Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

The terms of the contract are the parties' law, and its parties must faithfully implement it. Each
contracting party is bound by all the obligations arising from the contract, and if this rule binds the
parties, it also obliges the judge, as he must respect the contracting parties’ agreement and abide by its
application without change, but the contract can be modified through the judicial authority. This is in
certain case,، the most important of which is the exceptional cases that occur between the stage of
concluding the contract and its implementation, and by that we mean "emergency circumstances. This
study aims to define the limits of the judge's authority to reinstate the nodal balance between the
contract's two parties in emergency situations. It also addresses the need to understand the legislator's
position in Iraq with regard to the judge's power to reinstate the nodal balance between the contract's
two parties in emergency situations. After conducting this investigation, we concluded that nodal
balance means the state of parity and equality between the two parties to the contract in the obligations
it places on each of them, or gives them rights or empowers them in all stages of organizing the
contract, and the theory of emergency circumstances is an exception to the rule of Sharia. The
contracting parties and on the principle of dominion of will, and that the Iraqi legislator has limited the
judge’s authority to reduce the burdensome obligations to a reasonable extent, and there was no
justification for it if he had expanded his discretionary power to include the increase in the
corresponding obligations or to stop the implementation of the contract until the effect of the
exceptional circumstance ceased in order to achieve justice between the two parties. And we suggested
at the end of this research that the text of Article 146/2 of the Iraqi law is considered a public order,
and every agreement that violates the provisions of this text must be considered null and void. But we
noticed that the aforementioned text stipulated that for the application of the theory that the emergency
incident be general, and this is critical, as exceptional incidents occur in practical life, but they are not
general, as they are limited to the debtor only and cause him severe financial fatigue, and in such a
case this contractor cannot demand the application of the theory and benefiting from its provision, so
we suggested reconsidering this condition and excluding it in order to achieve the just goals and
objectives that the theory seeks. As we have seen, refusing annulment means keeping the contract as
it is, despite the economic imbalance that occurred in it. Therefore, we suggested reconsidering the
aforementioned text so that it could be rescinded if necessary and at the discretion of the trial court.
Finally, we suggested in light of the current challenges that the world is experiencing from the (Corona
epidemic) crisis after the Corona pandemic (Covid-19), that we consider it an “emergency
circumstance”, which allows the civil judge the authority to remedy the imbalance of the contract and
restore balance to it.

This study uses the Box-Jenkins seasonal time series model toostudy andianalyze the monthly
maximum temperature data for the city of Baqubah during 2021-2023. The model is characterized by
high accuracy and high analytical flexibility, as the results showed by the application side of the
research, in which seasonal time series models were used, and these models are SARIMA
(1,1,0)(1,1,2) 12 and SARIMA(1,1,0). (2,1,1) 12 and SARIMA (1,1,0) (1,1,1) 12 and other models.
Also based on the quality standards of model compatibility (Akaiki information criterion, Bayes
information criterion, and Hanan Quinn criterion), it was found that the appropriate mode was
Effective for representing time series data is SARIMA(1,1,0)(1,1,2) 12 and based on model estimates,
temperatures areipredicted for theiperiod from January 2021 to December 2023, where the values align
with the corresponding values in the original time series .

Health insurance is one of the important means of providing the necessary health care for the
individual’s health, as it is the right of every individual and the state is obligated to ensure its
enjoyment. As a result of the development of the health situation and the increase in diseases and
epidemics, the insufficiency of free care provided to citizens , and the high costs of services provided
by the private sector, it has become a duty for states to adopt a health care insurance system in their
legislation and seek to organize its administration , and the equitable distribution of human and material
health care resources based on health plans and the optimal use of those resources, for the purpose of
the sustainability of the services provided to the groups covered by it. The present research attempted
to shed light on the role of the Iraqi Health Insurance Law No. (22) of 2020 in guaranteeing the right
to health care, and the extent to which it complies with the constitutional texts that guaranteed the right to health care for every individual, and the state should strive to ensure it, and provide means of
prevention and treatment through the establishment of hospitals and health institutions.

