Political Sciences Journal

This study analyses the factors behind the listing and anticipated delisting of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) within the scope of the Chinese- British relations. This study answers the following questions: what are the circumstances that led to listing the ETIM? What could be the potential factors for delisting it by the UK, and how have the Sino-British ties evolved since the listing of ETIM in 2016? What are the implications of listing Chinese terrorist groups on Chinese-British relations? We attempt to answer the above questions by analyzing the evolution of the Chinese-British relations and their claimed \'Golden Era\' through descriptive and comparative analysis. We conclude that the British proscription process is used more as a diplomatic tool to manage foreign relations as the majority of proscribed organizations are not seen as posing a direct internal threat to the UK\'s domestic security. This comes with a comparison to the USA’s position in listing the ETIM after 2001 and delisting it nearly two decades later to navigate strategic ties within the international community. As China\'s position shifts in the international community, the proscription of terrorist organizations changes amongst designator - countries based on their national interests.

This study delves into the comparison of the monarchical regimes in Jordan and Morocco as models for study. The research uses the structural-functional approach to study the nature of the formation and work of institutions by analyzing and explaining the function and roles of both regimes. The conclusion sums up the findings of the study, the most prominent of which is that there is a clear influence of the constitution in determining the powers and jurisdictions of both regimes. The Jordanian parliamentary regime has points of strength and broad and diverse jurisdictions; therefore, this matter contributes to its success in carrying out its tasks as a political structure and institution with functions. The Moroccan parliamentary regime resembles the Jordanian parliamentary regime in having a bicameral system and similarities in their jurisdictions. Both councils are subject to the authority of the King in collaboration with the government, especially regarding the dissolution right.

This research examines the relationship between succession of authority and political stability (Iraq as a case study). It explores how different patterns of authority affect the stability of the political regime. It is important to note that the transfer of authority, whether peacefully or non-peacefully, has been referred to by various terms such as succession, rotation, or alternation of authority, among others. The manner in which authority is transferred can have significant impacts on political stability, as mismanagement of authority often leads to instability, conflict, and state fragility. The study concludes with a number of recommendations and findings aimed at enhancing the stability of political transitions in Iraq and similar contexts.

After the political change in Iraq in 2003, Iraq faced security and political challenges. The reliance on consociational democracy in Iraq and sectarian quota systems in distributing governmental positions greatly impacted social cohesion in Iraq. This sectarian quota system transformed Iraqi society into groups that strengthened allegiance to tribes and clans rather than to the nation. Iraqi society cannot remain cohesive, nor can Iraq remain unified and strong, except within a framework that promotes coexistence, social peace, and participation in one unified nation while ensuring the rights of various ethnicities, minorities, and diverse religious and sectarian groups in Iraq.
There are fundamental mechanisms necessary to enhance coexistence and social peace in Iraq, including dialogue based on common interests, building state institutions based on meritocracy away from sectarian quotas, emphasizing the role of religion and religious authorities in promoting tolerance and compassion, avoiding discrimination among the components of the population based on ethnicity or religion, solidifying Iraqi national identity, and ensuring loyalty to the unified nation.

Social entrepreneurship is the pursuit of achieving tangible social change by creating innovative and sustainable solutions to problems from which society suffers through innovative projects and businesses, encouraging ambitious ideas and the spirit of initiative that lead to the development of societies and the creation of qualified generations by enabling them to exploit the opportunities available to them with their creativity and innovation; qualifying them and directing them to work on private projects instead of heading to work in the public sector thereby reducing the burden on the government in providing job opportunities and diversifying sources of national income, especially in small and medium enterprises. The research problem revolves around the possibility of adopting social entrepreneurship as a tributary to empower Iraqi youth socially by building social awareness of youth and developing skills; in addition to changing perceptions of youth as positive agents of change, instead of being a problem that must be solved. Iraqi youth have achieved many innovations that can be invested and supported, which will lead to supporting the services sector, which today represents no less than 34% of the size of the Iraqi non-oil economy. So that this sector will be the backbone for achieving a diversified and sustainable economy. However, despite the progress achieved, social entrepreneurship in Iraq is still in its early stages, with many challenges and obstacles to overcome.

