Gulf Economist

This study aimed to determine the role of applying the Saudi Building Code in reducing costs and improving the level of quality in the Asir region. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was used. The study population consisted of a random sample of beneficiaries, engineering offices and contractors in the Asir region. Randomly, the questionnaire was used as a study tool and distributed electronically, and (260) questionnaires were retrieved, of which (238) were valid for statistical analysis at a rate of (74%). Natural, natural, the application of the Saudi Code leads to the provision of architectural designs consistent with the surrounding environment.

The importance of the investment environment has become one of the important strategic economic issues for investment and overall economic development and development. Therefore, developing countries pay special attention to improving their investment environment through a variety of means, including changes in investment laws, incentives, facilities and guarantees they provide, as well as facilitating procedures for obtaining licenses and providing appropriate infrastructure for the business sector. From this standpoint, competition intensified between countries to obtain the best ranking in global indicators that highlight the role of the investment climate. As for Iraq, it occupies a low rank in international indicators because it is located in countries that do not enjoy economic freedom, and a low degree in the Corruption Perceptions Index, medium in human development, and lagging in globalization, in addition to the confusion of the Iraqi government and the National Investment Council in creating an appropriate investment environment that bears the elements of a successful environment. The aim of the research is to know the impact of the investment environment indicators on attracting and encouraging investment, the research used the questionnaire method because it was not possible to obtain all the data related to the research, and the most important conclusions reached by the research is that foreign investment has a major role in developing the competitiveness of the country, whether between internal sectors or With other countries, the research also found that the Iraqi investment environment is an attractive environment for foreign investment, but it lacks many of the ingredients that attract investment.

This research aims to shed light on the most important components that facilitate the implementation of management accounting practices by small and medium enterprises, in addition to knowing which of these components has priority in implementing management accounting practices. Of the 70 institutions, 62 valid questionnaires were obtained for statistical analysis. The results showed that one of the most important elements that help small and medium-sized enterprises in implementing management accounting practices are the organizational elements and the business environment of the institution, and that organizational concepts have priority in facilitating the process of implementing practices and then the elements of the environment Business

This research included estimating the reliability of the fuzzy cascade system of Weibull's distribution of one, two components and three components for each component of strength (x) and exposure to stress (y) through the presence of attenuation factor (k) which improves the path of the system, the Weibull distribution of the strength and stress variable with different shape parameters and different measurement parameters was used, the researcher also estimated the fuzzy marginal reliability per , as well as the study of the behavior of the reliability of the fuzzy cascade system and has used two methods to estimate the method of least squares the Shrinkage method, and to know the preference between them the researcher used the statistical criterion average squares of error (mse), The researcher concluded that the least squares method is the best when the sizes of the samples are small, while the preference of the shrinkage method when the sizes of the samples are medium and large, and the researcher also recommended paying attention to reliability and fog because they have an important role in practical life, as well as recommended choosing different distributions for both stress and strength.

The phenomenon of terrorism in Iraq during the past two decades has attracted increasing attention from the Iraqi government. Indeed, terrorism has become one of the most serious problems facing the economy. The economy has incurred many direct and indirect costs, and damaged the infrastructure in most of Iraq’s governorates, and caused destruction to various economic sectors, including In agriculture, industry and the service sector, there is a strong relationship between political stability on the one hand and the paths of economic development on the other, and therefore it can be said that terrorism is one of the most important challenges facing the economy because of the direct threat of terrorism represented in hitting the national economy, from this point of view comes the importance of this Research to clarify the economic effects of the phenomenon of terrorism on the overall economic activity as well as the effects caused by terrorism on the underlying structures and economic sectors and the accompanying increase in security and defense expenditures.

The research sheds light on ways to reduce institutional corruption and improve the investment climate in Iraq, as the Iraqi economy is one-sided, dependent on oil exports to finance the state's general budget. The challenges facing the Iraqi economy, especially the US occupation of Iraq and looting after the fall of the previous regime, led to the spread of institutional corruption in various economic sectors . Accordingly, the investment climate in Iraq, despite the advantages and guarantees offered to foreign and local investors through Investment Law (13) for the year 2006, which encourages attracting investments to Iraq, the rampant corruption in state institutions prevents them from attracting investors, including bureaucracy , bribery , nepotism and nepotism , which leads to a long period of completion of investment transactions , as well as obstacles to the investment climate components , including security and political instability . Through the foregoing, the study concludes that the investor faces corruption costs and risks. Therefore, improving the investment climate by eliminating corruption and improving political, economic and security stability encourages investment in Iraq

The study included the impact of oil revenues in Iraq on the industrial sector, which is a vital and important sector in achieving economic development, and in the formation of gross domestic product, but this sector subjected to a lot of ignorance by the Iraqi successive governments, and the trend and dependence on oil revenues obtained from export to form the national product or to build and rebuild the infrastructure or to provide the salaries of employees and so on. This makes the economic situation unstable and suffering from continuous imbalances in the balance of payments. The growth rate function was used for the purpose of analyzing the data of oil variables as well as analyzing the data of the industrial sector. The study also included the importance of industry as well as the importance of the manufacturing industry and what are the obstacles, they faced during the study period 2016-2020. The study recommended the necessity of paying attention to the industrial sector and allocating a larger part of the state budget to advance its reality and provide the necessary requirements to create suitable environment and encourage national industries.
KEYWORDS: Oil revenues in Iraq, the industrial sector, growth rates of oil revenues and industry