Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Hantaviruses are rodent viruses that have a world-wide distribution. Rodents and insectivores act as asymptomatic, chronic, persistently infected carrier hosts, whereas humans are dead end hosts and may exhibit symptoms after an incubation period of between one and six weeks. Hantaviruses infect humans and causing either hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). Due to the absence of the treatment and approved vaccine in the USA, European and Asian countries, the public awareness and precautions are the only way of minimizing the risk of Hantavirus infection. This review provides a microbiological and epidemiological summary of the Hantavirus diseases in rodents and human beings. We concluded that the disease is a serious zoonotic disease the affect animals and humans and the mortality rate is really high. A wide range of different diagnostic tests play an important role in the diagnosis of the Hantavirus.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the effectiveness, modes of action and commercial application of herbal plants and their derivatives as growth promoters for animal. As described in literature, the increase in the growth of farming prices and feed costs for small ruminant in general, led to increases difficulties in production of livestock. To dissolve this issue, several studies concentrated on new alternative of feed resource, but others have tried to enrich milk products and meat by rising polyphenol compounds content to their by introductions of herbal plants in sheep and goat feed. Currently, consumers demand safety and the quality of feeding. Since antibiotics can be leave residues in ruminant tissues, that could induce subsequent emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms capable of endangering the health of livestock and human. This scenario has given the impetus to explore alternatives to antibiotics in animal nutrition. Consequently, as replacement for the synthetic growth promoter’s antibiotics, natural products like herbs and spice as natural feed additives come to the attention to enhance physiological functions. So, the use of feeds containing bioactive compounds such as thymol, flavonoids, saponins, limonene, thymoquinone, essential oils and others which concentrated in different parts, such as leaves, roots and seeds that can be used for these purpose in animal feed and responsible for the healthy animal product. Furthermore, one of the hot points in the advanced research is the stability of animal product against the oxidative deterioration process that limits the shelf life

Cross-sectional coprological survey was conducted to know the prevalence of liver flukes in cattle, sheep and goats in Sharazur district Kurdistan- Iraq from June 2018 to March 2020. Parasitological examination of fecal samples collected from 685 animals from several field (280 sheep, 245 goats and 160 cattle) was done by using sedimentation method (Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test- FECRT). We revealed that an overall Fasciola species prevalence were (49.48%). Liver fascioliasis was documented highly in sheep (55.71%), followed by cattle (47.5 %) and goats (43.67%). Risk factors such as age and sex showed a significant effects on the prevalence of liver flukes (P<0.05). A higher prevalence rate was noticed and identified in animals older than 3 years old (57.66%) and it was higher than those found in middle age (47.71%) and in young animals (31%). The prevalence of female Fascioliasis was (52.74%) and higher than male Fasciolasis which was (40%).

The aim of this experiment is to study the circadian rhythm of oxidant-antioxidant components in the body. A total of 20 adult male rabbits were divided into 2 groups (G1and G2)and kept in 2 different rooms. Serum was isolated after blood collection at 12 A.M or 12 P.M respectively from G1 and G2.The results reveal a significant elevation in serum GSH, MDA and SOD during night hours. The B-endorphin showed a value of 84.36±1.36 in rabbits serum during night compared with 53.23±1.12 during day hours. Serum ACTH and cortisone concentration during night hours expressed a value of 71.03±0.16 and 24.46±0.38 compared to 52.80±0.37 and 11.80±0.57 during day hours respectively. Protein carbonyl contents shows a regular variation between serum and tissues during day and night hours. It was concluded that the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance lead to such variation between day and night hours due to activities and metabolism. Extensive research is needed to minimize and overlap such stress

Haemosporidians are intracellular protozoan parasites found inside the blood cells and tissues of avian hosts; they are almost worldwide distributed and occur in a variety of avian species, including see-see partridge birds. Blood samples were collected from 63 see-see partridges during a period extended from 19th November 2018 to 15th March of 2019 in the Garmian area/Iraqi Kurdistan region to detect and investigate the infection rates of haemosporidian parasites by microscopic examination using Giemsa stained smears. The results of the study showed that out of the total samples numbers 63 only 43 were found infected with haemoprotozoan parasites composing the overall infection rate of 68,25%, from 32 birds which were infected with Plasmodium spp. at a rate 50,79%, and 8 birds were infected with Haemoproteus spp. at a rate of 12,69%., the results also revealed that the rates of infection with these protozoan parasites vary substantially among the sampled locations. The present study showed that two haemosporidian genera (Haemoproteus spp. and Plasmodium spp.) were detected in see-see partridges in Kurdistan region-Iraq for the first time, and this type of bird is considered as a new host record for these aemoprotozoa in this area.

The Histo-mrphology were directed on the pneumonic alveoli of 6 male goats. The respiratory portion is composed of typical cuboidal epithelial cells with Clara cell, however, alveolar ducts are lined by simple squamous epithelium and alveoli were generally circular structures that opened into the alveolar conduits and alveolar sacs or respiratory bronchioles. Alveoli were made out of two kinds of cells for example Type-I pneumocytes and Type-II pneumocytes. Previous framed the mainlining epithelial cells of alveoli which were squamous in sort having noticeable perinuclear territory and central found the core, while the last were cuboidal fit as a fiddle with the midway found core and periodically found among the Sort I cells in the alveolar epithelium. The lung pulmonary parenchyma was enveloped by the mesothelium (squamous epithelium) layer of visceral pleura.

