journal of Language Studies

Dutchman attracts the attention of the audience more than Amiri Baraka’s other playswhich exce ptionally consolidates the sturdy awareness and the theatrical development. Baraka has been influenced by the political and social attitudes of the Brechtian theatre which have influenced the theatre of the whole world. Brecht is a fundamental figure in recent times and the works of theatre return to his influence and his achievements. Many American playwrights follow his techniques in one way or other ways and appropriately Baraka’s Dutchman illustrates the Brechtian upshots on the Afro-American stage. The journey of Clay and Lula is pointed to be a lesson for the spectators and the readers in employing several Brechtian elements and techniques to expose the current issues of the 1960s of American life. It is paralleled to the past periods by reconditioning the traditional myth of The Flying Dutchman of the seventeenth century as a symbol of the notion of slavery and degradation of the blacks from that time till the recent days of Baraka. Critics have identified Baraka’s Dutchman as a political play that emphasises social injustice to arouse social change using the Brechtian way of evolving society

The September 11 attacks, also called the 9/11 attacks, the series of plane hijackings and suicide attacks perpetrated in 2001 by 19 militants connected with the Islamic extremist organizations Al-Qaeda against goals in the United States, are the deadliest terrorist attacks and an extraordinary event on American soil. The attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. caused widespread death and destruction and sparked a massive United States counter-terrorism efforts.
This study aims to explore the main trend of contemporary American poetry that deals with the topic of the September 11 attacks and to show the impact of September 11, 2001, on contemporary American poets. Many contemporary American poets in the period following the attack on the Twin Towers were influenced by the September 11 attacks. Many of the American poets consider the September 11 attacks a terrorist attack, and these poets are the ones who believe in the theory of terrorism, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti is one of them.

The current study is a Critical Discourse Analysis of Israeli Political Speeches before Normalization with Arab Countries that shows the mutual effort between Israel and Arabs countries to achieve normalization. The most important aims of the current study are; i) Investigating whether normalization and peace process are presented positively or negatively in the Israeli Political Speeches before normalization. ii) Identifying the textual analysis of speeches that are used by the three Israeli politicians before normalization period. iii) Showing the discursive practices which are used in the Israeli Political Speeches before normalization. The aims are only outcomes to the following problems; what is the most influential political speech type is used? What is the textual analysis used in the Israeli Officials' Political Speeches before normalization? What are the discursive practices used by Israeli Politicians before normalization? Fulfilling the above aims, the study hypothesizes that Israeli politicians employ the language to serve their purposes through using different strategies. Finally, Language is utilized to show Israel's hegemony and victory through Israeli politicians' speeches. The data have been selected from Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs website. The Israeli Political Speeches are analyzed ideologically and linguistically according to Fairclough's three-dimensional approach (1989, 1995, and 2010). To sum, the selected Israeli Political Speeches before normalization have explicit negative ideologies more than the ones after normalization

The rapid growth of technology has brought many innovations in education and especially in language teaching. In order to offer and create successful classes language teachers, especially English language teachers are using different audio-visual tools to facilitate the teaching process. Besides textbooks and other interesting and engaging activities, which ensure student centeredness, autonomy, interaction and connectivity to a certain theme, and videos such as: movies, songs, power point presentations are widely used in EFL classrooms.
This paper first attempts to explore the goals of using video material in EFL classrooms and the advantages of using video materials in EFL teaching, on the basis of which proposes a framework of teaching principles, strategies and specific tips which facilitate EFL teaching. Then it would be related theories and practice to the use of audio- visual tools in language learning especially in ESP classes at university level and the reason why videos can be considered as valuable pedagogical tools is to facilitate the teaching process.
The aim of this study is to investigate the benefits that the language teachers and learners get in using audio-visual aids in teaching and learning the English language, as well as to show that by using the appropriate video material the teachers can improve and ensure student- centeredness, have their students interested and engaged in activities, be more active, motivated and confident in their communicative language competence

