journal of Language Studies

Though D. H. Lawrence was not a mystic or a mystical poet, his poem "Shadows" is a mystical poem par excellence. However, this aspect has never been given its due of study. Due to the depth of the inexpressible mystical experience, mystical poets resort to symbolic language to render their experiences. This paper aims at exploring the poet's mystical experience in this poem and it is divided into two sections. The first section is introductory; it attempts to shed light on mysticism, its meaning and nature to reach at an acceptable definition of "mysticism". The second is devoted to a detailed analysis of the mystical experience and the main mystical symbols in the poem such as water, autumn, darkness, dry tree, blossoms, and the phoenix. The paper also shows the diversity of the poet's sources of this experience by relating it to Christian and even Islamic mystical thought or even to Indian mysticism. It also attempts to point out the major influences on Lawrence, namely those of the Spanish mystic John of the Cross, Islamic mysticism and Indian Mysticism. The last part of the poem is the conclusion which sums up the results of the study.

Reader Response Approach is one of these modern approaches which emphasizes on the creative role of the reader, so the current study sheds light on a fresh look at the reader response theory to enhance students’ performance through meaningful interactions with literature. It is an approach of teaching that gives the students opportunity to learn English , and helps them to learn and practice in class and solve their problem personally. Personal -Response approach is one of the literary criticism approachs in which the readers can involve their personal opinions, feelings, and background knowledge to create meanings of the text. Moreover, PRA helps the students’ reading comprehension by giving response o f what they read. The present study aims at: Investigating the impact of using personal response approach on developing the leveling of students' performance in EFL recognition and production and finding out the effectiveness of the personal response approach in improving efl students’ performance in learning English language. The hypothesis of the current study states that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean performance scores of the experimental groups’ recognition and production levels in the posttest.
To achieve the aim and confirm its hypothesis the experimental design which is Non- Randomized Experimental Group Pretest- Posttest Design is used. The sample of the current study consists of (60) students who have been chosen from fifth scientific stage at Ibn -Al-Muaatum secondary school for boys in Tikrit. (30) students have been chosen to be the experimental group, and (30) students have been chosen to be control group. Both groups have been equalized in such variables of educational level of parents, testees age, English grades achievement in fourth stage, and the pre-test of both groups. To analyze the obtained data, different statistical means have been used T-test, weighted mean and percentile mean to measure the students’ performance.

Passive voice refers to a syntactic phenomenon which is widely used in a language. The agentive passive construction which refers to a passive with overt agent is considered as one of the types of passive constructions which have great significance due to the role it does with regard to syntax, semantics and even to discourse. Its own consequence in these linguistic fields is reflected in its being a cohesive device which makes information appear in a logical order in which given and short information is put at the beginning provided that new and long information is placed at the end. It also helps to create a new sentence topic, moreover it completes the meaning of sentence due the important information it denotes. There are some problems to be met with regard to the agentive passive construction. It is worth mentioning that difficulty and ambiguity may be resulted in through both the deletion and retention of the agent. The other problem is that unacceptability can be created as a result of lack knowledge of semantic roles. This study aims at showing the appropriate comprehension of English agentive passive. It also aims at disambiguating situation caused by the omission or the retention of the agent besides knowing where to add or remove the agent in passive voice.

This paper is devoted for discussing cohesion as a main element in writing English texts with now and then reference to coherence since the two terms are closely interrelated components. Therefore, the researchers try to distinguish between cohesion and coherence by stating the differences between them.
Cohesion means the way or the process of connecting two sentences together, whereas coherence, on the other hand, indicates the clarity of meaning and balance of a piece of writing or a text. This research focuses on the nature of grammatical cohesion in English by demonstrating its chief function. A real attempt is made to identify the types and divisions of cohesion.

Blended learning is an instructional approach that gathers digital educational knowledge and chances for connection electronically with traditional classroom strategies and techniques. It focuses on the foundation of physical foundation of both instructor and learner, with many requirements of learners control over place, setting ,and time. The purpose of this study is to reveal the effectiveness of blending learning on EFL college students’ writing abilities .
To achieve the aim of the present study, a sample of (139)Iraqi EFL college students randomly chosen from college of Education/ University of Babylon . The total number of second-year students is 139, which has already been divided into two sections: A (60 students) and B (43 students), which are chosen at random to represent the experimental and control groups, respectively.After that, a posttest is created. The test is given to both the experimental and control groups. During the test, students must pay attention to five components of writing that are evaluated in the assessment: content, organization, grammar, vocabulary, and mechanics.
The main findings show that employing a blended learning technique in the classroom can assist college students enhance three out of five components of their writing; content, structures and grammar , and vocabulary. This could be due to the fact that blending learning strategy is integrative and connected face to face and online learning.

Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between cultural intelligence and language proficiency as well as seeks to identify Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence levels. To this end, 400 students were selected randomly from different Iraqi universities / Colleges of Education/ English Departments / during the academic year (2020- 2021) as a sample for this study. Those 400 students were asked to respond to a cultural intelligence scale containing 20 items. After validating the adopted scale, Iraqi EFL University students' cultural intelligence was measured and compared by using ANOVA. Findings indicated that Iraqi EFL University students possess a good level of cultural intelligence and there is a significant relationship between cultural intelligence and Language Proficiency. Finally, the results were discussed and some suggestions were made for further studies

It is commonly stated that the modern era is known as the age of upheavals. Colonialism has altered people all over the world, and transculturalism has become a global phenomenon. Writers, particularly, novelists managed to depict identity crises in their literary works. The study will be based on a textual analysis of Caryl Phillips’s A Distant Shore, focusing on Homi Bhabha’s concept of ‘hybridity’, Krestiva’s ‘dislocation’ and Edward Said’s notion of ‘self-other’. The aim of the paper is to explore the themes of hybrid identities and painful negotiations based on the experience of the protagonists in the selected text. The objective of the study is to identify the characters who suffer individual mobility and the causes behind, to investigate the relationships between the immigrants and the new environment, and to show the kind of identity the immigrants will lead in the future. The research will answer the following questions: What circumstances make the protagonists migrate? How immigrants can cope with others in the new country? And how displacement affects in shaping the identity of the immigrant characters in the selected novel? The paper consists of introduction, critical comments on the text, and definitions of theoretical concepts according to the selected work, and a conclusion.

The aim of this study is to find the types and to explain meta-discourse strategies used in Joe Biden’s selected speech. The study also tries to analyze the selected data by using the Hyland (2005) method or model in which meta-discourse is sorted in to two main kinds Textual and Interpersonal. The study has reached a number of conclusions; the most significant one is that interpersonal meta-discourse is frequently used by Biden for the purpose of affecting and directing American people.
The study tries to have the answers to the following Questions:-
1-What type of meta-discourse markers used in Joe Biden’s selected speech?
2-What are the frequencies of the interactional and interpersonal meta-discourse markers in the selected speech?
3-What are the most important functions of meta-discourse in Biden’s speech?

This paper sheds light on the students' attitudes about Visual Learning (VL) during online Consecutive Interpreting (CI) courses and to what extent this type of education is important to influence the skills required in performing consecutive interpreting. This type of oral communication demands good skills in order to receive the source message comprehensibly form the speaker and render it accurately and efficiently in the Second Language(SL). CI is initiated when the interpreter receives the Source Message( SM) from the speaker and renders it within a specific period of time into Target Message (TM) to the listener. This paper shows how the VL influences the students' skills required when they interpret consecutively . Forty students from Department of Translation/ College of Arts/ University of Tikrit have been selected as respondents to see if the VL has affected their performance in CI during a distance learning course due to COV-19 pandemic instructions. Ten-items questionnaire has been distributed to the students after studying an online course in CI to see their attitudes towards this course and to what extent their learning influenced by technological apps.

This study attempts to investigate Iraqi EFL learners' production of impoliteness strategies according to their gender, age, and place of residence. For the sake of achieving this aim, the study hypothesizes that there is no statistically significant difference between the calculated value and the tabulated value of the production test of impoliteness strategies used by Iraqi EFL learners according to their gender, age, and place of residence. A test, which is the source of the data, is used to test the hypotheses of the study. A sample of (140) Iraqi EFL college students at the fourth year stage, Department of English, College of Education of Human Sciences, University of Tikrit, participated in responding to the test. The data collected from the test is analyzed according to Culpeper (1996). The results of this study indicate that gender, age, and place of residence affect Iraqi EFL learners' production of impoliteness strategies.

This paper is based on social and literary critique. Literature reflects human existence through expressing a vast spectrum of human emotions, feelings, and behaviours. People can transcend human creativity into something larger than life and beyond their imagination through literary art. Numerous references, scientific investigations, and literary works have been written about Racism. An octoroon by Branden Jacobs-Jenkins is one of the literary works that analyse such phenomena. The researchers are called literary critics since she evaluates and analyse the selected literary work to achieve the study\\\'s objectives. The researchers look at this literary endeavour from two angles: intrinsic and extrinsic and then apply the genetic structuralism theory. This paper tries to answer questions such as \\"Do Blacks in America confront a variety of forms of white racism?\\" and \\" What are the important things for Blacks to continue their struggle against racism and win equity?\\"

Dynamic Assessment focuses on understanding learner’s abilities to acquire the skills after being exposed to mediation. The problem is that a large number of teachers affirm that the results of summative assessment are not satisfactory and they do not represent their students’ actual potential. This study endeavors to explore EFL university teachers’ awareness of dynamic assessment (DA), investigating their opinion of DA as well as identifying their implementation of DA in their EFL classes. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to obtain the data. The informants were 15 EFL teachers in four universities who were selected by using purposive sampling. The findings of the study indicated that EFL university teachers are unaware of dynamic assessment. It is confirmed that they lack theoretical knowledge of DA. However, the study revealed that teachers’ practical use of DA is limited. Furthermore, the results unveiled that EFL teachers have positive attitudes towards DA.