) and cytokinin (0, 150 and 300 mg l-1) in improving some vegetative growth
characteristics of pear seedlings (summer), the experiment was designed according to the
Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) (Completely Randomized Block Design) and
the number of seedlings per unit was One seedling and three replications, bringing the number
of seedlings in the study to 81 seedlings. The results were analyzed statistically according to
the SAS program and the averages were compared using the Duncan polynomial test at a
probability level of 5%. The most important results of the study showed that the treatment of
adding Humac Pro organic fertilizer at a concentration of 20% was significantly superior to the
characteristics (area of one leaf, leaf area of seedlings, and the content of leaves of relative
chlorophyll SPAD, and the two treatments of addition of ferrous sulfate with two
concentrations (20 and 40 mg Fe. Kg-1 soil)) were significantly superior. As (SPAD leaves
relative chlorophyll content) On the other hand, cytokinin foliar spray with concentrations (100
mg L-1) had a significant effect on the trait (increasing the diameter of the main stem).

A global experiment was conducted in the greenhouses of the College of Agriculture
and Forestry / University of Mosul using a mixture of soil sample taken from the Rashidiya
region in Nineveh Governorate, northern Iraq, and placed in 6-kilogram plastic anvils with six
transactions and three replications of black seed (black seed) seeded during the winter season
2019. The soil was inoculated with K. pneumoniea bacteria, obtained from the Media Center
in Erbil and isolated on MacConKey agar, as well as from the Department of Life Sciences /
College of Science, University of Mosul. The fungicide T. harzianum was tested in three levels,
and the ability of K. pneumoniea to stabilize atmospheric nitrogen on nitrogen-free broth (NF)
broth was tested. The results showed the efficiency of K. pneumoniea in fixing atmospheric
nitrogen by relying on measuring the efficacy of the nitrogenase enzyme by Nessler's reagent.
The resistance of bacteria to the fungicide T. harzianum at the second and third levels (0.5,
0.250 g / l), and the study also showed a significant effect, as the treatment of inoculation with
microscopic and Klebsiella bacteria and the addition of humic acid gave a significant increase
of 68 cm, as well as the interaction between them gave the highest values of 75 cm compared
to the treatment The comparison was 37 cm, as well as the presence of significant differences
in the weight of the yield, as the organic fertilizer treatment achieved a level of 100% with the
interaction between the two types of biological fertilizer, which gave the highest rate of (9.73
g) compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of (1.03 g). The results
also gave Significant effect on the quality of the oil yield in all treatments and in the overlap
between them and the overlap exceeded by giving it the highest rate of the characteristic, which
reached 41.81%, and with the addition of the highest level of organic fertilizer compared with
no addition of poison. D. Organic and the comparison treatment gave the lowest oil content
rate (39.66% and 22.53%) with an increase rate (2.15% and 19.38%). The statistical design
CRD was used and the results were analyzed using Duncan for means.

Soil has many chemical and physical characteristic, which influence on soil's color and
reflectance. Despite the multiplicity of studies on the effect of soil color properties with modern
techniques development as the digital camera, but these experiments have not been tested yet with
these techniques. So in this research many crushed surface soil samples were token, then placed in
petri dish and photographed with a white calibration paper, after that reflectance calculated by using
special program to convert the digital image to values could be studied and drew curves and figure
to simple imagination and understanding. The study refers to that there is a clear contrast between
air-dry soil and moist soil when there is a difference in some soil properties like texture, while there
is no an obvious different in contrast in variant moist level.