Women in the modern era have been defined as being revolutionary and opposed to the traditional representation of their lives. Alice Walker (February 1944-) a Pulitzer Prize-winning figure is an African-American novelist, critic and poet who has vigorously defended women's modernist innovations and African American civil rights in her works. Her novel The Color Purple (1982) explores the African American female experience through the life and struggles of the narrator of the novel. What distinguishes The Color Purple is the very feature of psychological state of the heroine whilst struggling for her minimal rights of being a woman and black. The heroine of the novel Celie is revolutionary and anti-traditional. Walker planted her own personal experience within The Color Purple through the sufferings and traumatic life of the female characters.Walker through “Womanism”, a term coined by herself representing Black feminism, combines critical elements in The Color Purple, namely the importance of black history and heritage and the centrality of female creativity and competence in that heritage, which are often symbolized by quilts, sisterhood, liberation, self-identity, double consciousness and other symbols. Further through exhibiting African American woman’s twice-oppressed state, as they were double-discriminated racially and sexually by Americans, on the one hand by white Americans, on the other, by their fellow black male counterparts. The epistolary style of The Color Purple is probably an essential feature of modern literary output. The letters are used to manifest Celie and other characters’ lives to readers. Furthermore, within The Color Purple, Walker employs the very modern African American literary feature which is “Neo-Slave Narrative”. Through Neo-Slave Narrative, she displays her black female characters’ still-enslaved status in the modern era to form a juxtaposition between narrations of her fellow oppressed black women and Slave-Narrations of enslaved African Americans like Harriet Jacobs and Sojourner truth.

Eudora Welty's "Powerhouse" argues the plight of the black on the hand of the white. This paper presents how the racial differences turn from just a concept to a social system and dichotomy. It views the dilemma of the Black men and women in the white society. The investigation will trace back the role of Racial Discrimination in constructing the social, cultural, economic, and political systems. It shows the African-American theory as a Key concept in analyzing Eudora Welty's "Powerhouse". It focuses on the apartheid depiction of the black over the world. It stresses the significance of differences and Race. Welty's "Powerhouse" produces such segregated representation through the major figure of this short story. Powerhouse is Welty's hero whose name as a metaphor for power is in opposition to her character's depiction, which reveals the racial discrimination of colonial discourse and the white societies. Theorists consider the Race as the source of differences like Michael Banton who declares that race builds on difference. The color skin is the major struggle: the "color- line" is the core theory for W.E. Du Bois as it stresses the differences between the black and white. Moreover, "The Signifying Monkey" method by Henry Louis Gates Jr. reveals these differences and the racial discrimination

Abstract
Translating Proverb -like structures in the Glorious Quran is considered a difficult task because translators need to reproduce the words of Allah as accurately and faithfully as possible. The current study aims at analyzing the proverb - like structures in the Glorious Quran and their translations rhetorically. It is hypothesized that the proverb - like structures cannot be realized semantically without referring to the linguistic context and the reasons of revelation in the Quran exegesis books to realize the rhetorical and linguistic features. The study conludes that translators can convey the meaning appropriately, but they cannot produce the power of the rhetorical structures of the Glorious Quran since its language is a miracle. The study can be useful to specialists in Quran translation and non-Arab Quran learners.

The current research is specialized in studying an important subject, viz, the location and sequence of different adverbials in the English sentence. Mastering the right position and correct order of different adverbials in the sentences reflects good learning on the part of the learners of English. Many learners, however, ignore how to arrange the adverbials correctly at the end of the sentence besides their ignorance of the right position of some adverbials is clear as well. This subject has truly a vital role in the English grammar since it is inescapable in speech and writing