The effect of (Dienes) strategy on the achievement of sixth grade students in the social
subject. The following null hypothesis were formulated to achieve the research objectives . There are
no statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the students of
the experimental group who study the subject according to Denise's strategy and the mean scores of
the students of the control group who study the same subject according to the usual method in the
post achievement test. The researcher intentionally chose one of the primary schools for his research,
which was represented by Saqr Uhud School, and by simple random drawing method, he chose
Division (A) to be the experimental group, which studies according to Denise's strategy, and
Division (B) to be the control group, which is taught according to the usual method, with 60 male
and female students. The two groups consisted of 30 students for each group, and equivalence was
conducted between the two groups in a number of variables, which included the academic
achievement of the mother and father, the chronological age of the students calculated in months, the
intelligence test of Ahmed Zaki Saleh, and the grades of the social subject for the previous academic
year 2021-2022. The researcher applied the experiment in the first academic course and prepared a
test for that. A collection of 50 objective test items of multiple-choice type, and after verifying the
validity and reliability of the items, it was applied on the research sample. After the end of the
experiment, the results were subjected to statistical processes using the T-test for two independent
samples. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the
experimental group, and based on the results of the research, the researcher made a number of
conclusions and concluded his research with some recommendations and proposals

The relevant hypothesis was formulated to achieve the research objective:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the
students of the first experimental group who study the social studies subject according to the exit card
strategy and the mean scores of the students of the second control group who study the same subject
using the traditional method in the post achievement test. The current research was limited to the
governmental morning primary schools for boys affiliated to Baquba, the center district, Al-Abbara
district, sixth grade primary students in the governmental morning schools for boys affiliated to the
General Directorate of Education of Diyala Governorate, the second course of the academic year
(2021/2022). The researcher followed the experimental design with partial control of the research, and
the research community consisted of students of the sixth grade of primary schools in the district of
Al-Abbarah. 35 students studied using the exit cards strategy, and the second control group 36 students
studied using the traditional method. The researcher used a number of statistical methods in analysing
the results and data, including (the T-test, the paragraph difficulty equation, the paragraph
discrimination equation, the effectiveness of wrong alternatives equation, the Kward-Richardson 20
equation) and after analysing the results statistically, the results showed the superiority of the students
of the experimental group who studied According to the strategy of exit cards over the students of the
control group who studied according to the usual method in the post achievement test. In the light of
the results of the research, the researcher concluded several conclusions, including: The current study
contributed to providing some proposals for educators in general and those with specialization in the
field of social studies in particular by employing effective teaching strategies. Accordingly, the
researcher recommended several recommendations, including: Emphasis on male and female social
studies teachers using effective teaching strategies. Moreover, some suggestions were made such as:
Using exit cards strategy for female students’ achievement, since this study was limited to male
students.

The Palestinian arena is witnessing a loud debate about the International Criminal Court and the
importance of Palestine joining it to prosecute Israeli perpetrators of serious crimes, whether at the
political or military levels. In light of the continuous violations that the Israeli military occupation is
constantly inflicting on Human Rights, many have come to emphasize the need to invoke the
international criminal law as a tool to ensure accountability to the occupation authorities and achieve
the desired justice for the Palestinian people

The school theater has a great and important role compared to the mother theatre ،because the
theater is a space that provides the spectator with sensual ،intellectual and even psychological pleasure.
The moment of sensual and aesthetic pleasure that appears on the faces of the audience, and remains
for a long time and it has been the source of intellectual and psychological pleasure for a while. While
if we go back to the school theater and its public and private impact in particular, we will realize that
it also achieves for students both sensory, psychological and intellectual pleasures with different levels
and grades, that is, the school theater helps the child and the lad alike in achieving adaptation and
school diversity, and school life has become acceptable with emotional aspects that are socially
acceptable desirable and loved by students and children alike.
The modification of the normal daily style and behavior through what is produced by the child’s
mentality and thinking of a sense of pleasure, pleasure, activity, motivation, and the spirit of happiness
and fun in school, classroom and methodological work, so that his motivation and attraction towards
learning increases ،adherence to attendance and integration into the real school world and his
imaginary reflection of it, which has become due to parallel activities. A source of continuous joy and
pleasure

