Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

To evaluate serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in men with normal, reduced sperm concentration and in azoospermic men as a possible clinical marker of male factor infertility. Prospective study Private clinic of Dr. Yasir Al-Wattar and Al-Batool Teaching Hospital in Mosul. This study was conducted on one hundred male subjects aged less than 50 years for the period from July to November 2011, infertile men were classified according to their sperm count into oligospermics (n=28) and azoospermics(n=47), twenty five men were normal (n=25).Serum concentrations of FSH and Testosterone were measured using ELISA, serum Anti-Mullerian hormone concentrations were measured using AMH/MIS enzyme linked immunosorbant assay kit. Significant differences in serum AMH, FSH and Testosterone concentrations were found between normal, oligospermic & azoospermic men. AMH negatively correlated with FSH in oligospermic and azoospermic men and positively with testosterone in azoospermics and negatively with testosterone in oligospermics. Anti-Mullerian hormone should be evaluated in patients with oligospermia and azoospermia, it may serve as a marker of male infertility

β-thalassemia is an inherited anemia, caused by impaired β-globin chain synthesis. The disease leads to serious health problems unless treated by regular blood transfusion and iron chelating therapy. However, complications from continuous therapy may arise due to iron overload and toxicity of iron chelating therapy, it may affects many organs in the body including the renal system. The present study was directed to study the changes in conventional renal function tests that may occur in β-thalassemia patients. The present study consisted of two groups of β-thalassemia patients; group A, 40 transfusion dependent β-thalassemia patients receiving only regular blood transfusion, age ranged 1-4 years; Group B, 40 transfusion dependent β- thalassemia patients receiving regular blood transfusion and deferroxamine chelation therapy, age ranged 4-20 years old. In addition to a control group C, 40 subjects, age ranged 1-20 years. Blood samples were collected and serum was separated for measurement of creatinine, urea, and ferritin. Urine samples were also collected for measurement of microalbuminuria. There was a significant decrease in serum creatinine, and a significant increase in serum urea in group B when compared with their control (P≤0.01). In addition, there was a significant increase in serum ferritin in groups A and B when compared with their controls (P≤0.01). On the other hand, there were no significant changes in microalbuminuria between groups A and B when compared with their controls. The results of the present study showed no deterioration in renal functions in β-thalassemia patients in both groups A and B regarding serum creatinine and urea in addition to microalbuminuria, although, subclinical alteration in renal functions could be expected in those patients, so that measurement of other early markers of renal dysfunction is occasionally recommended.

Heart failure is the failure of the cardiac pump under physiological loading conditions to impart sufficient hydraulic energy output in order to maintain a physiological circulation. A cohort study extended over a period of 14 months from the first of august 2010 to the first of November 2011. The patient was diagnosed as having heart failure according to the recommendation of the European Society of Cardiology, depending on the result of history, examination and echocardiographic conformation. Spirometric data were collected in accordance with American Thoracic Society standards. All the patients had a restrictive spirometric defect before treatment with diuretics, but after treatment all show normal spirometric pattern. The present study recommend the followings: - The use of a cheap office spirometer in rural area by general practitioner (GP) doctors and nursing staff could be useful for follow up patients with ischemic heart failure to detect early deterioration by objective mean to refer the patient for specialized care. Also, the office spirometer needs no special skills and the nursing staff can master the procedure with a 2 weeks training course.

Repaglinide is an oral prandial glucose regulator indicated for treatment of type 2 diabetic patients through its mechanism in improving first phase insulin secretion which can lower postprandial plasma glucose. To compare the effects of repaglinide versus glibenclamide on glycemic control in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Twenty-four recently diagnosed diabetic patients were enrolled in this non-randomized clinical trial. They were classified into two groups, 12 patients received repaglinide and 12 patients received glibenclamide. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2hour postprandial plasma glucose (2h. PPG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured at the baseline and after 8 weeks follow up. Repaglinide decreased 2h. PPG significantly more than glibenclamide after 8 weeks without significant differences in reducing FPG and HbA1c between both treatment groups after 8 weeks. Repaglinide can be considered as an ideal agent in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia as a monotherapy or in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents. Repaglinide, glibenclamide, postprandial hyperglycemia.

Antimullerian hormone (AMH) is known as mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), is produced by granulose cells from 36 week of gestation until menopause. AMH is produced by the ovarian follicles & its levels are used to assess the number of antral follicles in the ovaries. The AMH test is used more & more because the level of AMH do not change significantly throughout the menstrual cycle & can be measured anytime during the menstrual cycle. The aim of the study is to investigate the role of AMH in assessment of ovarian reserve in infertile women in Kirkuk. A cross sectional study was conducted in Kirkuk governorate from first of November to the end of January. This study includes 62 women (20 fertile women as control & 42 infertile women without polycystic ovary). Blood samples were taken at day 2 of menstrual cycle. Serum FSH concentration was measured by using ELISA. While, AMH was measured by using AMH/MIS enzyme linked immunosorbant assay kit (Immunotest material USA). There are no significant differences regarding BMI & age between infertile patients as compared with control fertile women. The serum FSH of infertile women was found significantly higher than that of control fertile women. The concentration of serum AMH of infertile women was significantly lower than that of fertile control women. In the infertile group, there is a significant inverse relationship between serum AMH concentrations & serum FSH concentration, ( r=0.3, p p≤0.05). Also, there is a negative inverse relationship between serum concentration of AMH & age of infertile patients, (r=0.368; p≤0.01). Moreover, there is a positive relationship between serum FSH & age in infertile women (r=0.43; p≤0.01).