The North Atlantic Alliance (NATO) has formed a necessity to preserve the interests of the United States of America around the world, as its previous traditional function was confronting the Soviet Union, which was disintegrated into several states or republics, and its subsequent solution of the Warsaw Pact. NATO has even expanded to include states outside the European continent, a move sought by the United States to maintain its status as a global power and continue its military and political hegemony worldwide.
The United States has been and continues to bear the largest burden in funding this alliance and insists on leading it as part of its hegemonic strategy. The inclusion of new members into the alliance, given the current global conditions and the ramifications of the Ukraine-Russia war, both on the world at large and on Europe and the United States in particular, is a fulfillment of this strategy. Thus, Encircling Russia with new members is part of the American strategy to contain Russia and China as rival powers to American hegemony.

Covert operations constitute the traditional pathway in intelligence work and are related to foreign policy in general and decision-making processes in particular. These operations are closely linked to the mechanisms of espionage on external activities by intelligence agencies and the gathering of information from various sources, which provides states with advantages. This is achieved either by understanding the objectives and intentions of other external parties or by weakening their positions in any negotiations initiated. Therefore, covert operations are an attempt by a government to achieve its foreign policy goals through secret activities aimed at influencing the behavior of a foreign government or affecting political, military, economic, or social events in a foreign state. Each covert operation relies on a pattern of information collection from all corners of the world, followed by analysis to formulate a successful foreign policy for the states involved. It is also crucial to have legislative bodies that oversee and evaluate the activities of intelligence agencies to ensure the quality of the desired outcomes.

Polemology is one of the contemporary concepts established by Gaston Bouthoul to create a science of war focused on studying the manifestations and functions of war. This allows for an analysis of war and its relation to liberal thought and its contemporary capitalist system, and its role within them. By conducting an in-depth study of various stages of liberal thought and capitalism, its theorists have only seen an "anti-war thought" reflected in the theory of "liberal democratic peace," which presents capitalism and democracy through their cosmopolitan project as guarantors of peace. The study examines capitalism and liberalism in all their stages and their outcomes, including mercantile colonial wars, military accumulation, imperialist wars, up to globalization wars, and the war on terror. It also explores the theoretical justifications underlying the political thought of neoconservatives and the theory of just war.

The Xinjiang region in China is experiencing political and social tensions stemming from the Chinese policy of repression, ongoing protests, and international criticism. The Chinese policy in this region is part of the Chinese government’s efforts to combat terrorism, disorder, and separatist movements in the region. However, this policy faces significant criticism from human rights groups and international organizations. This policy includes a set of repressive measures such as arbitrary arrest, torture, executions, and restrictions on the personal and religious freedoms of the population of the region; in addition to intensive surveillance measures such as cameras and electronic spying. These measures constitute a violation of fundamental human rights and unfairly target the Uyghur and other Muslim minorities in the region. Some international parties and human rights organizations are trying to work to document and raise public awareness about what is happening in Xinjiang by collecting evidence, publishing reports, and providing legal assistance to the aggrieved population. This aims to increase international pressure on China and enhance awareness of human rights. However, there is still difficulty in reaching an international consensus on how to deal with this problem. Accordingly, the international community must proceed with continuous efforts to pressure China to improve the human rights situation in Xinjiang and work to find a peaceful solution that achieves justice.

Russia has tended to maximize its international standing, since the first decade of the twenty-first century, placing in its interests the Southeast Asia region as a significant hub in which it secures its interests and objectives that are linked to the countries of the region, and for motives, foremost of which is to compete with the broad American influence in the “Asia-Pacific” region. Consequently, Russia finds common ground with China on this issue, bolstered by their growing economic ties. Despite this Russian-Chinese alignment, differences in their strategic orientations exist, especially since Russia operates within China's regional sphere. These divergences may potentially hinder the progress of their cooperative efforts in the future.

