Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

International changes during the second half of the twentieth century, and the emergence of the United States of America as a unique pole in defining the parameters of international politics and correcting the fate of the world, had a significant impact on the course of politics and international relations, which made it imperative that we research historically and more serious scientifically the features of American foreign policy and the nature of military relations in particular aspects of armaments, aid, and US aid to Morocco, based on the development of relations between the two countries, the intertwining of interests, and the strengthening of the security role and the American presence in the region. The United States even used its bases in Morocco to strike any direction in the Arab region and Africa, as happened in the Lebanon crisis in 1958, and the Congo issue in 1961. Since Morocco's independence, the United States has tried to increase its dependence on Morocco for arming it, even resorting to training the Moroccan army according to its regulations so that it becomes a voluntary tool in its hand, and it took advantage of the Sahara War to increase Morocco’s dependence on it, because of this war, Morocco’s need for weapons increased, which was its main financier, but the size of this armament was carried out according to the American administrations and their relationship with Morocco.

Homosexuality is one of the most dangerous forms of sexual deviation, condemned by all divine laws, with Islam warning against it and citing the story of the people of Lot in the Quran as a consequence of their indulgence in homosexuality. However, for more than two decades, the United Nations and some Western regimes have been trying to legalize homosexuality, falsely claiming that deviation is a human right protected by international human rights law. They advocate for countries to amend their national laws to permit homosexuality and to tolerate homosexuals, even if it contradicts the beliefs and religions of those nations. Despite the severe physical and psychological damage caused by practicing this deviation, including the infamous acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] with no current cure, which has claimed the lives of millions of people, along with other sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis, herpes, and recently the highly contagious monkeypox. All these diseases are a result of sexual deviation. In addition to the tremendous human losses, there are enormous economic losses represented by the expenses and costs of treatment. Strangely, Western countries, instead of confronting sexual deviation and punishing deviants to protect both them and society from harm, support and defend them, even legalizing their marriages. A peculiar note is their recommendation for the use of contraceptives, which has been definitively proven not to prevent infection.

As a result of technological development, the emergence of globalization, and the spread of technology through all aspects of life, electronic commerce has become easier than classical commerce. Many used this trade and seriously showed that it needs to be organized by formulating fixed rules that started with electronic commerce, and the virtual world has become a fast and easy place for trade that depends on economic and commercial developments, and companies have even appeared to organize this trade that is called electronic companies. Large companies do the trade process through the internet, their connections with their customers are beside their websites. But many problems have arisen in this type of business activity, ranging from the process of trade to the processes of financial regulation, and the most common of these problems is how the most official departments can deal with these companies on the issue of taxation, especially if we know that these companies have any specific nationality or existence in a known status, and sometimes the size of the commercial activity in them will be unknown, and therefore the determination of the tax system will be difficult.

This study aimed to identify the most important obstacles facing athletes with hearing disabilities, according to the opinion of some coaches in the Iraqi National Paralympic Committee. The study sample consisted of (25) coaches. The descriptive analytical approach was used to suit this study, by establishing the causes of the obstacles facing athletes for people with hearing disabilities The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data. The scale included (4) domains, and each domain included (8) items. The total is (32) items. The results of the study reached by the researchers showed that there are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) to determine the most important obstacles facing people with hearing disabilities, according to the opinion of coaches in sports for people with disabilities, and in light of the results of the research, the researchers recommended rehabilitation a government facility to meet the needs of athletes with disabilities and encourage them to practice activities that suit the needs of athletes with various disabilities.

The aim of the research is to identify some biomechanical variables and their relationship to the accuracy of the handball shooting skill performance of young players. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the analytical style as it is the most appropriate approach to address the research problem. The research population was chosen intentionally, namely the young handball players in Diyala Governorate. As for the research sample, it was chosen using the method Randomly, they are the players of the Specialized School for Talent Care in Diyala Governorate in handball, who numbered (18) players aged (16-18) years. The two goalkeepers were excluded, and one player on whom the exploratory experiment was conducted, so the final research sample was (16) players, and from the results that appeared It was concluded that there is a significant correlation between the accuracy of performing the handball shooting skill and some biomechanical variables (the elbow angle, the shoulder angle, and the angle before and after the ball is launched), in addition to the fact that the process of biomechanical analysis is important in knowing the mechanism of motor transmission in the sports field, especially in age groups, as through follow-up and abstract observation, it is not possible to determine the areas of error and correctness of the athlete’s motor system, and the researcher recommends the necessity of conducting studies to identify the relationship of some biomechanical variables and other handball skills for the same category during different periods.