Said’s orientalism theory identifies what he calls the false picture of the Orient or the East produced by western scholars, historians, cultural and legal theorists, and colonial rulers, given the West’s primary goal of controlling everything in the East. Therefore, Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner has a historic relevance to the post-September events, which some critics see as if Hosseini, as an Afghan writer, is trying to ease the tight seclusion of Afghan immigrants in America. Hosseini is demanding to show a new vision of his country and change Western feelings towards Afghanistan from hatred to sympathy. The Kite Runner introduces itself as a novel that challenges the simplistic opposition between the West and the Middle East by building a bridge of understanding to the other culture, explaining to the West and the rest of the world that Afghanistan is more than rockets and gunshots in relation to Said’s Orientalism. Since Afghanistan is stereotyped as a war zone neglecting its citizens, history, and traditions, Khaled Hosseini comes to change these wrong perceptions, in which this research discusses this matter in detail shedding light on the historical background of Afghanistan’s refugee crisis. He paints a vivid image of refugees and the obstacles they face as they escape to a new country, in relation to the actions of the novel, and a postcolonial reading to analyze the other

The U.S. presidential debates are rich in revealing national/international policies of the politicians. More specifically, the 2012 U.S. presidential debates between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney are unique in balancing and predicting the election outcome through the candidates' discourses. A Political Discourse Analysis is integrated to Ruth Wadak's (2011) Discourse-Historical Approach to investigate how the candidates employ the discursive strategies in order to gain the public support. The present study adopts a qualitative design of analyzing the candidates' speeches. The materials are particular extracts selected from the transcripts of one presidential debate. The purpose of the study is to uncover the discursive strategies in the candidates' speeches when they debate the most important issues of USA. The findings indicate that Obama's continuous use of the referential strategy indicates that there is a heavy emphasis on positive self-representation, defending the previous policy of Obama's government and presenting the record of achievement to gain the voters' support. On the other hand, Romney uses the argumentation strategy to attack Obama's previous policy and trigger the topos of threat that the same faults will take place if Obama is reelected. That is, Romney diminishes the public support surrounding Obama.

Advertising is one of the strategies of communication which aims at convincing people to do some action. The current study is concerned with assessing the translation of some selected advertisements by Asiacell Telecom Company. It is an Iraqi Telecom Company. The study aims at assessing the translation of some of the advertisements produced by this company. The selected advertisements translation are assessed according to Newmark's model (1988) as well as Baker's model (2018). Each one of these two models has its own strategies. It is hypothesized that some of the translation strategies are more frequently used than others, and advertisements are usually rendered communicatively rather than semantically. For verifying the hypotheses of the study, four advertisements are selected to be the data of the study. it can be said that in the translation of advertisements, the communicative translation method is more frequently used than the semantic one since it focuses on the conveying of the intended meaning rather that the semantic equivalence

Owing to vastly increasing practice of plagiarism at university level, it is vital that university teachers understand students’ beliefs about plagiarism and the nature of plagiarism at their institutions. This article investigates senior EFL college students’ perceptions of plagiarism seriousness and reasons for plagiarism via utilizing a questionnaire comprised of two sections. Furthermore, it focuses on assessing the students’ practice of plagiarism in their undergraduate research projects through first using ‘Turnitin’ program to check similarity index percentage, and then manually checking plagiarism types. Face validity of the questionnaire and the inter-rater reliability for manual checking were estimated by SPSS. The current research is restricted to a sample of 53 college students at the English Department of College of Basic Education/ Salahaddin University-Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq for the academic year 2020-2021. Additionally, 29 of their undergraduate research projects were randomly selected for assessment. This study depends on a mixed method approach via adopting both qualitative and quantitative research designs. To achieve the aims of this research based on the collected and analyzed data, the researchers responded to five study questions.
Results revealed that there is inconsistency in the similarity index percentage of their research projects. Moreover, not only were the practiced types of plagiarism found, but also the most common type of plagiarism was highlighted in their research projects. In addition, the students viewed some types of plagiarism as more serious ones based on the found mean of each type. Among 27 reasons, 14 reasons were considered as the most common reasons of plagiarism based on the found percentage. Finally, the study offered some recommendations for university teachers on how to improve students’ academic integrity and deter students from committing plagiarism acts in the future.

