Journal of the College of Languages

Critical stylistics is an interesting area that explores ideologies and social concepts, specifically in literary genres. Although critical stylistic studies are increasing, limited studies have explored social concepts in Romantic poetry. Hence, this qualitative study aimed at exploring the construction of the fictional world in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge employing Functional Grammar. The poem was analysed to highlight the linguistic elements that contribute to the construction of the fictional world by Coleridge. Nominal and verbal groups, word order, and deictic expressions were analysed within the framework of Critical Stylistics. The findings revealed that nouns and their descriptions are sometimes incompatible with the fictional world of Coleridge. Verbs are used to express the speaker\'s full control over the hearer and other characters in the poem. These linguistic phenomena were employed with varied frequencies. The findings of the study, firstly, extended the existing knowledge of the critical stylistic description of poetry, and secondly illustrated how the combination of linguistic elements could present new meanings.

This study explores the English request strategies and modifiers used by ESL and EFL undergraduates. It also investigates the influence of social power and social distance on their choice of those strategies. Fifty Malaysian ESL and fifty Saudi EFL undergraduates participate in it. A discourse completion task is used to collect the data. Blum-Kulka et al.\'s (1989) taxonomy is used to analyse request strategies and Martinez-Flor and Uso-Juan’s (2006) taxonomy is used to analyse request modifiers. Data are collected and analyzed quantitatively. The findings reveal that Malaysian students in an English language environment as a second language used more Conventionally Indirect request strategies than Saudi students do in an English language environment as a foreign language. Non-conventionally indirect strategies are not used by Malaysians and are employed least often by Saudis. Social status and social distance had no significant influence on their use of request strategies. The study concluded by providing implications for English teachers to foster pragmatic competence among undergraduate students.

Pleonasm refers to the involvement of unnecessary words or morphemes represents pleonastic words which repeat a mentioned information elsewhere, whereas tautology refers to the inacceptable repetition of the same ideas, words, or phrases by using diverse words. In English, there is a perplexity to distinguish some elements that may be misled to be regarded as pleonastic or tautological. The current study aims at clarifying the differences between pleonasm and tautology semantically by analysing two political interviews. The data analysis is taken from two presidential interviews for the American presidents Trump in 2020 and Biden in 2022. The study has concluded that tautology and pleonasm can be used in disparate degrees in political speeches. Using tautology is more necessary than pleonasm in political speeches, in which pleonasm concentrates on ideas and implied meaning, which can be misled to simple, ordinary people, while tautology is clear and can be understood by any simple brain in spite that it is dull and boring sometimes if the repetition is exaggerated, but can be perceived easily to focus on some important ideas the politician sees it is significant.

The aims of this study seeks to examine the underlying linguistics features and ideological concept found in the political speech of American EX President, with a specific emphasis on tweets related to Islamophobia and immigration. The study employs a descriptive and interpretive research design. The corpus of the study consisted of 50 purposely selected Tweets, spanning from 2nd January 2015 to 20th May 2020. Data analysis were conducted using Fairclough\'s ten-question model (1993). It is found that Trump strategically employed his presidential authority to target Islam and immigration, portraying them as the root cause of terrorism and economic challenges. Trump employed favourable terms while referring to Americans and his supporters, while associating Islam and immigrants with unfavourable descriptors. The findings of this study revealed that Trump employed hyperbole to magnify the perceived threat posed by Islam and immigrants. Trump predominantly employed modal verbs expressing certainty rather than those indicating likelihood in order to demonstrate authority. The future and simple present tenses were commonly used to depict the current threat posed by immigration and the terrorism perpetrated by Islamic groups. The comparative and superlative forms were employed to compare the current state of brightness in the US with its past. The pronouns \"we, our, us\" were used most frequently to convey a sense of oneness and reduce the perceived barrier between Trump and the audience. Declarative sentences were the most expressive and meaningful acts.

Robert Frost (1874-1963) is one of the most renowned American poets of the 20th century. He is well known for his mastery of poetic form and his exploration of the human existence and experience. His oeuvre is fraught with the exploration of the existence of the barriers between individuals. It examines the complexities of human relationships and the obstacles that hinder interaction between people. In his poetry, Frost portrays some characters who cannot overstep these barriers; others are aware of their existence and can overcome them.The research aims at examining Frost\'s poignant exploration of human nature and his portrayal of mental and emotional connection and disconnection between individuals. The world witnessed transformative leaps after the advent of the materialistic spirit and the world wars which changed the norms of society and created concrete barriers among people. These barriers rendered man isolated and consumed by sense of loneliness and lack of communication. Materialism, social conventions and expectations of society, miscommunication, and misunderstanding stand as barriers that hinder people to communicate with others. The poems chosen for analysis are: \"Provide, Provide\" (1936,) \"Mending Wall\" (1915,) \"Home Burial\" (1915,) and \"West Running Brook\" (1928.) The paper concludes with the note that understanding, love, and trust enable people to have mature interactions that enable them to rise above mental and emotional barriers.