The issue of human rights is a fundamental concern that impacts the freedom and development of individuals from all aspects of life, disregarding their diverse backgrounds. In recent times, human rights have garnered significant attention on both global and regional platforms. This has led to the development of rights and their assurance through global and regional declarations, international charters, and agreements.
Despite human rights being held in high esteem by divine concepts surrounded with a degree of holiness, human beings have continually faced persecution and endured the loss of dignity and rights. Nevertheless, the innate morality within individuals staunchly opposes any form of human aggression, prompting concerted endeavors to formalize protection for all members of the human race. The principles of freedom, security, and equality have been inherent in human existence from birth and are regarded as natural endowments granted by heavenly laws. These principles serve as the cornerstone of the Charter of Human Rights in our contemporary society.

This study discusses the critique of democracy in contemporary Jewish political thought, and it is based on the ideas and political theses produced by contemporary Jewish political thought. Democracy as an idea and a means of governance has been subjected to continuous critique by Jewish thinkers and rabbis of various political orientations, starting with denying the origin of democracy in Judaism and the dialectic of the relationship between democracy and Judaism. It reaches the critique of its form and the intellectual flaws that afflict it, and its conflict with liberal democracy, thus forming an imperfect model for the system of government in Israel. The fundamental intellectual contradiction and tension between defining Israel as a Jewish and democratic state at the same time also appeared. This contradiction took on a critical dimension between contemporary thinkers and Zionist thinkers in a dialectical intellectual context to find a solution to this contradiction. It goes between a trend that seeks to find an intellectual way out by adopting a special model for this democracy called ethnic democracy, and a trend that seeks to remove (Israel) from the circle of democracy. Many intellectual justifications are presented for this by thinkers from both trends in an attempt to overcome the state of contradiction between Judaism as a religion and democracy as a system of government.

The phenomenon of “Constitutional Coups” is one of the most raising issues in both international and African arenas due to its serious political and security implications for the peace and security of the entire African continent. This phenomenon has emerged as a pattern of circumventing the processes of democratic transformation and the peaceful transition of power, by proposing and passing constitutional amendments that are closer to political coups against constitutions. These amendments, approved through fraud referendums, aimed at keeping heads of state in power for additional presidential terms and potentially for life. Such measures directly contribute to consolidating the authority and despotism of the ruling regimes.
The results of Constitutional Coup attempts are affected by a set of factors and variables related to the internal and external environments of the political regime. This research focuses on studying certain internal determinants that directly affect the results of the coup attempts by applying the cases of Uganda in 2005 and Burkina Faso in 2014. These determinants are divided into internal institutional and non-institutional determinants. Regarding internal institutional factors, the research addresses both (the cohesion of the ruling party and its representation in the legislative authority - the extent of organization and strength of the opposition parties). Regarding internal, non-institutional factors, the research addresses both (violence and intimidation – patronage and informal nepotism).

Illegal migration in the Mediterranean region has emerged as a complex and multifaceted security challenge with significant implications for regional stability. This study aims to explore the impact of illegal migration on regional security in the Mediterranean context, focusing on asymmetric security threats, by analyzing various direct and indirect consequences of illegal migration.
This research addresses the main issue concerning the impact of illegal migration on regional security. The primary challenge lies in how the influx of illegal migrants affects the political, economic, and social stability of Mediterranean countries.
The research utilizes a qualitative approach, focusing on in-depth analysis rather than statistical evaluation, to understand the impact of illegal migration on regional security in the Mediterranean region, considering political, social, and economic dimensions.
The findings indicate that illegal migration contributes to increased social and political tensions, which in turn fosters organized crime and terrorism. The study also reveals that cooperation between European countries and neighboring states could positively influence the reduction of security risks associated with migration.