Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing advanced and developing economies, in light of the negative repercussions of this phenomenon, especially on the performance of developing countries in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030, which requires the combined efforts of the three development sectors, public, private and civil society, to confront the economic and environmental impacts of climate change, through cooperation and joint efforts with relevant international organizations and bodies. In this research, which is based on the descriptive approach, we will explain the concept of climate change, its multiple causes, and its economic and environmental impacts, and analyze the gaps in the performance of countries, including Iraq, in confronting climate change using international indicators concerned with climate change and climate policies issued by international institutions and bodies concerned with the climate and environment file such as the climate change index, the climate change risk index, the air quality index and the environmental performance index. Concerning the repercussions of the changing climate on the economic and environmental situation in Iraq, and providing realistic solutions to confront climate change that are not limited to mitigating damage only, but also extend to adapting for the future. The research also aims to formulate a comprehensive national strategy to confront climate change to reduce the environmental and economic impacts of climate change, provided that this strategy includes programs and projects that contribute to confronting the risks of climate change, especially since Iraq has qualified human capabilities from graduates of environmental engineering and environmental sciences who are able to implement these projects and programs.

The research aims to analyze and estimate the impact of global competitiveness indicators on attracting foreign direct investment to the Gulf Cooperation Council countries classified within the global competitiveness indicators for the period (2010-2018)and based on data published by the World Bank and the World Economic Forum and using standard models based on balanced panel data (Balanced Panel Data)represented by the Generalized Moment Methodology(GMM). The results reached the negative impact of the competitiveness index on attracting foreign direct investment in the countries of the study sample, which requires the Gulf Cooperation Council countries to make an effort to increase the levels of competitiveness to raise the rates of foreign direct investment flow in the sample countries

The research aims to analyze the complementary relationship in the uses of financial abundance in achieving sustainable economic growth. To achieve this goal, the deductive approach was used with the use of the descriptive analytical method using analysis tools by analyzing the data related to the general budget structure and the structure of public revenues, the growth rate of the real gross domestic product in Iraq for the period (2014-2022). Accordingly, the researcher concluded that the Iraqi economy is characterized by weak diversification in the sources of output, as the contribution of the oil sector reached (60%) compared to (40%) for other sectors. Also, the economic growth rates do not indicate sustainability because they were not achieved by mobilizing financial abundance with productive and service uses. Therefore, those in charge of financial policy must take into account directing financial abundance towards uses related to services and production in a way that contributes to stimulating sustainable economic growth in the Iraqi economy.

The researcher conducted his current research, which aimed to identify the tax policies in effect in the Iraqi state and their impact on economic development, as the descriptive approach is the approach used in this research due to its suitability to the goal of the research, as it will be aided by the sources and literature that addressed the variables of the current research and based on the statistics issued by the General Tax Authority and the Ministry of Finance and the Financial Control Department, a set of conclusions were drawn, including: The deteriorating conditions experienced by Iraq from the security and political situation greatly affected the tax reality and negatively. The percentage of tax revenues increases whenever the general situation is characterized by stability. Direct taxes constitute the largest percentage of tax revenue, while indirect tax revenue is considered low compared to direct taxes. Based on these conclusions, he recommended several recommendations, including:
1-Updating the tax system is a crucial step that must be taken to strengthen the Iraqi economy. Collection methods, follow-up, inventory, estimation and assessment systems must be developed, in addition to improving the technological methods on
which these processes depend.
2-New taxes that are compatible with economic activity in Iraq must be designed and implemented effectively to contribute to enhancing financial revenues and determining expenditures appropriately without affecting the economic balance.

The study aims to shed light on the reality of the application of financial technology in the banking sector while clarifying the conceptual framework of financial technology and financial fragility. It also aims to demonstrate the role played by financial technology in reducing and mitigating the effects of financial fragility in the banking sector. The research is based on the descriptive analytical approach. The reality of financial technology and the development of the use of this technology in the Iraqi banks under study were studied, in addition to studying financial fragility by relying on the Sherrod model for the period from 2013 to 2022 to test the hypothesis that "the use of financial technology leads to mitigating and limiting the effects of financial fragility in private commercial banks in Iraq." The research concluded with results, the most important of which is that the use of financial technology means does not affect the financial fragility of the banks under study, and even if this effect is found, it is a very weak effect. The research recommended enhancing investment in financial technology especially in the field of establishing and developing its infrastructure