Abu Alhassan Alashari had established a theological group by leaving the Mu'tazila doctrine
to the Ahl-al-Hadeeth doctrine, which has had a special impact to these days among the Sunnis and
the community. The political tensions and the intervention of rulers in the conflict between the
Asha’aira and the Mu'tazila helped in the spread of the doctrine of Asha’aira. The scholars who came
after Alsha’ari have contributed to the development of Asha’ari doctrine and its treatises. The Ash’ari
School of analysis agrees with the two approaches, the mental and Ahl-al-Hadeeth, but sometime it
agrees and sometimes it disagrees with them

The current research aims to identify the effect of applying two active learning strategies on
the achievement of second grade intermediate students in science and their skillful thinking The
researcher followed the experimental approach for this study. The research community consisted of
students of the second intermediate grade in the schools affiliated to the Directorate of Education of
Diyala Governorate. The research sample included (123) students, and the researcher adjusted the
students of the three research groups in (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence test,
previous information test). The researcher prepared an achievement test that included (30) items of
multiple-choice type and a measure of skillful thinking, which consisted of (20) items, where the two
tools were presented to a group of arbitrators in the methods of teaching science, measurement and
evaluation, and educational psychology. The researcher taught the students of the three groups by
herself according to the two strategies chosen for the two experimental groups, and the usual method
(lecture and interrogation method) for the control group during the duration of the experiment, which
lasted a full semester for the academic year 2022-2023. The researcher used the statistical package
(SPSS) in the procedures of the research analysis, and analyzed the findings, which resulted in the
superiority of the students of the first and second experimental group who were taught according to
the strategy (the last question and the summary of the two columns) over the students of the control
group who were taught according to the usual method, and the superiority of the second experimental
group in skillful thinking over the control group, and in light of the result, the researcher draws a
number of conclusions. Finally, the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals.

سعى البحث معرفة مستوى حُّب ألاستطلاع لتِلاميذ الصف ألخامس الابتدائي، واقتصر البحث على تِلاميذ الصف ألخامس الابتدائي والذي كان عددهم (100) تلميذاً كعيّنة البحث، أعدت البَّاحثة مقياساً لحُّب ألاستطلاع تالف من (32) فقرة توزعت على ثمان أبعاد، وتم التحقـــق من صدق المقياس بعرضه لمجموعة من المحكمين وتم إيجاد ثباته ومعامل الصعوبة والتمييز لفقرات المقياس. تمت معالجة البيانات إحصائيا، أظهرت النتائج تمتع تِلاميذ الصف ألخامس الابتدائي بحُّب ألاستطلاع، وفي ضوء نتائج البحث توصي البَّاحثة بضرورة متابعة والاهتمام بحُّب ألاستطلاع لدى تِلاميذ الصف ألخامس الابتدائي، وإجراء دارسات مماثلة للبحث على مراحل ومواد دراسية أخرى.

The study of Iraqi geographical figures is one of the scientific and important studies for its role
in authoring in various fields of geographical knowledge of ideas and theories, including Dr. Wafiq
Hussein al-Khashab (may God Almighty have mercy on him) is a pioneer of modern geography who
enriched his objective contributions in this field, and from here emerged the study of this subject being
one of the scientific pillars upon which geography is based in Iraq. The research problem revolves around the role of Dr. Wafiq al-Khashab in the development of geography in Iraq through his scientific
biography, teaching and writing in the fields of (regional geography, hydrology, geomorphology) and
the analysis of his scientific method and supervision of students in primary and higher studies and its
impact on the development of geography in Iraq, through analyzing books and theses, visiting libraries,
personal interviews, and classifying his books in the field of geography. Among the recommendations
that the research focused on is that the study of the pioneers of geography is one of the topics of
contemporary geographical thought, and therefore researchers should be encouraged to document the
writings of geographers to be a catalyst towards the development of the science of geography.

