Kirkuk Journal of Science

The present study investigated and identified genetic diversity between
native White chicken lines and two commercial Broiler (Rose) and Layer
(Isa Brown) chicken breeds using RAPD markers and a sequencing
technique. All primers applied produced 151 scorable bands with
percentage polymorphic loci of 54.93% within chicken populations, as
per the results of the RAPD marker. The maximum amplified fragment
by primer OPC-11 was 22 and the fewest by primer OPAA-03 was 7.
For all loci analyzed, the effective number of alleles (ne), means the
observed number of alleles (na), Shannon’s information index (I), and
gene diversity (h) was 1.4394, 1.5493, 0.3496, and 0.2441, respectively.
The presence of a high number of polymorphisms and targeted (71) loci
across all chicken populations indicates that RAPD-PCR techniques
provide sufficient genetic distance and higher genetic variation among
chicken populations. The highest identity of the blasted sequences of the
18srRNA gene of local white chicken is 90.41% and 84.23%. Likewise, a
total of 46 and 27 nucleotides are altered with 27 and 10 gaps in both
sequences for the first and second regions, respectively. According to
both phylogenetic trees, the local white chicken had a stronger sense of
individuality and was slightly closer to the commercial broiler breeds
than the layer chicken breeds. As a result, it suggests that enhancing
the local chicken line requires a broiler breeding program, as well as
cross-breeding with other native chicken lines to obtain hereditarily
significant new strains.

The use of the ketogenic diet is a safe and effective process to
reduce the health complications of obesity, thus losing weight while
preventing weight regain at the same time. Humans have metabolic
flexibility and the potential to utilize ketones as an energy source by
reducing carbohydrate intake in the diet, this reduces insulin levels, and
ketogenesis occurs. These conditions promote the release of excess
stored fat, avoid muscle weakness, and improve insulin sensitivity.
Losing weight by diet causes appetite feeling and a rise in ghrelin
release, that raises the likelihood of regaining weight and is thus
counterproductive to goals for weight reduction. The study’s aim is
to review evidence on a ketogenic diet for weight loss and metabolic
illnesses like insulin resistance, lipid disorders, cardiovascular disease,
fatty liver disease development, and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and
exercise and delay aging, in addition to addressing the side effects of the
ketogenic diet, and thus we provide basic information about nutritional
ketones and the mechanism of their generation.

This research concerns the synthesis of two O-carboxymethyl
chitosan (O-CMCs) complexes with Cu(II) and Ni(II). The
synthesized complexes were characterized using (FT-IR), UVvisible, and molar conductivity. It is proposed that [Cu(CMCs)2] possess a square planar structure. Whereas [Ni(CMCS)2] supposing
that the structure of this complexes is tetrahedral.

In this study, new compounds of Schiff bases were prepared (1-6),
from the reaction of sulfamethoxazole with benzaldehyde
derivatives. Schiff bases (1-6) converted to 1,3-Oxazepine-4,7-dione
and 1,3-Benzooxazepine-4,7-dione derivatives (7-18) through the
reaction of Schiff bases with maleic anhydride as well as phthalic
anhydride using crushing, grinding and microwave irradiation
method. The structures of all prepared compounds have been
identified by (I.R) technique, also some of the prepared compounds
have been identified by (1H-NMR,13C-NMR) techniques. The
biological activities have been carried out for some compounds such
as (9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17) against two types of bacteria such as
Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coil.

In the present study 25 stray cats were collected and dissected in order
to identify and diagnose the intestinal parasitic helminthes. The results
of the study demonstrated the infection of all stray cats with one or
more parasitic helmithes. The identified helminthes belonged to: three
species of trematodes which were Echinochasmus sp. (4%),
Heterophyes sp. (4%) and Prohemistomum sp. (4%), four species of
cestodes which were Diplopylidium sp. (24%), Dipylidium caninum
48%, Joyeuxiella pasqualei sp. (16%) and Taenia taeniaformis (12%),
and three species of nematodes which were Physaloptera preputalis
(4%), Toxocara cati (8%) and Toxoascaris leonina (8%). Three
species of trematodes (Echinochasmus, Heterophyes,
Prohemistomum) were isolated for the first time from stray cats in Iraq.