The research aimed to prepare (CROSS-FIT) exercises on the physical abilities and physiological indicators of young weightlifters, and to identify the results of the impact of (CROSS-FIT) exercises on some physical abilities and physiological indicators among members of the research sample, and to identify the preference between the exercises used and the exercises followed on members of the research sample: The researcher used the experimental approach with the experimental and control groups as it is the most appropriate approach to address the research problem. The total research population was determined intentionally by weightlifters in Diyala Governorate, Baqubah district, for the season 2023/2024, as the total number of members of the research sample reached (26) players representing the youth category aged (17-19) years, divided into three clubs: (Diyala Club, Buhriz Club, Mesopotamia Club). A number of (8) players were excluded to conduct the exploratory experiment represented by the Diyala Club. Thus, the number of members of the research sample became (18) players representing (69.23%) of the original community was distributed into two groups with (9) players for each group. Through the foregoing, the researcher concluded that the (Cross-fit) exercises that were used in the training curriculum contributed effectively to the development of (explosive strength, and strength characterized by speed. and strength endurance) as well as the physiological indicators of the Mesopotamian club quartet, which contributed to a relative development in the completion of the weight lift. In addition it contributed to achieving a better effect on the physiological indicators represented by the vital capacity and energy expended by the members of the experimental group compared to the members of the control group that was used the method followed. So the researcher recommends the need to pay attention to CROSS FIT training and work on developing training curricula that take into account age stages, physical abilities and physiological indicators, as they have an impact on raising the efficiency of the functional systems in the body. Re-applying the curriculum prepared by the researcher to other clubs and identifying the extent to which its effectiveness in developing physical abilities and their physiological indicators .

Electronic fraud crimes are considered one of the most serious crimes and harmful to the conditions of citizens, whether in their persons or their money, and almost no modern society is devoid of them”. These crimes can be viewed as one of the taxes of economic and social progress and urbanization in general that societies pay, due to the behavioral ability that fraudsters possess today”. It consists of flouting laws and instructions, and the crime of fraud is one of the methods of organized crime due to the fraudulent and deceptive methods used by fraudsters.

Artificial intelligence is one of the smart applications that technological progress has reached at the present time, because of its many characteristics and advantages that have made it the focus of attention of scientists, inventors, and major technology companies in the world. Indeed, developed countries have tended to introduce these safe smart applications in all areas of life in order to provide the best services for individuals and society as a whole. Despite the lack of legal regulations at the level of Western countries to regulate such technology, countries have taken it upon themselves to study the matter, organize and legislate laws in order to apply them within countries, and work to adapt them legally in a sound manner in order to regulate rights and obligations, and if they are The administration is responsible for reparation of the damage to the aggrieved as a result of the error or without error in its actions by its traditional means and as a result of employees carrying out their work. This action may be accompanied by an error and harm is caused to individuals, so they resort to administrative judiciary, whether for compensation or to remove the damage or injustice from it. However, the matter is different in the case of the administration doing its work by means of artificial intelligence technology, it may be difficult for the aggrieved to prove that the error occurred, since the evidence may be limited, considering that the person who committed the error may not have had any involvement in the administration or the employee, or that the evidence due to modern technologies and techniques is therefore difficult to prove it, but the judge still has a broad role in the search and evaluation of the evidence of the case in order to reach a fair judicial ruling and compensation for the damage, the administration remains responsible for the damage that befell others as a result of its work, whether by mistake or not.

The research paper is entitled (The Contradictions of both Sufyan’s with Muslims - A Comparative Study). This research paper tries to state and make a comparison between two unbelievers (polytheists) poets who set up antagonism to Islam till Mecca became under the control of Muslims. These two poets can be called as Abu Sufyan (they resemble Abu Sufyan). All the evidences and proofs that we have found through this research paper indicate that their satirizing poetry towards Muslims was lost and very less than what we have known and heard through the history.
A scientific comparison has been done between contradictions of unbelievers in poetry and the contradictions of Muslim poets which includes three things: First in terms of the form and artistic structure of those contradiction, secondly the artistic level. And at the third level, the comparison of ideas. The point of view has been given and justified for each part of these comparisons.

This paper examined the portrayal of the working class in Irvine Welsh's novels, focusing primarily on "Trainspotting." The analysis explored the ways in which Welsh's depiction of the working class challenged traditional literary representations of this demographic and highlighted the socioeconomic and political issues faced by the group. Additionally, the paper discussed the impact of Welsh's work on contemporary Scottish literature, arguing that his novels had a significant influence on the development of a more diverse and nuanced representation of working-class life in literature. Ultimately, this study showed that Welsh's writing contributed to a more accurate and empathetic portrayal of the working class in contemporary Scottish literature, paving the way for greater representation and understanding of this important demographic. This paper aimed to explore the portrayal of the working class in Irvine Welsh's novels, with a particular focus on "Trainspotting," and its impact on contemporary Scottish literature. Through a close analysis of the representation of the working-class characters in Welsh's work, this paper argued that Welsh's depiction of the working class not only challenged the mainstream cultural stereotypes but also reflected the reality of working-class life in Scotland. Furthermore, the paper explored how Welsh's unique voice and narrative style contributed to a reinvigoration of Scottish literature, and how his work influenced other writers to represent working-class experiences in their own work.