This study aims to shed light on the importance of common stock valuation tools and models in decisions related to financing and investment, by using a sample of Iraqi banks listed in the financial markets during the period from 2013 to 2022. The study deals with the valuation of common stocks and determining whether they are valued at less or more than their real value in the stock market, using advanced financial models and the portfolio method. By analyzing a sample of ten local banks operating in various sectors, the hypothesis was that investing in stocks that are under or overvalued can lead to higher returns in the long term compared to investing in stocks that are traded at their actual market value. Quantitative analysis was used to prove this. Stocks were evaluated based on their market value and their real value, focusing on the differences between them. The results showed that some stocks were undervalued, providing investment opportunities for investors, while others were overvalued, calling for caution in making investment decisions. From this standpoint, we conclude that diversifying the investment portfolio by including a variety of stocks that are under or overvalued can help reduce overall risks. This requires investors to continuously monitor and periodically evaluate the stocks that make up the portfolio.

The research aims to identify and analyze the determinants of credit card usage in banks in Erbil Governorate and the factors affecting the use of these cards to address the lack of liquidity and benefit from the advantages of using credit cards and get rid of the disadvantages of paper money. The research focused on several hypotheses about the impact of customers' use of credit cards in Erbil Governorate. To answer the research problem and its hypotheses and achieve its objectives, the inductive approach was relied upon for the research under study through a sample of the workforce in the public and private sectors. The research sample amounted to (130) respondents, from which (120) forms were retrieved, and (106) forms were valid for analysis through the ready statistical program (SPSSVersion27). The research concluded that there are various factors affecting individuals' use of credit cards in Erbil Governorate, especially those reasons related to the weakness of electronic banking culture and individuals' lack of knowledge of how to use these cards. The research also recommended that Iraqi banks spread awareness and culture about the benefits of using credit cards and how to overcome the obstacles and difficulties that people face when using them, through various media outlets and holding seminars in schools, universities and other institutions to introduce credit cards.

The research deals with the e-government approach as one of the most important modern tools that can provide many advantages to the public sector in general and the General Tax Authority in particular, most notably reducing corruption and bureaucracy, which works to develop the organizational structure of state institutions in a way that helps reduce costs and effectiveness in performance. Therefore, these advantages will reduce cases of tax evasion in the Authority. The research aims to find out the extent to which e-government can be applied in the Authority to reduce tax evasion during the second half of 2022. The field survey method was used by designing a questionnaire form and it was distributed to the research sample consisting of 140 employees from the Authority's headquarters in addition to 8 branches (A'dhamiyah, Al-Hurriyah, Karkh Al-Atraf, Karkh Al-Markaz, Al-Bayaa, Babylon, Al-Mahawil, and Al-Musayyab branch). The research reached several results, the most important of which is that automating tax operations through the application of e-government in the General Tax Authority achieves many advantages for employees and taxpayers. By using electronic payment and deposit methods, the time and cost of intensify government efforts to develop an applicable strategy aimed at diagnosing challenges and providing appropriate requirements for implementing e-government in the Authority, as well as the need to create the appropriate legislative climate required by this transformation. completing transactions can be reduced in addition to increasing compliance rates and reducing corruption, in addition to limiting tax evasion. In return, several recommendations were presented, the most prominent of which is the need to

This study aims to identify the reality of the tools of fiscal and monetary policies and unemployment rates in Iraq for the period 1990-2020, as well as experimental verification of the impact of fiscal and monetary policies on unemployment rates. Econometric tests were used to find out the stability of time series and the co-integration of economic variables, and then the ARDL model then building a model which includes the tools of both policies together to show the degree of complementarity and coordination between them in affecting unemployment rates.The study concluded that there is an inverse and significant relationship for all variables of fiscal policy on unemployment rates in the short term. while each of the variables of gross domestic product and oil revenues was associated with a direct and significant relationship with unemployment in the long term, thus contradicting the logic of the economic theory. And the variation of monetary policy tools in affecting unemployment rates, as the discount rate is the most influential tool on unemployment, in addition to the insignificance of the interest rate in influencing unemployment rates. As for coordination between the two policies, the results indicated that there is coordination between the two policies in affecting unemployment with a variation in the effect of the tools used for the two policies; their effect was weak based on the sizes of the estimated parameters. Among the most important proposals reached by the research are: Working to enhance coordination between fiscal and monetary policy by removing all obstacles to the independence of the Central Bank and searching for other sources to finance the deficit in the general budget instead of relying on monetary issuance.