The study aimed to prepare rehabilitative exercises to improve the range of motion for people
with torn tendons of the wrist joint, as well as to identify the effect of special rehabilitative exercises
in improving the range of motion and the ESR index in the blood, as the researchers used the
experimental approach with a one-group design to suit the solution of the research problem, and the
research sample consisted of injured partial rupture of the ligaments and tendons of the wrist joint of
the (6) injured athletes. An exploratory experiment was conducted, as well as pre-tests, and the
application of the qualifying units prepared by the researchers. Each week, in addition to the length of
time for the qualifying unit (45-50) minutes, then conducting post-tests, after which the data were
unloaded and processed statistically, and then presented, analyzed and discussed. The researchers
reached to several conclusions, the most important of which was that the application of rehabilitation
exercises works to increase the range movement when flexing the wrist and in all directions (up, down,
outside, inside) for the injured and an improvement in the results of the ESR test, and through the
conclusions, the researchers reached to several recommendations such as the most important of which
is the need to use rehabilitative exercises used by researchers to rehabilitate people with a partial tear
in the tendons of the wrist joint, as well as to conduct other studies using devices designed to
rehabilitate other injuries and muscles and their impact on other vital variables

The current research aimed to find out the effectiveness of the innovative matrix strategy in
the mental alertness of fourth-grade female students in biology. By presenting it to a group of
arbitrators, its stability and the coefficient of difficulty and distinctions of the items of the scale were
found. The data were processed statistically, and the results showed that the students of the
experimental group who study using the innovative matrix strategy outperformed the students of the
control group who study in the usual way in mental alertness. In the light of the results of the
research, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting the innovative matrix strategy inteaching biology, following up and paying attention to the mental alertness of fourth-grade female
students, and conducting studies similar to the current research in other stages and other subjects.

It is decided by the scholars of interpretation and the sciences of the Qur’an that the
first thing that should be referred to in the interpretation of the Holy Qur’an is the Holy Qur’an
itself, and as for the second stage of interpretation after looking at the Qur’an, referring to the
Sunnah of the Prophet, the second source of Islamic legislation, for the Prophet, may God’s
prayers and peace be upon him, was clarifying the provisions of God Almighty. He restricted
the absolute, specified the general, and between the abrogated and the abrogated. Because the
Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, knows best what God Almighty wants, the interpreters of His words between God Almighty and the mission of the Messenger, may
God bless him and grant him peace, which is to clarify the Noble Qur’an, and since this was a
mission entrusted to the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, we need to go
back to the interpretation of this Qur’an, since the Sunnah is a revelation from God and it is
like the Qur’an in deduction, and it is the basis in understanding the Qur'an; For the Almighty
says litubayan alnaas, and this means that it cannot be dispensed with. about the prophetic
statement; Because none of God's creation knows what God wants more than His Messenger,
may God bless him and grant him peace

It is clear from Table (5), the frequency, percentage, and statistical significances of the phrases
of the first axis (dimensions of organizational immunity within sports clubs) that the agreement rate of
the basic research sample ranged between (32.50% to 98.33%), and in the order of the phrases as
shown in the table. As for the first dimension (organizational learning), the statements numbers (1/1,
1/6, 1/7, 1/8) received an agreement rate that ranged between (69.58%: 82.50%) in the direction of
(yes), which indicates Organizational learning is represented by (the club has experienced workers.
The workers take into account the economy of time, effort and costs when completing tasks. The club
encourages the transfer of knowledge and the exchange of experiences among the workers. The club
creates virtual crises and trains employees to overcome them. Statement No. (1/2) received an approval
rate of (32.50%) in the direction of (no), which indicates that the club adopts modern and advanced
training systems. It is clear from Table (6), the frequency, percentage, and statistical significances of
the phrases of the second axis (types of crises and administrative procedures to reduce sports crises in
sports clubs) that the approval rate of the basic research sample ranged between (23.33% to 100%)

