Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

The current research aims to identify the effect of the meaning construction strategy on the acquisition of grammatical concepts among fifth-year literary stream students. To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher proposed the following null hypotheses:
❖ There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the percentage of grammatical concepts acquired by the experimental group, which studied using the meaning construction strategy, and the control group, which studied using the traditional method, in the grammatical concepts acquisition test.
❖ There is no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level between the average scores of the experimental group, which studied using the meaning construction strategy, and the control group, which studied using the traditional method, in the collective grammatical concepts acquisition test.
To achieve the research goal and its hypotheses, the researcher selected a quasi-experimental design with partial control for two groups: experimental and control. The researcher identified the grammatical concepts within the topics prepared in the research plan based on the Arabic language grammar book for the fifth literary grade for the academic year 2021-2022. The researcher then prepared the final grammatical concepts acquisition test consisting of 54 items (44 multiple-choice items and 10 matching items). To ensure the validity of the test items, the researcher presented the test to a group of experts for face validity and obtained their approval. The test was then applied to a pilot sample of 100 students to determine the time required to answer the test, and to find the difficulty level, ease, discriminative power of the test items, and the effectiveness of the wrong alternatives. The researcher determined the test reliability using the split-half method and corrected it with the Spearman-Brown coefficient.
The researcher formulated behavioral objectives for the grammatical concepts specified in the research plan, covering the six cognitive levels of Bloom\'s taxonomy, totaling 69 behavioral objectives. The researcher also prepared teaching plans for the research topics and presented a model to the experts, who approved it.
The researcher randomly selected Al-Rowad School for Boys in the center of Al-Khalis\'s district to conduct the experiment. The research sample consisted of 66 students equally divided into experimental and control groups. The researcher controlled for some variables, such as chronological age in months, previous year\'s Arabic language grades, and parents\' educational attainment.
After teaching the specified grammatical topics to both groups, the researcher applied the grammatical concepts acquisition test to the research sample. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 19 with t-test for independent samples, Chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman-Brown. The results showed:
1. The experimental group students outperformed the control group students in the grammatical concepts acquisition test using the meaning construction strategy in both null hypotheses.
Based on the research results, the researcher concluded:
1. The meaning construction strategy encourages students to acquire grammatical concepts during teaching.
2. Providing a sense of freedom when presenting grammatical material helps in acquiring grammatical concepts, leading to the superiority of the experimental group students over the control group using the traditional method.
Based on the research results, the researcher recommended:
1. Training Arabic language teachers on the steps of the meaning construction strategy to benefit from it and acquaint teachers with modern teaching methods through training courses.
The researcher also suggested:
1. Conducting similar studies at other educational levels.
2. Conducting similar studies to examine the impact of the meaning construction strategy on acquiring critical thinking skills.

The expressive and aesthetic implications of the body play an important role in the cinematic film. The body is considered a powerful artistic means for expressing ideas ‘feelings and messages in cinema and it can be used innovatively to convey artistic and aesthetic content. These contents depend on the use of body movements, facial expressions, and character positions to express emotions, psychological transformations, and story development. The body is used in cinema to communicate artistic messages visually and non-verbally, and can have a significant impact on viewers' experience and understanding of the film.

The aim of this research is to assess the importance of criteria used to evaluate the teaching performance of history teachers in pre-university education, based on the perspectives of supervisors, specialists, school administrators from preparatory and secondary schools, as well as history teachers in those schools. The study aims to identify significant statistical differences in the perceived importance of these criteria among supervisors, administrators, and history teachers. A questionnaire was designed for this purpose, covering four main areas that constitute fundamental criteria for assessing history teachers: Standard communication and commitment to work, including 25 sub-criteria, Standard communication and interaction with students, including 25 sub-criteria, Standard education department management and curriculum development, including 25 sub and Standard teaching and learning responsibilities, including 25 sub-criteria.
The research findings highlight the significance of all participants in the sample, which includes 25 history teachers, 55 managers, and supervisors, regarding the criteria outlined in the questionnaire. The results also indicate statistically significant differences in the perceived importance of certain sub-criteria, favoring supervisors and managers over teachers. Based on these findings, the researcher proposes several recommendations, including:
1. Utilize the criteria for assessing and evaluating history teachers in middle and high schools.
2. Apply the previously mentioned criteria in evaluating the student/teacher relationship in the History Department during the practicum period in faculties of education and basic education.

The research aimed to determine the achievement motivation, various aspects of attention, and the level of technical performance in boxing. It also sought to explore the relationship between achievement motivation, attention aspects, and technical performance during matches for young boxing players. The researcher employed the descriptive approach with correlations, as it was suitable for addressing the research problem. The research sample consisted of 22 young boxing players from Diyala Governorate. Appropriate means, tools, and devices were utilized. An exploratory experiment was conducted, followed by specific research tests. The data was then unpacked, processed statistically, and subsequently presented, analyzed, and discussed. The researcher arrived at several conclusions, including:
1. The research sample exhibited a moderate and consistent level of achievement motivation along with sustained attention.
2. The research sample demonstrated an appropriate level of achievement motivation and focused attention among its individuals.
3. The research sample displayed a good level of achievement motivation, paired with a high level of technical performance in boxing among its members.
Based on the conclusions reached, the researcher recommends:
1. Emphasizing the importance of attention manifestations, particularly sharpness and focus, in the training process.
2. Implementing specialized tests from the research in the training process by the staff.
3. Conducting similar studies on different samples, activities, and mental processes.