The implementation of the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) tool into higher institutions of learning has become a challenging task for numerous institutions. Even though the ECTS credits reflect the quantity of work that is necessary for each course to pass on the first semester, the elements incorporated by this tool may pose a challenge during implementation. The elements of ECTS include the student workload, allocation of credit, as well as the learning outcomes and competence. Aside from the challenge of implementing these elements, institutions may experience other challenges such as an instinctive negative reaction to change by the people due to the extra effort required as well as the mental barrier obstacle in regard to the number of credits as well as the significance of courses. Raparin University, a new public university that has been implementing the ECTS system for three years as an international program, has faced many obstacles and has been subjected to student work, trust and a lack of experience.
Regardless of these challenges, the ECTS is a very essential and helpful tool that should be implemented in learning institutions to facilitate course and study transparency.
Note: ECTS refers to Implementing European Credit Transfer System.

The current paper investigates the English foreign formulas in the hybrid economic texts to maintain the economic flavour by means of the collaborative translation .This paper tries to extend the horizon of interest in the collaborative translation through which translators can carry the major informational weight in the hybrid economic texts. Due to the space limitations of the paper, it is far better to lay great focus only on the foreign formulas that have acquired pure economic meanings. Since neologisms of English economic texts develop continually, the paper tends to adopt the collaborative translation. Thus, three professors of economics are consulted regarding the economic-based meanings to render the formulas collaboratively and in a non-traditional way. The study also verified that through the collaborative translation, translators can convey the essence of the source economic text into the target one .

Learning strategies provide pupils opportunity to explore their knowledge , organize , compare and contrast information to develop their skills. Many teachers want their pupils to be activate in classroom .
Concept sort strategy helps pupils learn and understand their vocabulary words. Therefore, concept sort strategy is implemented to enhance and support pupils' interaction . The current study aims at investigating the impact of concept sort strategy on Iraqi EFL preparatory pupils' interaction and development of pupils' interaction by using new concepts through lesson. The study hypothesizes that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group which is taught by concept sort strategy and the control group which is taught by traditional strategy in post –test.
The pupils have been taught during the academic year 2020-2021. A sample consists of (60) pupils are selected from two schools Al-Rahma Preparatory school and Al-Door Secondary school for girls. Each section consists of (30) pupils .The results explain that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught according to Concept Sort strategy and the control group who is taught by using the traditional method. Moreover , there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in pre -post tests.

This paper aims at examining the theme of self-criticism in selected poems by the American poet Sylvia Plath. In her practice of self-criticism, Plath is influenced by the personal happenings in her life and her adoption of Confessionalism as a means of expression. Thus, her autobiography is of vital importance to the understanding of her poetry. The paper argues that although Plath seeks self-betterment through criticizing the self, this is less visible in her life than in the art she produces and the poetic legacy she left. It is true that her poetry shows a sincere desire for self-construction through self-criticism; however, her final act of self-destruction by committing suicide marks a complete failure as a person.

In this research work, Nella Larsen\'s two novels Quicksand and Passing explores the structures of the African American female identity. It investigate the textual depictions of Beauty, segregation and racial identity, and how these demonstrations are based in Harlem Renaissance literature and the broader literary canon on the stereotypes of the American women\'s identity. This study also demonstrated how both texts novels defy stereotypes of African American women by portraying women capable of liberty while condemning a culture that deprives them of their freedom and identities. Talking about race still causes discomfort, especially when trying to demonstrate how strategies for maintaining whiteness work as a hierarchical process, and that is why it is necessary that identities become key elements to open this path that is sometimes so tortuous and thorny. Passing exemplifies that the very notion of Whiteness must be questioned in order to illustrate that the debate about identities must not be dissociated from the question of race. Quicksand explores modern modes in which African American women represent identity by struggling to find their place in society in Larsen\'s first novel. Both novels challenge stereotypes of African-American women by depicting independent women and criticizing a culture that denies them agency and identity. This work portray protagonists and how fights against racial stereotypes, despite the difficulties they faced. For characters in Passing, beauty is very important, whom Larsen portrays as constantly assessing the physical appearances of other people, taking care of their own and worrying about how they appear. Also examines how Larsen employs mirrors, an unreliable speaker and unclear states to comment on the inefficient and dangerous effects on American society of segregation and assimilation. Her use of a distrusted, yet loyal-race heroine has revealed the traps in enabling the division between racial and social duties of a complete civilization.