Objective: a new mutual prodrug was synthesized for colon targeting in the treatment of colon cancer associated with constipation. Methods: a new mutual prodrug was synthesized through several steps included amide hydrolysis in a strong acidic medium, amide synthesis, diazotization and coupling reactions. The stability of this prodrug in HCl buffer, in phosphate buffer and in rat fecal matter was monitored. The chemical structure of mutual prodrug was characterized by physical and spectroscopic techniques as FTIR, UV-Visible and 13C NMR spectra. In colon, the mutual prodrug was proposed to split by the action of bacterial azoreductase into two N-substituted benzamides, metoclopramide and declopramide, that constituted two apoptotic agents, also the local application of metoclopramide on colonic smooth muscles was proposed to enhance their contractions affords relief of constipation. In vitro kinetic studies in a hydrochloric acid buffer showed an insignificant release of metoclopramide and declopramide while in a phosphate buffer, only (9.12٪) release was observed over six hours. In order to confirm the hydrolysis of mutual prodrug in colon, the release study in a rat fecal matter was monitored over six hours and showed that the hydrolysis was almost complete (90.88٪) with a half-life of (166.19 min) followed first order kinetics. The prodrug approach that is based on enzymes specification may offer a new method to improve drug efficacy and reduce side effects.

In the present work, diazonium salt was synthesized by treatment of the primary aromatic amine of sulfomethoxazole with sodium nitrite, which is directly coupled with m-cresol to give a new sulfamethxazole derivative. Chemical structure of the new derivative was characterized by physical and spectroscopic techniques as UV, FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. The new derivative [4-(salycilic acid-5”-azo-yl)-N-(5`-methyl-3`-isoxazolyl)benzene-sulfonamide] is characterized by its it is lack of the primary aromatic amine in its structure with no possibility to form hydroxylamine metabolite; which is responsible for allergic reactions; In addition, the new derivative is more water soluble due to the presence of azo- linkage. The new sulfomethoxazole derivative proved to have no antibacterial activity against Pathogenic isolates of G- bacteria (E. coli) used in the present work, and reliable in vitro antibacterial activity against G+ bacteria (Staphyllococcus aureus). Mean IC50 against pathogenic Staph aureus isolates used in the study was about 12μg/ml whereas the mean MIC was 20 μg/ml. Presence of azo-bond may change the mode of action of sulfamethoxazole, make it possible to test this a new compound as new antibacterial agent against G+ bacteria.

In this study a simple, coast effective and direct simple High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of diclofenac sodium in it's pure form and different pharmaceutical preparations. Standard diclofenac sodium and its dosage forms were supplied from Ninava State Company For Drug Industries and Medical Appliances (NDI). HPLC method was developed by using mobile phase which was composed of a mixture of HPLC grade (methanol, acetonitrile and deionized water)in the ratio of (60:20:20) respectively. Separation has been completed within 2 min. Calibration curve was linear, coefficient correlation was found to be 1.00 at a concentration of (0.25-4.0 μg.ml-1). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be >1.2%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of diclofenac sodium in its pure form and different pharmaceutical preparations (injection, tablets, eye drops, suppositories and gel) without using buffer system and there is no inference with additives

Puberty is the fundamental period for bone mass acquisition. In this period mineralization is found to increase with levels of high bone formation.. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and growth parameters for healthy pubertal males and females at different pubertal stages in Mosul city/Iraq. In addition, we aimed to detect the relationship between BMD, age, pubertal stage and growth parameters, and to reveal the most important determinant of BMD in the pubertal period. BMD of the lumbar spine was performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in (177) healthy pubertal children and adolescents (96 males, 81 females), aged (9.9-20.2) years. Growth parameters (Weight and height) were measured, BMI were calculated. Pubertal stages were assessed and the subjects were subdivided into 5 stages (Tanner stages of puberty for males and females). There was a significant effect of age and puberty on BMD. Females had significantly higher BMD across all age groups because females enter puberty earlier than males. When gender comparison was done according to pubertal stages, males had higher values for BMD in all pubertal stages , but without significant differences between them except in stage III, which indicated that boys gain more BMD than girls at this stage. Both sexes showed the main increments in BMD between stage IV and V. The major independent determinant of BMD in both sexes was pubertal stage. BMD of males was also highly correlated with growth parameters, but no such correlations for females. values in the study group were significantly lower than Western normative values, with Z scores for girls was (-1.2±1.2) and for boys was (-1.4±1.1). In conclusion, bone mass increased throughout puberty in both sexes and there was a strong evidence that pubertal development was consistent and independent predictors of BMD in healthy children and adolescents.