In order to study the forms of iron and its related with some soil properties in
forest soils and agricultural soils, six different sites were chosen from the Dohuk
Governorate in northern Iraq. They varied in forest cover and vegetation as follows:
Two pedons in the forests of Atrush area, one of which is under the pine trees and the
other under oak trees, and two pedons is also in the forests of Zawita area under the
pine trees and under the oak trees, pedon in Bateel area for soil that is not exploited
for agriculture, and pedon is in the Slifani Plain area for soil cultivated with wheat.
The results indicated that the variation in the nature of vegetation cover led to a clear
difference and distribution in the values of iron, at different forms the results showed
that the total iron content in the soils ranged between (21580 to 35525 mg.kg-1
), and
the available iron content ranged between (4.96 - 8.85 mg.kg-1
), while iron related
with organic matter (Fe-O.M) ranged between (28.5 - 148.20 mg.kg-1
), and ironrelated with carbonate (Fe-CaCO3) ranged between (150.4 to 350.8 mg.kg-1
), while
iron related with free oxides (Fe-Oxides) ranged from Its content ranged between
(58.5 to 5206.0 mg.kg-1
) in the studied soils, while the residual iron in the soil ranged
between (21020.8 - 33470.8 mg.kg-1
). The results also showed that available iron has
a positive correlation with organic matter and a negative correlation with carbonates
in the soil, and a negative correlation between (pH) and different forms (except
related carbonate) of iron in the studied soils.

Pollution is one of the most important problems that humans confronts at the present time, and the
problem of soil pollution is the most serious because of its relationship to human health and other
organisms. The areas for soil sample collection in Tikrit were selected based on several factors,
including traffic movement, industrial and urban activities, and population density. Soil samples
were taken at a depth ranging from 0-15 cm from below the surface of the soil and old leaves of the
Ziziphus plant for each site to estimate some heavy elements, including lead Pb , cadmium Cd,
copper Cu and zinc Zn, starting from September 2019 to April 2020. The Ziziphus plant was chosen
in the current study because it is one of the most common plants found near streets of Tikrit, as it is
one of the evergreen trees. The soil of the industrial district site recorded its highest rate of lead
(92.25) parts per million and its lowest rate (26.25) parts per million in the soil of district Al Zuhur
site. Also, cadmium recorded a high rate in the soil of the industrial district site, reaching (1.12)
parts per million and the lowest rate (0.07) parts per million in the district Al Zuhur site. As for copper and zinc, they recorded natural rates, reaching their highest rates (3.03 and 11.07) parts per
million, respectively, in the soil of the industrial district site. As for the Ziziphus plants, lead and
cadmium recorded their highest rates in the industrial district site (2.78, 0.56) parts per million,
respectively, and their lowest rates (1.22 , 0.04), respectively, in Al-Zuhur district site. This showed
that the increase in the concentrations of these heavy elements In the soil, it increased its absorption
from the soil and thus increased its concentrations in the leaves of the Ziziphus plant. This study
also showed that all of its sites are clean and free of contamination according to the estimation of
the Anthropogenic Factor (AF) for each element and Pollution Index (PI) for all study sites.

The study "aims to find out the effect of agricultural exploitation on the genetic and
developmental status of some soils in Salah al-Din Governorate, as four bedons were
selected, two of which are located in Tikrit University with gypsum soil Pedon and
included (Pedon with is an agricultural exploiter irrigated with fresh water P1 and is
not agricultural exploited P2) and tow pedon located in Baiji with sedimentary soils and
included (Pedon with is an agricultural exploiter irrigated with fresh water P3 and
Pedon is not exploited in agriculture P4). Fungi, and the results of the study showed
The dominance of the sand Particles in all horizons of the Pedon in Tikrit site, and we
notice an increase with the depth, as the Cky3 horizon of the pedon P1 gave the highest
value of 520 (gm.Kg-1
) As for sedimentary soils, it was dominant in separated silt, as
its quantity on the horizon reached AP1 for pedon P3 (550 g. Kg-1
). The results also
indicate that thevalue of bulk density increased with depth, and its value in agricultural
pedon was lower than that of unexploited soils. We observe the increase in gypsum
with depth of ,but inversely proportional to calcium carbonate. The effect of
agricultural exploitation on the available values of nitrogen and phosphorous, in the
horizon AP1 of pedon P3 gave the highest value of (68.4 and 15.48) mg. kg-1
,
respectively, correlated directly with the organic matter and inversely with the depth,
so there was a severe decrease in the preparation of bacteria and fungi with the depth
of the horizon. In the subsurface, the highest value on the horizon was AP1 for pedon
P3, which gave (5.66 x 106
- 1.2 x 105
) cells. soil gm-1
for bacteria and fungi,
respectively