The main idea of this study is embodied in the researcher’s attempt to identify the role played by the European model of differentiation within the Federal Iraqi Financial Supervision Bureau by applying the European discrimination model as an independent variable and a mediator at the same time, The importance of the study is represented by presenting a set of recommendations that would address this problem, while the objectives of this study are to diagnose the reality of these variables and the relationship between them within the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau / Iraq. In order to complete this study with its theoretical and applied aspects, the descriptive analytical approach was adopted. As for the data, it was It was collected through the use of a questionnaire that was prepared based on a set of ready-made indicators and standards that were adapted to suit the local environment, and which were distributed to a sample of (267) employees at the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau / Iraq. After processing the data statistically using a set of statistical tools available in the spss-v23, with an agreement rate of (86%). The results showed that the investigated institution applies all dimensions of the European model of differentiation, and that the dimensions’ arithmetic averages ranged between (3.7-3.3), where the leadership perspective came in first place with an agreement rate of (88%), followed by the three dimensions: human resources, partnerships, and the external community, sharing the same order and with an agreement rate (88%). 86%), then strategic dimension and products, with an agreement rate of (85%), and finally the dimension of organizational performance, with an agreement rate of (84%). The study also showed that the investigated institution applies the dimensions of effectiveness of performance evaluation and its arithmetic averages range between (3.7-3.6), where the dimension of creativity came in first place with an agreement rate of (87%), followed by the dimensions of competitive advantage, efficiency and effectiveness with an agreement rate of (86%).

تعتبر التنمية المستدامة من أولويات المجتمعات التي تسير على طريق التقدم من حيث أن تطوير الامكانيات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية يستلزم تقدما علميا مدروسا وان هذا التقدم لا يتم ألا بأعداد المستلزمات الأساسية المتمثلة بالإمكانيات المادية والعلمية التي تؤدي الى تنمية شاملة ومتكاملة لجميع قطاعات المجتمع، الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والتي تشمل جميع فروع الاقتصاد كالزراعة والصناعة ، وعلى هذا فأن البحث العلمي المتطور هو أساس أية نهضة حضارية متطورة، واذا ما نظرنا الى الفروقات الهائلة التي تفضل الدول المتقدمة على الدول النامية فأن هذا التقدم لم يحصل دون تعليم متطور والاعتماد على كوادر علمية عالية التعليم وعلى البحث الرصين، وأن العراق كونه احدى الدول التي تسير في طريق التنمية والتقدم لابد من أن يعتمد على البحث العلمي الممنهج كونه الأساس في إقرار عملية التنمية الشاملة، ويأتي البحث هذا البحث لألقاء الضوء على الأهمية التي يحتلها البحث العلمي بالتنمية المستدامة

The Right to Litigation as a Natural and Universal Human Right and a Fundamental Right to Protect Other Human Rights by enabling individuals to resort to the courts for redress in case of any infringement, whether by other individuals or the administration, is considered one of the most essential characteristics of a legal state. The state assumes the responsibility of ensuring the right to litigation and providing constitutional guarantees to realize and enforce this right. Guaranteeing the right to litigation is closely tied to the principles of the separation of powers, judicial independence, equality before the law, and the principle of legality, with everyone subject to the law.
Despite these guarantees and the provisions of Article (19/III) of the 2005 Constitution of the Republic of Iraq, which considers the right to litigation guaranteed and preserved for everyone, and Article (100) prohibiting laws from immunizing any act or administrative decision from challenge, there are restrictions on exercising this right. Individuals are prohibited from resorting to the judiciary, and administrations attempt to evade judicial oversight and deny individuals the right to litigation under the pretext of sovereign acts and exceptional circumstances .

Through this research we seek to study and know the impact of various social networking sites
on Iraqi students through the low scientific level and the noticeable change in their behavior and moral
values. Addiction to following social networking sites plays an essential role as a double-edged sword,
positively or negatively, depending on the user’s desire to raise or lower the scientific level of students.
Most of these sites seek to attract young people for entertainment and building social relationships
between the sexes, which makes students spend most of the time following the sites and staying away
from studying. The more the media and its content are associated with values and ethics the closer they
are to them; the results and effects will be positive on students and they will benefit from them. On the contrary, when its role is to encourage behavioral deviation and move away from values and ethics, the results will be negative. Accordingly, the title of the research was chosen to show the negative impact of social networking sites at the scientific level and its impact on Iraqi students is an example

There is no doubt that the migration of the population from the desert areas threw many people to the fertile areas and the Nile Valley in the east, and among those peoples that headed towards the Nile Valley were the Libyans who entered Egypt in successive waves, where they settled In the Delta, the Nile River and its banks are characterized by its fertile soil and abundant bounties of agricultural crops, which made the Libyans invade Egypt in search of virtuous life. The displaced Libyans took refuge there and were confronted by the Pharaohs the relationship between the two parties ranged from rivalry and fighting to peace and coexistence they were used as mercenaries in the ancient Egyptian army until they were able to assume power following the deterioration of the political situation during the Twenty-first Dynasty, and they founded the Twenty-Second Dynasty, where they influenced and affected the Egyptian civilization at the political and social level, traditions, architecture, and others

This topic is one of the important topics in the contemporary history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia because of its prominent impact on politics. It shows us the role of Abdulaziz Al Saud in reviving the third Saudi state after eliminating the Rashid family, who seized power and expelled Al Saud from their capital, Riyadh, restoring rule again, and establishing a strong, independent, sovereign state. As for the structure of the research is divided into an introduction and three sections, the first section dealt with Abdulaziz Al Saud's life. his birth, upbringing, education, and the most important events he went through. The second section dealt with the Saudi expansion in Najd and Hijaz and the unification of all the Kingdom’s lands. The third section dealt with the new international situation and its role in organizing the administration, the government system، Kingdom، and the conclusion which summarizes the most important results of the research.