KARBALĀʾ HERITAGE Quarterly Authorized Journal Specialized in Karbalāʾ Heritage

Language as a means of communication takes the social context as a basis for application in use and usage. All languages display meanings for the purposes of informativity، persuasion and communication، relying on this operational social context. Such context determines meaning، its frames، its patterning and semantic systems. The general rule for this is: comprehension and understanding. However، lexical patterning in textual grammar is an effective level expressive of the text-as-culture، based on particular resources realizing the views and intellect of language users and their ability to behave in life، since this can invest experiential and materialistic matters in the world of symbols، thought، and meanings in text. Sheikh Al-Kaf›ami in his “Safwat as-Sifat fi Sharh Dua’ As-Simat’’ adopts definite operational lexical models to reveal: lexical patterning of words، textuality of words inside and outside the text، and lexical paradigms of substitution and agreement. He also adopts particular parameters of description، explanation، and textual analysis that roughly approximate the frame of “textual grammar”. The goals behind these parameters are to unearth the cohesion and coherence، aesthetic functions، accurate employment، impressive communicative contexts، and communicative competence of lexical items.

The “Study of Reporters’’ and “Hadith Documentation’’ have always been significant to scholars، researchers، and specialists in transmitting Hadith of Ahlul-Bait(The Pure Family of the Prophet Muhammed P.B.U.T) for being a basis to the authenticity of such valued transmission. Scholars have diverse views and premises with regard to documenting or weakening hadith. One of the general methods of documenting is “Reporting via the Exalted Personage”، stated، proved or refuted by great scholars in their books and discussions. Among them is Al-Sheikh Muhammed bin Al-Hasan bin Al-Sheikh Zainul-Abidin Al-Amili، a well-known figure in Jabel Amil، settled for long nearby Al-Ha’ir Al-Husseini(the area around the holy shrine of Imam Al-Hussein).
This present research investigates this science، the scholarly heritage of the two prominent schools in this field، reporting via the exalted personage in Al-Amili›s outstanding book “Istiqsa› Al-I›tibar fi Sharh Al-Istibsar”. Though it is simple، this research also attempts to shed the light on his biography، correcting the matter of “Reporting via the Exalted Personage” in line with his views، and to discuss as possible the related stocks of evidence in this regard.

It is quite known that holy cities and their Islamic schools have an important role in Islamic sciences and knowledge for students and researches. From time to another، some schools are highly distinctive than others، such as those of Makkah، Madinah، Tus، Qum، Hilla، Karbala، Najaf، Baghdad، etc. Karbala school has attracted many researchers، scholars، and investigators including: Al-Muhaqaq Al-Naraqi، the author of “Mustanad Al-Shi›a” and “Awa›id Al-Aiyyam”. This scholar is remarkably skilled and proficient at jurisprudence and Usul، with some theories of his own. Specifically، with regard to “Evidence Incongruity”، he investigated this issue due to “Inversion of Ascription Theory” and collected all indices semantically and conventionally. He is considered the first one who spotlighted this theory، which is followed and adopted by all scholars coming after him، from the time of Al-Sheikh Al-Ansari till now. That is، any Usul investigator who negatively or positively attempts to speak in or write in or about this theory must necessarily come across the role of Al-Muhaqaq Al-Naraqi in its editing، application in jurisprudence deduction and reasoning، and in dealing with different stocks of evidence.
The present research focuses on this theory as transferred by Al-Sheikh Murtadha Al-Ansari on behalf of Al-Muhaqiq Al-Naraqi، exploiting the latter›s views in “Awa›id Al-Aiyyam”، the benefits from the theory، and application in jurisprudence in more than thirty situations detailed in the book entitled “Inqilab Al-Nisba”(Inversion of Ascription) Theory، published by Dar Al-Furat، Hilla.

Al-Shihristani family is one of the deeply rooted families known for serving the noble message of Islam. An outstanding figure of this family is Sayyed Mohammad Hussein bin Mohammad Ali bin Mohammad Hussein bin Mohammad Al-Shihristani Al-Ha’iri(4th. A.H.); the author of many books in different mental and transmitted fields. The current bibliographic study presents this figure، his biography، his published books، his manuscripts، few of his “Ijazas”(testimonials) that are in hand.