This experiment was carried out in Kirkuk governorate / Hawija district for the period from
2018 to 2019, using the design of the complete random sectors according to the split-split-splitsplit system with three replicates (Split-Split-Split Plot design in RCBD.), And the first factor
was the dates of the insects, The second factor was control treatments, the third was seed rates,
while the fourth factor was organic fertilizer. The results showed that the highest ratio of leaves
to stems was 39.4% at the fourth stroke, and the highest proportion of the dry matter ratio at the
first stalk was 15.57%, and the average of the first stalk gave the highest protein ratio 17.56%
and thus outperformed all the stems, the ratio of leaves to stems increased The dry matter and
the percentage of protein by spraying weed herbicide were significantly, with the highest
percentage reaching 41.72%, 14.25% and 14.70% for the studied characteristics, respectively.
The highest ratio of leaves to stems was 39.43% at the high seeding rate, as well as the highest
percentage of dry matter 14.02% at the rate of 36 kg.h-1
. This increased the protein percentage
to 14.90% at the same high seed rate. The ratio of leaves to stems was significantly affected
when adding fertilizer at a rate of 40, 80 tons. h-1
and reached 36.92 and 38.93%, respectively,
and the highest percentage of dry matter was 13.91% when treating 80 tons h -1
, while the lowest
percentage of protein when treated without fertilizer was 14.68 %. As for the overlapping of all
factors, the largest ratio of leaves to stems was 51.82, 52.00% for my treatment (fourth seed +
herbicide+ 36 kg.h-1 + 40 tons.h-1
) and (fourth piece + 36 kg.h-1 + 80 tons.h-1
In a row, and thus,
these two treatments were significantly superior to all quadruple interference factors, a moral
superiority was seen when treating (first seed + herbicide+ 36 kg. h-1 + 80 tons. h-1
) and it
reached 19.96% as the highest percentage of protein when all the factors studied overlapped.

This experiment was carried out in Kirkuk governorate / Hawija district for the period from
2018 to 2019, using the design of the complete random sectors according to the split-split-splitsplit system with three replicates (Split-Split-Split Plot design in RCBD.), The first factor was
the dates of the a cutting In which the forage crop was fed into the experiment, (the first on
18/12/2019, the second on 18/2/2019, the third on 4/5/2019, the fourth on 17/5/2019, the fifth
on 1/7/2019), but The second factor was control treatments (without herbicide, herbicide), the
third factor was seed rates (12, 24, 36 kg h-1
), and the fourth factor was organic fertilizer (without
fertilizer, 40, 80 tons h-1
). The results showed that all of the insects were significantly superior
when compared to the second group that recorded 50.69 gm2
as the highest dry weight of broadleaved weeds in this part of the experiment, and that the third and fourth germs were
significantly superior to the rest of the insects by recording the largest wet weight of the feed
and dry it reached 20227.6, 20098.1 Kg- h
-1
, respectively, for wet, and it was 2643.98 and
2756.24, respectively, for dry feed. It was found that spraying weed herbicides significantly
affected reducing the weight of broad weeds to the minimum and by increasing the wet yield
and reached 16764.3 kg h-1
, in addition to that the same moral superiority occurred at the result
of dry feed. With the mean of seed, the higher seed treatment significantly increased than the
treatment of 12 kg.h-1
and 24 kg.h-1, which were 44.55 and 43.91 gm2, respectively, as the
weight of the broad weed, and the wet weight yield increased progressively with the increase of
the seed rate and the highest at the seed rate of 36 kg. h-1
, and the highest yield of dry fodder
when treated was 36 kg. h-1 2609.49 kg. h-1
. The yield of wet fodder was significantly increased
by adding 80 tons. h-1
of fertilizer, and it was 16,610.88 kg. h-1
, and it was significantly higher
by giving it the highest dry yield of 2563.71 kg. h-1
. It is not possible to limit all the interference
in this area of the research, but we are satisfied with mentioning only the summary of the main
factors.