Patterns of utterance stress in discourse direct attention to specific themes and reactions, controlling the flow and coherence of conversation. This study examines the utterance stress in Steve Harvey\'s selected episodes from a phono-stylistic perspective. This study is hoped to improve understanding of linguistic mechanisms in talk show communication, highlighting the importance of phonetic features in transmitting meaning and increasing broadcast conversation participation.
The researcher concentrates on the types of focus functions of utterance stress of some episodes available on YouTube. To conduct the analysis, the researcher adopts (Carr, 2013; Davenport& Hannahs, 2005) to analyse utterance stress and Leech and Short (2007) to examine the stylistic features of the data selected. Based on the model adopted, the study concludes: The study utilizes utterance stress, focus, and content, while stylistic features include syntax, vocabulary, narrative viewpoint, politeness, impoliteness, and cultural references.

While the mother archetype traditionally symbolizes nurturing, care, and unconditional love, its negative aspect, the devouring mother, embodies traits of control, manipulation, and suffocation. Drawing on Jung\'s theories, and his concept of the collective unconscious and symbolic archetypes, particularly the mother archetype, through close textual analysis and theoretical insights, this paper explores the dual nature of the mother archetype and its psychological implications in Gillian Flynn\'s novel \"Sharp Objects, 2006\". The paper analyzes the character of Adora Crellin as an embodiment of the devouring mother archetype. Through Adora\'s behaviors of possessiveness and emotional abuse towards her daughters, Camille, Marian, and Amma. The paper illustrates the detrimental effects of a suffocating maternal influence on individual autonomy and psychological well-being shedding light on themes of dual maternal influence, traumas, and complex mother-daughter relationship. Through this psychological approach, the paper aims to contribute to the broader discourse on maternal psychology and its impact on human development.

Yehuda Steinberg is a Russian writer who drew his culture and education from the atmosphere of neighborhoods and villagesin Eastern Europe, especially when he would describe the mountain, alleys, lake, and forest. Most readers think for the first time that these stories are nothing but programs prepared for the description of nature. Steinberg attempted to link the surroundings with his political and literary tendency. Even though he had never been to Palestine, it was observed that he glorified Palestine in some of the chapters and paragraphs of his stories. It was a predominant phenomenon of all Jewish writers despite they were not born and raised there in Palestine. The main purpose was their Zionist ideas and tendencies which blindly pushed them to sing about that land so that their literary productions would become a means to convince their readers of the idea of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine.
יהודה שטיינברג, הסופר הרוסי ששאב את תרבותו וחינוכו מאווירת השכונה והכפר במזרח אירופה, בעיקר ברוסיה. סופר זה נע בין היערות וההרים של בסרביה והושפע מהטבע הציורי הזה.
השפעתה של סביבה זו הייתה ברורה ביצירותיו של סופר זה, שכן אנו מגלים שתיאור ההר, הסמטאות, האגם והיער ברור ברוב סיפוריו של שטיינברג. הקורא של חלק מהסיפורים האלה עולה בדעתו במבט ראשון שסיפורים אלה הם תוכניות לתיאור הטבע ותו לא.