Karbala has witnessed a noticeable scientific prosperity toward the end of the 3rd. and the end of the 4th. hijri centuries، till nowadays. Through ten centuries a lot of scientific and intellectual figures have been widely known، including women. Karbala›i women have participated significantly in the scientific movement، thus، their roles and activities are presented to readers with their biography and intellectual background and legacy. This research is divided into an introduction and three sections. The first section is entitled(Features of the Scientific Movement in Karbala till the 4th. Hijri Century)، the second is devoted to(The Scientific Influence of Women in Karbala during the 3rd. Hijri Century)، and the third one is about(The Scientific Influence of Women in Karbala during the 4th. Hijri Century). The research has ended up with some conclusions.

The current research traces an unheard-of-figure in Shiism، a student and a follower of Al-Sheikh Murtadha bin Mohammad Ameen Al-Ansari(d. 1281 A.H.) who licensed him. Mohammad bin Abdul-Wahab Al-Hamadani was Shi›i jurisprudent، a grammarian، a linguist، an author، and gained an upper hand in literature. He traveled to Karbala، worked as a scholar and a tutor in it، a historian recording the expansion in the Holy Shrine of Al-Hussein. He was well-known judge in Al-Kadhimya. He was a student and worked as a tutor in Karbala. Little is recorded about his biography، life، and status. However، this research illuminates too much about this Shiism figure through sections related to: biography، “Ijazas” by his tutors، and his “Ijazas” for his students.

The current research traces an unheard-of-figure in Shiism، a student and a follower of Al-Sheikh Murtadha bin Mohammad Ameen Al-Ansari(d. 1281 A.H.) who licensed him. Mohammad bin Abdul-Wahab Al-Hamadani was Shi›i jurisprudent، a grammarian، a linguist، an author، and gained an upper hand in literature. He traveled to Karbala، worked as a scholar and a tutor in it، a historian recording the expansion in the Holy Shrine of Al-Hussein. He was well-known judge in Al-Kadhimya. He was a student and worked as a tutor in Karbala. Little is recorded about his biography، life، and status. However، this research illuminates too much about this Shiism figure through sections related to: biography، “Ijazas” by his tutors، and his “Ijazas” for his students.

This current study concentrates on a poem written by the Karbala’i poet ‘’ Jawad Badqat Al-Asadi ‘’ in elegizing Imam Al-Hussein. This ‘aniyya-rhyming poem is considered the masterpiece among his poems، as believed by Sayyed Hadi Al-Tu›ma، the rectifier of Badqat›s divan. In order to get into the aesthetic values، communicative effect، and stylistic distinctiveness، the present research studies the poem through an introduction and three sections. The introduction examines the background of the poet. The first section is devoted to the poem› framework and its patterning: preface، main body of content، conclusion. The second section is dedicated to the thematic structure of the poem: Imam Al-Hussein and his killing، and the circumstances of the Al-Hussein›s family captives. The third section handles the inner structuring of the poem through its poetics: lexical items، styles employed in the poem، and rhythm. By adopting a rhetorical-stylistic approach، the research gets into the aims of the study and concludes some points pertaining to the issue under study.

Music discriminates between prose and poetry in symmetrical frames that suite the general atmosphere of the poem and the poet’s aims dressed in words and colored with his emotions and his(un)consciousness. This research handles the inner music of a well-known poem that elegizes Imam Al-Hussein. Lexical and sound repetitions are both studied in this research. To the best knowledge of researchers، no one has studied this poem before.
The prosodic meter of this poem is ‹Al-Tawil›، i.e. ‹Dactyl› in Greek terms of poetry as in(Faʿūlun Mafāʿīlun Faʿūlun Mafāʿilun(فَعُولُنْ مَفَاعِيلُنْ فَعُولُنْ مَفَاعِلُنْ)| u – x | u – x – | u – x | u – u – |). This meter is highly suitable for gloominess، grief، and pain، seen in elegy. The poet stars his poem remembering ancient ruins and communicating the sense of flirtation. The whole poem is full with figures of speech، such as: antithesis and epanalepsis، with rare use of paronomasia. The study has concluded that such repetition of sounds has achieved the purpose of the poet and the general atmosphere of the poem.