he effect of special exercises on improving some bio kinematic variables and their relationship the
performance if the revolving jump on the jumping platform .The research included five chapters , in
the first chapter included the definition of research to clarify the research idea in the introduction
,which summarized the importance of this problem , and the way to treat it is an application addition ,
and what the special exercises play in improving the kinetic pathways in the processor of kinetic
transmission between parts of the body . The second chapter dealt with the most important topics
related to the subject of the research. In the third chapter, the educational approach was determined,
which is desirable to the nature of the problem and its solution, and confirming the validity of the
hypotheses. the research sample was divided into two groups, one experimental group trained on the
proposed special exercises, and the second group trained on its regular program. AS for the fourchapter subject to the results of the procedures and statistical treatments, and in the light of that, validity of the hypotheses was verified or proven that the effect of the special exercises was positing
the performance of the ball jumping skill.

The current study is an attempt to explore the communicative functions of the language in the
speeches of the presidents investigating the employment of illocutionary acts in two remarkable
speeches of Joe Biden and Boris Johnson which belong to two different districts. The study aims at:
analyzing the types of speech acts performed and examine each speech act according to the contextual
criteria, highlighting the diverse types of forces within each speech act, stating the illocutionary act ofassertion, and unfolding the similarities and differences in the way Biden and Johnson employ speech
act theory to achieve their communicative goals. The data selected have been analyzed according to
Searle`s model of speech acts Searle,)1969( , (1979) and Vander vaken (1985). And employment of
Searle felicity conditions in analyzing the speeches of Biden and Johnson. There are some differences
in number and types of illocutionary acts of assertion used by Biden and Johnson for instance, the most
frequent illocutionary act in both speeches is illocutionary act of Asserting There are some linguistic
markers that are used by the politician in their speeches to show assertion The President Biden uses
illocutionary acts of assertion more than the PM Johnson. The total frequency of illocutionary act in
Biden's speech is 12 whereas in Johnson's speech is only 8 illocutionary acts. The most illocutionary
act of assertion in Biden's speech is illocutionary act of Asserting with 25 % as shown in table 1,
whereas in Johnson's speech is the illocutionary act of Asserting and Predicting with 25% as shown in
table 2.

Intertextuality and self-improvement books are two significant phenomena. They are
considered a rich source for linguistic studies; yet, there is a lack of studies on this specific topic.
Hence, this study aims mainly at investigating the use of intertextuality in self-improvement books
viz: The power of positive thinking, the mindful path to self-compassion, How will you measure your
life? These three books have been randomly selected from Liang’s list of the best 40 self-help books.
The precise goals of this research are: Firstly, to Determine the intertextual strategies employed in
the chosen texts of self-improvement books. Secondly, to Identify the types of intertextuality that are used in the selected texts of self-improvement books. And finally, Investigate the functions of
intertextuality that are used in the selected texts of self-improvement books. The sample of the study
consists of three chapters, selected from the three self-improvement books. But to save space and
time we will display chapter one of the book “The power of positive thinking". In order to fulfill the
study’s objectives, a table has been prepared by the researchers for the purpose of analysis. This table
contains techniques of intertextuality, its types, and its functions. The analysis results have shown
that intertextuality in its various techniques, types, and functions is noticeably used in selfimprovement books; rather, it is considered one of the most obviously used techniques in this genre
of books. In conclusion, the present study has combined these two argumentative topics:
intertextuality and self-improvement books– linguistically together, by using the discourse analysis
approach