The research aims to measure and analyze the relationship between tax and private consumer spending in Iraq for the period(2004-2020)using the SVAR model. The research is based on the hypothesis that there is an inverse relationship between tax and private consumer spending in Iraq. The research concluded that there is an inverse relationship between tax and private consumer spending in Iraq. In addition, increasing taxes by(1%)will lead to a decrease in consumer spending by(0.12%)as a result of consumption relying on relative income(the ratio of individuals' income to the income of others)and thus the dependence of household spending on the spending of neighbouring families due to the imitation and simulation factor due to their influence on the environment or social environment. When taxes increase individuals tend to maintain the same or similar consumption pattern even with a decrease in income, i.e. spending the entire income on consumption or even borrowing in order not to reduce their social value. The research recommends the necessity of studying the possibility of replacing taxes imposed on private consumer spending with value-added taxes or sales taxes, taking into consideration basic goods and services that primarily affect low-income earners, with the necessity of imposing taxes that are proportionate to the taxpayer's tax base. In addition, making the tax system adopt multiple objectives such as revenue and tax justice, while providing flexibility for this to obtain the required response. This will provide the possibility of reforming this system by the requirements of general economic policy and the changes that may occur, through a periodic review of all legislative, economic and technical aspects to issue a new income tax law to evaluate the performance of the tax system in Iraq.

The research aims to clarify the impact of government health investment spending on some indicators of the effectiveness of the health sector during the period 2012-2021. The problem of the study was summarized by the decline in investment spending in the health sector and its inability to advance this vital sector. As for the goal, the study sought to shed light on the importance and role of government investment spending in the health sector. Accordingly, the basic hypothesis was based on the weakness of the impact of the aforementioned spending in the health sector. To cover the research topic, the most important theoretical concepts of government health investment spending were addressed the importance and components of government health investment spending in Iraq. As for the practical aspect, the ARDL model was adopted, through which the hypothesis was proven and it became clear that the impact of government health investment spending was weak due to the lack of investment allocations for the health sector. Finally, the research adopted several recommendations, the most important of which is that the government should raise the level of government health investment spending, enhance the development of the health industry and enhance sustainable economic growth in Iraq

The research aims to use smart technologies, which are part of the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, including advanced robotics, in the agricultural sector as a vital and important sector, especially in the cultivation of rice, as it is an important strategic product and is relied upon as a major food source to achieve self-sufficiency. Advanced robot technology was used, represented by the pivotal spraying system which relies on artificial intelligence, sensors and the Internet of Things technologies to rationalize water consumption in rice cultivation and reduce water consumption costs and irrigation fees. Due to water scarcity and climate change in recent times, it has become necessary to find solutions to the problems facing the agricultural sector to achieve sustainability, as reliance on traditional methods in the cultivation and production of rice leads to waste in water resources and thus high costs and low quality of crop production.

The research dealt with a conceptual presentation of the roles of financial technology in the payment system, with the analysis directed towards electronic payment technology and stating the justifications for the global shift towards this technology and its interpretations and what it carries of developmental importance embodied in financial inclusion, and monetary embodied in controlling banking liquidity at more than one level, and then presenting the structural indicators of the electronic payments environment and analyzing the indicator for the infrastructure of electronic payment methods, which is the electronic banking spread index represented by automated teller machines and point-of-sale devices (ATM-POS) in Iraq and some advanced Arab countries in adopting this technology for the period (2017-2021). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that electronic payment methods play an important role in the country's monetary policy through their impact on controlling banking liquidity and the cash mass in the country, and their importance is no less at the developmental level through their impact on expanding the levels of financial inclusion by spreading automated teller machines and point-of-sale devices to the farthest geographical point. The research also reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which is to enhance cooperation between banks and operators of automated teller machines to expand the network of ATMs available in major and remote areas of Iraq.