This research offers a perception of understanding the metapragmatics of politeness and morality through intervention by examining peoples’ reaction to certain aggressive acts. The relationship between im/politeness and morality was explored in terms metacommunicative voicing by observers and participants. The analysis in this paper focuses on certain cases in which aggressive behaviours are committed in public. This investigation aims to contribute to the current research on im/politeness and morality by examining the borders of im/politeness and the moral order in the arena of conflict between an abuser and intervener. The data of this study are naturally occurring as they were yielded without the participants’ awareness of the situation displayed on a TV-show. This paper adopted Kadar & Marquez Reiter (2015) as a model of analysis in the field of impoliteness. It contributed to such a model in terms of examining intervention in Arabic Pranks. This could be a motivation for cross cultural studies of impoliteness in general and intervention in particular. It was found that the metapragmatics of im/politeness through the act of intervention was affected by means of certain scales measuring attributes that are central to Arabic culture including national and moral identity, religiosity, collectivism and humanity.

In this study entitled \"the Islamophobia in Soumission of Michel Houellebecq, the study tries to discuss the image of Islam in french in general and in the Soumission of Michel Houellebec in particular. This story of Michel tells the reader how the victory of the Islamic party in the election will affect the life of french people there. In addition, the narration. especially after the events which followed the attack of Charlie Hebdo, may represent an indication to the danger Islam for the French republic. The research will try to reveal how the author could present the events followed the conversion politique as negative signal at the new rolle of Islan in the life of French people Finally, this study is consacred to discover the islamophobia which represented this narration.

This paper examines the influence of the French Theatre of the Absurd on the Iraqi theater. The Iraqi playwright Taha Salem with his play "Tantal" have been chosen as a model. To reach this goal, three main points have been tackled: the first is devoted to briefly presenting the creation of the French Theatre of the Absurd, the second aims at uncovering the reasons for receiving this new theatrical form by some Iraqi playwrights, the third point focuses on analyzing the theatrical text of the Iraqi writer Taha Salem. Moreover, this analysis is based on studying three axes: the form, the linguistic structure, and the privacy of the characters of the play

The research outlines the status and importance of the subject matter of theater and theatrical activities in the teaching and learning of French as a foreign language. We discussed the nature of theatrical activities and their distinct role in consolidating educational material for the benefit of the student, in addition to their stimulating role in enhancing their linguistic and intellectual skills. The research also addressed the obstacles and fears of the student to engage in theatrical activities and to provide solutions to such problems. In the light of the responses to a questionnaire sent to students who had participated in the performance of certain theatrical roles, it became clear to us the extent of the positive impact of such activities as they represent an incentive and a distinct means. which attract the student in all its details towards learning the French language and its culture.

Abstract The purpose of this research is to show how the oriental nation affected the German literature as it affected other nation's culture and literature. In these pages we can see how the conflict was and what the current position is the opinion of European most great German authors such as Harder and Goethe, which distinguish Arabic oriental literary life from the west part of the glop where armies vividly occupied eastern Arabic lands through their power the Arabs got rid of the Superficiality and looked deeper into their own identification. German writers tried to reach the essence of Islamic civilization as well as the essence of Arabic poetry and the religious spirit in the East literature on the contrary of the German literature also religious translations that attracted the attention of writers in Germany. Eastern equestrian spirit which influencing Arab poetry, the poetry in Europe became an essential part of chivalrous life. Fairy tales like One Thousand and One Nights, Tragedy of AL Mansour also and mix of the two techniques, the oriental traditional East and the non-traditional European, Goethe believes that Arab literature reached a peak in the Middle Ages that only Greek and Roman literature reached before them, our research contains The opinion of a German translator Stefan Weidner who said that since the 1970s, we can note that Germany has become an increasingly attractive target for Arab immigrants so we see our honorable great writers whom affected the German literary life from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Palestine. Many of them