Husseini poetry has taken a distinctive position within the realm of Arabic and Iraqi poetry for the attentive focus of its poets towards Ahlul-Bait(The Prophet’s Pure Family). This poetry shows a highly noticeable mark، exceeding the spatio-temporal setting through poets› imagination، that acts as a source of inspiration and emotional and mental revelation. This is reflected in audiences› stimulation، reception، and interaction with the universal case of Imam Al-Hussein by the efforts of Karbala›i poets and their poetic creativity.
This research studies the stylistic poetics of Husseini poetry seen in particular committed Karbala›i poetry productions that are marked with loyalty، creative and aesthetic values، and prominent identity. The study focuses on those poets who pictured the political، religious، and moral aspects of the revolution of Imam Al-Hussein case; Senior Muhsin Abu Al-Hab، Junior Muhsin Abu Al-Hab، and Jawad Bidqat). The research is divided into an introduction and four sections. The introduction presents the poets under study. The first section studies the phonological patterning، under «Rhythmical Poetics’’، via: music-rhythm alternation and rhyme-phonological focus phenomena. The second section handles poetic image foregrounding through: substitution and resemblance structuring، aesthetics of foregrounded structuring، and aesthetics of verbs assembling. The third section is limited to the poetics of iron and paradox. The fourth section is devoted to the poetics of repetition. The study has reached into some conclusions in this regard.

Stylistics can be considered a critical approach to the linguistic and semantic phenomena in literary texts through: semantic aspects of linguistic occurrences، structural patterns and their expressive functions، aesthetic values and their persuasive effects. Stylistics then demonstrates writers’ points of view، ideology، and tendency.
This study investigates descriptively those stylistic aspects of linguistic، artistic، and ideological orientations in Senior Muhsin Abu Al-Hab›s Poem “Elegizing Imam Al-Hussein and the by-Will-Martyrs”. The study has concluded that the poet employs stylistic features، images، metaphor، synecdoche، and similes to unfold his emotions and feelings with regard to his ultimate goals.

Mohammad Taqi bin Hussein Ali Al-Harawi Al-Ha’iri is considered a distinguished figure and instructor of Hawza of Holy Karbala in the 13th. century. He is a graduate of Hawzas of Asfahan، Najaf، and Karbala. He made use of all these hawzas and their famous figures and scholars. He spent most of his life writing، rectifying، and verifying impressively and memorably in various Islamic fields like: jurisprudence، usul، reporting and documenting Hadith، theology، and exegesis of Quran and Hadith. Among these workings is his “Majalis Al-Wa›dh”(Gatherings of Moralized Admonitions) Monograph that critically explains and interprets Quran Ayahs.
This monograph includes fourteen gatherings advise، exhort، preach، and induce cautiously people to commit to morals and good deeds and encourage them to have virtues and moralities. At the beginning of each gathering، Al-Ha›iri starts with an ayah from Quran; followed by its exegesis، due to reported Hadiths chained to Ahlul-Bait(The Prophet›s Pure Family); other expositions by Ahlul-Bait are also stated; some other chronicles of well-remembered events with definitive goals، and then concluded with the killing event of Imam Al-Hussein. This rectifying and verifying depends on the version of the library of “The Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia”، under no. 1565.

Hawza of Karbala is an active hawza in the 2nd. hijri century. The glorified late renewer، Al-Allama، and the jurisprudent of Ahlul-Bait Sheikh Yousef bin Ahmad Aal-›Usfur Al-Darrazi Al-Bahrani is one of the great scholars who activated hawza of Karbala. Hadith reporting and documenting was impressively flourished through the efforts of the Sheikh، where he certified some of his students in this field via three types: opened/extended، moderate، and shortened. This research spotlights the following issues: tutors of Sheikh Yousef، his certified students and followers in reporting and documenting Hadith، drawing attention to his published “Ijazas” and reviewing and assessing them، rectifying and verifying the texts of those unpublished “Ijazas”.

A rapid review of Islamic teachings shows a strong emphasis of this religion on gaining knowledge. The establishment of an institution to accomplish such teachings and encouragements is a long process and uneven history, starting with masjids, houses, madrasas, and ending with hawzas and scientific schools. The history of education in Shi‘a culture, particularly at the time of Imam Occultation, has led to the establishment of different seminaries, among which are the schools of Qum, Ray, Baghdad, Najaf, Isfahan, Karbala, etc.
This paper first briefly looks at some of the most important Shi‘i schools which during the course of history and then touches upon the school of Karbala and its contribution to the Shi‘a heritage. The characteristics of this seminary school, its great scholars, and its important works in Islamic sciences are presented. Different approaches applied by the scholars of this school in particular, the events which took place at Akhbari-Usuli disputes as well as its role against colonial powers are also investigated.