Now days many researches are done in the field of humanities related to comparative literature which will open new windows in the category of criticism. the present study deals with the comparative study of the concept of love , which is one of the most mysterious concepts in literature world , in the poetry of the 7th century poet saadi shirazi and the contemporary Syrian romance nazar qabbani.in the order to increase the accuracy of the research on the concept of love from the aspect of antiquity, purity or sensuality, entering in terms of social issues, its role in human excellence, its inaccessibility and the circle of inclusion, it was examined how these two poets view the concept of love in terms of the six indicators mentioned. The author of these research came to the conclusion that despite the time and cultural difference between saadi shirazi and nazar qabbani . their view of love is similar , which is an eternal concept, innocently inaccessible , universal and as a factor to deal with todays issues of community and human connection to the world have meaning.
چکیده
بررسی موتیف به عنوان یک استراتژی تحلیل و تجزیه اثر هنری در مطالعات نقد ادبی رواج دارد که پژوهش در این زمینه منجر به شناخت سطوح متفاوت اندیشه و جنبه‌های ساختاری و محتوایی اثر هنری می‌شود. امروزه پژوهش‌های بسیاری در حیطه‌ی‌ علوم انسانی در حوزه‌ی ادبیات تطبیقی صورت می‌پذیرد که موجب گشوده شدن پنجره‌های جدیدی در مقوله‌ی نقد ادبی خواهد ‌‌‌شد. پژوهش حاضر با روش تحلیل محتوا به بررسی تطبیقی مفهوم عشق که یکی از پررمز و رازترین مفاهیم در ادبیات جهان است در شعر سعدی شیرازی شاعر قرن هفتم و نزار قبانی عاشقانه‌‌سرای معاصر سوری می‌پردازد. سعدی و نزار قبانی از لحاظ زمانی هم عصر نبوده‌اند اما موضوع موتیف عشق یکی از مهمترین مباحث اثر هنری آنها به شمار می‌آید و در واقع این موتیف هسته مرکزی و وجه غالب مشترک آثار این دو شاعر است. به همین جهت آنها به عنوان مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. به منظور افزایش دقت پژوهش مفهوم عشق از جنبه‌ی قدمت، پاک یا شهوانی بودن، ورود به حیطه‌ی مسائل اجتماعی، نقش آن در تعالی انسان، صعب الوصول بودن و دایره‌ی شمول مورد بررسی قرار گرفت که نگاه این دو شاعر به مفهوم عشق به لحاظ شش شاخصه‌ی مذکور چگونه است. از رهگذار این پژوهش این نتیجه حاصل گردید که با وجود اختلاف زمانی و فرهنگی بین سعدی شیرازی و نزارقبانی نگاه آن دو به عشق نگاهی مشابه است که آن را مفهومی ابدی، معصومانه، صعب الوصول، جهان‌شمول و به منزله‌ی عاملی برای پرداختن به مسائل روز اجتماع و اتصال انسان به عالم معنا می‌دانند

Evaluating translations and expressing their strengths and weaknesses can be a way forward for translators in this field and make the knowledge of translation more vibrant and dynamic. Since the purpose of translation is to better understand the text in the target language, the current research has analyzed the destinations of the translation of some of Naguib Mahfouz\'s short stories with the analytical-descriptive method and relying on the theoretical framework of Jean- Rene Ladmiral in order to determine its compatibility with the components This theory is valid. After examining and comparing the original text and the Persian translation, it was found that in the translation of these stories, the components of Admiral\'s theory such as displacement, legibility and heterogeneity have the highest frequency. Also, the translator has used the components of increase, disambiguation and deletion, which has tried to bring the original text closer to the destination and has provided a destination-oriented translation. Also, the components of minimal interpretation and the essence of translation were seen less in the translation. In some cases, he has turned to free translation of meanings and words, which has led to a translation far from difficulty and ambiguity in understanding the author\'s meaning.
چکیده
ارزیابی ترجمه‌ها و بیان نقاط قوت و ضعف آنها می‌تواند برای مترجمان در این عرصه راهگشا بوده و دانش ترجمه‌ را بالنده‌تر و پویاتر نماید. از آنجایی که هدف از ترجمه فهم بهتر متن در زبان مقصد است، پژوهش حاضر با روش تحلیلی- توصیفی و با تکیه بر چارچوب نظری لادمیرال، مقصدگرایی ترجمه برخی از داستان‌های کوتاه نجیب محفوظ را که توسط محمد رضا مرعشی پور به فارسی ترجمه شده است، مورد واکاوی قرار داده است تا میزان تطابق آن‌ را با مؤلفه‌های این نظریه بسنجد. پس از بررسی و تطابق متن اصلی و ترجمه فارسی، مشخص‌ گردید که در ترجمه این داستان‌ها، مؤلفه‌های نظریه لادمیرال نظیر جابه‌جایی، خوانایی و ناهمگون‌سازی بیشترین بسامد را دارا می‌باشند. همچنین مترجم از مؤلفه‌های افزایش، رفع ابهام و حذف نیز بهره گرفته ‌که سعی بر نزدیک کردن متن اصلی به مقصد بوده و ترجمه مقصدمحوری ارائه داده است. همچنین مؤلفه‌های تفسیر حداقلی و چیستی ترجمانی کمتر در ترجمه دیده شد. وی در مواردی هم به ترجمه آزاد مدلول‌ها و واژگان روی آورده که این امر منجر به ترجمه‌ای دور از تکلف و ابهام در درک منظور نویسنده شده است.

This study deals with a basic issue within semantics, which is reference. Reference is an aspect associated with words when involved in real life discourse. By themselves, words have dictionary meanings which are void of reference. People use words and make them refer. Still here, reference is constrained by convention. In this paper, this concept of reference is investigated with Syriac so as to make clear how meaning is seen as distributed over types, and how reference is seen as being either central or marginal, along with identifying ways of how these may change over time. Changein this sense is explored with the attempt to pinpoint the reasons that initiated and led to such changeover time. In this way, the aim is to arrive at those trends or laws which would go in effect to create the change. It has been concluded that the change is a result of a number of factors that may be linguistic or non-linguistic.