To demonstrate the role of the existing facilities of the Central Bank of Iraq in monetary stability as one of the important tools of the newly developed monetary policy of Iraq during the period (2004-2021), four main models were estimated for the relationship between the monetary stability coefficient and the variables of monetary policy (traditional and newly developed) in linear and non-linear formulas and according to the backward stepwise regression estimation method. The results of the economic, statistical and standard analysis of these estimated models showed that the third-step model for the first monetary stability coefficient in the linear formula is the best, as the value of (R-2) indicated that about (44.3%) of the changes in the monetary stability coefficient were caused by the variables of monetary policy in the model, and about (55.4%) of them were caused by variables not included in the model, including the variables of fiscal policy and the general budget, especially public expenditures. The (F, T) tests indicate the significance of the regression and the significance of the parameters of the influential variables, in addition to the value of the (D.W) test confirming the absence of the problem of autocorrelation. The economic analysis of the model indicates the weak impact of the variables of traditional monetary policy tools (legal reserve ratio, rediscount rate of commercial papers) on monetary stability due to the presence of surplus reserves in commercial banks, the lack of dealing in commercial papers to settle commercial obligations, and the presence of an impact of the treasury transfers variable, which is consistent with the economic reality of Iraq in that the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank of Iraq use this tool in some years when oil revenues decline to finance public expenditures, especially current expenditures. As for the impact of the newly created monetary policy tools, there was an impact of the variable of the Central Bank's existing deposit facilities, in addition to the impact of the Central Bank's foreign currency sales window (dollar) on the monetary stability coefficient, so the Central Bank must continue using its traditional monetary policy tools, especially (treasury transfers) and the newly created ones represented by the existing deposit facilities and the Central Bank's foreign currency sales to control the money supply in order to achieve monetary stability for Iraq, in addition to the necessity of coordination and harmony between financial and monetary policies to achieve this stability.

The aim of this research is to know the impact of some specific factors on the disposable income of families in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq during the year (2022). These factors include the number of working family members, their level of education, the salaries they receive, and the surrounding environment. The research also aims to assess the availability of good education opportunities and their role in achieving justice in income distribution in the region. To achieve these goals, the statistical analysis included estimating descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The concept of multiple correlation was used, and multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the research hypotheses based on the Weighted Least Squares method. The results showed a direct relationship between the monthly disposable income of the family and some independent variables. These variables include the number of working women in the family, the number of working family members, age and gender, irregular salary, the number of years of education completed, the number of children who did not reach working age, and the surrounding environment. Finally, the validity and quality of the model used and its consistency with the actual data were verified. Standard problems were also tested and confirmed to have no significant effect on the model used.

Human capital is one of the most important basic components in building societies and the essence of the sustainable development process, which places the issue of human empowerment at the forefront of the priorities of governments and decision-makers around the world. On this basis, this study addresses issues related to the importance of human capital as a basic and decisive factor in the development process, not to mention its sustainability. Then, it discusses the important factors affecting human capital, which together form the incubating environment for it without which we cannot talk about human capital, nor can we talk about the existence of a human resource that can be relied upon in the development process. Finally, the research reached a set of conclusions upon which a set of recommendations was built. We conclude that human capital in Iraq faces a set of challenges that prevent its improvement and that the recommendation is to work increasingly to address the development of human capital by diagnosing and addressing its implications.

The present study aims to analyze the relationship between the diversity of public revenues and the composition of Iraq's GDP by highlighting three basic public revenues approved in the Iraqi general budget. (Zedalis, 2007): (oil revenues, tax revenues, and other revenues), and then measure the extent to which the diversity of the public revenue’s base affects the diversity of GDP by measuring and analyzing the relationship between these revenues and GDP. The importance of the current study stems from the fact that it focuses on the need to diversify the general revenue base to ensure that the necessary financial resources are available to spend on various economic activities. Which in turn provides the development of the composition of the GDP of the state(Fildes, 1988), The study reached several important conclusions in this regard, most notably that the variable tax revenues (TR) had no significant impact on the composition of GDP as it came (Prob) for the variable (0.077) This percentage is greater than 5% which is an indication of the weak contribution of tax revenues to the composition of Iraq's GDP. The following questions can highlight the study problem

Financial performance is crucial in making strategic decisions and is highly used by managers to outline their future operations. In large-scale companies like energy companies analyzing financial performance is of utmost importance. In this regard, the present study attempts to evaluate the financial performance of DANA GAS Company in Iraq from 2007Q1 to 2021Q4 using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The study contributes to a better understanding of the relationships between financial indicators and revenue growth in the energy sector. The VECM approach provides a useful tool for evaluating financial performance, allowing companies to identify areas for improvement and make data-driven decisions. The analysis reveals significant long-term relationships between financial indicators and revenue growth. Profitability, return on assets and liquidity with the company's revenue growth. However, the return on equity shows a negative sign, while the company size is insignificant. The findings have implications for strategic decision-making and financial management practices aimed at enhancing Dana Gas Company's financial performance and resilience in dynamic market environments