The current study was carried out to investigate both morphological and histochemical features of pineal gland in goat. Eight samples of pineal glands were used. The morphological study was involved the position, relation, weight, length and width of the glands. The tissue sections were prepared for paraffin embedding technique and stained with Hematoxyline & Eosin, Masson trichrom, Alizarin and PAS stains. The morphological result of pineal showed slightly irregular round-spherical shaped, grayish white in color. It located in the same mid-depression between the thalami body and two colliculi. The weight of gland was 0.478±0.02 mg and measured 2.10±0.06mm in length and 2.52±0.15mm in width. Histologically, the pineal gland has enveloped by a smooth thin layer of loose connective tissue capsule showed less trabiculae that carried the blood vessels into gland and the trabiculae have composed of fine collagen fibers. The glandular parenchyma showed marked lobular pattern of division with marked lighter central region which showed less cellular population. The glandular lobule consisted of three types of cells; Type I pinealocytes or dark pinealocytes, the second type was the less populated type II pinealocytes or light pinealocytes and the third type was the glial cell. The Alizarin stain was revealed multiple of variable size calcium patches within collagen fibers. The cytoplasmic contents of both pinealocytes types I & II showed no glycogen granules.

This study aimed to know the effect of vitamin C on in vitro oocytes maturation of Iraqi she-camel with different techniques collection. Several oocytes collection technique have been used: Three hundred ninety oocytes were collected from 84 ovaries from Afak slaughterhouse within half to one hour of slaughter animal and transport by cool box contain normal saline 0.9% (20-25C°) to laboratory of Al-Diwaniyah veterinary Hospital within 1-2 hours. After washing the ovaries with normal saline, each 28 ovaries: oocytes collected by one of the following techniques: Aspiration, slicing, and dissection. Oocytes collected from the three techniques counted and graded. Only grades A and B were selected, and undergo in maturation process. and matured in maturation medium (M199-A) and incubated in CO2 incubator at 5% CO2, 38.5 Cº, and 90% humidity for 24h and supplement the media with 0, 25, 50, 100 µg/ml of vit.C for each technique. Aspirated oocytes were cultured the results was expended cumulus cells was 66.66% (66/99) and the appearance first polar body (F.P.B.) was 68.1% (45/66). Maturation medium supplement with 50µg/ml of vit. C higher rate (84% & 81.8 expended cumulus and F.P.B.) than other groups with significant (P<5%). Maturation oocytes by slicing technique were cultured, expended cumulus was 61.4% (59/96) and the appearance F.P.B. 62.7% (37/59). Maturation medium supplement with 50µg/ml of vit. C (79.16 & 73.68% expended cumulus and F.P.B.) higher rate than other groups with significant (P<5%). Maturation oocytes by dissection technique were cultured. expended cumulus was 57.2% (59/103) and the appearance F.P.B. 55.93% (33/59). Maturation medium supplement with 50µg/ml of vit. C higher rate than other groups with significant (P<5%).

The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Eimeria sp . In buffalo from different regions of Mosul city included (Al-Kabat, Al-Shalalate, Badosh, Al-Rahmania) ,150 Fecal samples was examined form 2019-2020. The total infection rate was (38%) , five species were diagnosed; they are E.bovis 32%, E.subspherical 22.7% , E.zuerni 18.7% , E. ellipsoidalis 16.7% , E. auburnensis 6.7% . the study showed the higher infection rate by Eimeria bovis , The mixed infection with more than two species of Eimeria represented the highest rates and it was reported in 49.1%. The infection rate in the young animals(1-2 years) was higher (89.3) comparing to the rate in the a dult , according to the sex there is no significant difference between the male 33.3% and female 41.1% . histopathological examination characterized by emergence of different stages of parasite in the epithelium of intestinal, construction of intestinal gland cavities , severe hyperplasia of epithelial cell and presence of oedema between muscle fibers with infiltration with inflammatory cell .

Cadmium (Cd) is regarded as one of major the presence of hazardous substances in the environment, with a broad variety toxicity to organs and an extended half-life of removal. Cd exposure for farmed ruminants can come from industrial processing and intensive agricultural operations, which can pollute feed and water. It was noted that most of the wastes produced by nearby factories in Al Fallujah city are either strewn around the highways or use as landfills while the sewage is used for irrigation, while sheep graze on the edges of runways and other sites that might have been contaminated with hazardous materials. EF (enrichment factor) According to the findings, the concentration of Cd in the soils of Al Fallujah city was exceptionally high, and according to sediment content criteria, the soils in Fallujah city were contaminated with high concentrations of Cd, revealing the influence of human and industrial activity on Cd accumulation in the soil. Cadmium levels in liver, kidney and muscle from 216 samples for 72 slaughtered sheep in slaughterhouse at Al Fallujah city, Iraq during the period of October to December 2020 were analyzed. The values of Cadmium detected in sheep liver, kidney and muscle samples were 0.138± 0.020, 0.432 ± 0.090, and 0.037± 0.003 mg/kg, respectively which refer to high concentration of Cd in sheep viscera also This study demonstrates the need of assessing and monitoring cadmium and other hazardous metal levels in meals in order to create population-safe intake values.