A total of 80 patients with mild to moderate hypertension were divided into two groups, the 1st group treated by losartan 50mg/day, 2nd group on enalapril 20mg/day, for 4 weeks duration, along with 41 apparently healthy persons (control group) were included in this study. The aim of this study comparison between losartan and enalapril effects on serum uric acid level. For each patient (before and after therapy)and control, blood pressure and serum uric acid level were measured. Results of this study were shown both losartan and enalapril are effective in reducing blood pressure when compared before and after treatment, (however, enalapril is more effective), only losartan is significantly reducing serum uric level.

Thalassaemias are a heterogenous group of genetic heritable disorders of haemoglobin synthesis, considered as the most common monogenic disorder in the world. This study was conducted to find out the role of iron overload- without concomitant viral hepatitis -as a cause of liver dysfunction in patients with β-thalassaemia major. One hundred six (106) patients with homozygous β-thalassaemia major and forty four (44) apparently healthy subjects were analyzed at the Thalassaemic Centre of Ibn Al-Atheer hospital in Mosul city in Iraq for the assessment of liver functions as reflected by the serum levels of bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALP and iron status as reflected by serum ferritin. The mean pretransfusional Hb was (87.33±13.84 g/L and 85.85±13.21 g/L) for thalassaemic males and females respectively. All thalassaemic patients showed elevated serum ferritin with a mean level of (3799.30±2343.68 ng/ml and 4100.61±1977.28 ng/ml) for thalassaemic males and females respectively. A significant increase in the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin was found in thalassaemic patients with respect to control subjects. Serum ferritin showed a significant positive correlation with ALT in male and female patients. Hepatomegaly was found in 71.70% of the studied cases. A significant alteration in liver functions of thalassaemic patients shown by changes in biochemical markers and hepatomegaly, both with the close association between elevated ALT and iron overload, necessate re-evaluation of transfusion, Desferal doses and therapies other than blood transfusion.

In this paper ,new series of 2-hydrazino benzothiazole [1], 2-N-benzothiazole-N`-phenyl hydrazine carboxamide [2], 2-N-[(3)-N`-phenyl-5-(p-bromophenyl)-2`-hydroxy-1,3-oxazolin-2`-yl] benzothiazol hydrazine [3] , 2-N-benzothiazole-N`-1-naphthyl hydrazine carboxamide [4], 2-N-[(3`)-N`-(1-naphthyl)-5`-(p-bromo phenyl)-2`-hydroxy-1,3-oxazolin-2`-yl)] benzothiazol hydrazine [5], of 2-thiaacetic acid benzothiazole [6] ,2-thiaacetyl chloride benzothiazole [7], 5-amino-2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole [8], of 2-mercapto-[5-acetamid thiamethyl benzothiazol]-1,3,4-thiadiazole [9], 2-phenyl-5-chloromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole [10],and 2-[5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2`-thiomethyl] benzothiazole [11] have been synthesized. These compounds were characterized by FT-IR , spectrum, elemental analysis and the melting points were checked the purity of the prepared compounds was determined by TLC technique. The biological activity was also studied against Proteus vulgaris (G-) and Staphylococcus aureus (G+) with different concentrations

The corresponding decrease in men fertility and fecundity may be explained in parallel to obesity, and obesity may be considered as an etiology of male infertility. Leptin, the adipocyte-derived hormone that plays a key role in body weight homeostasis, has recently emerged as a relevant neuroendocrine mediator in different systems, including the reproductive axis. A case-control study was carried out to examine the relationships between leptin and testosterone hormone in males. Eighty men their ages between 20 and 45 years; fertile normozoospermia as a control (n = 28) and infertile oligozoospermia (n = 52); were recruited in the study. There was a highly significant negative correlation between testosterone and leptin. This result is suggestive of a link between the adipocyte derived hormone, leptin and male reproduction. This study showed that obesity may represent an actual threat to male fertility causing a decrease of total testosterone with hyperleptinaemia

Still the preoperative haemostatic testing with basic haemostatic panel one of the controversies subjects which are needed to be tested every now and then. Since the patients in our country are lacking the well organized medical documentation, these testing needs to be considered to avoid possible complications during or after surgery due to the hidden haemostatic abnormalities which is not always can be detected by the tests used as preoperative tests in our hospitals. A blood sample has been taken from 150 patients (59 males and 91 females) attending in surgical & obstetric teaching hospitals. All the patients were admitted for elective surgery. The following tests are done for all patients, platelet count (PC), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), bleeding time(BT), and (D-Dimmer) while (TT) was done for those patients with prolonged (PT) & (aPTT). This study revealed that the frequency of the haemostatic abnormalities in the 150 preoperative cases is (14.6%). The 150 cases were divided to 50 cases with neoplastic disorders & 100 cases without other disorders. (32%) out of neoplatic cases have the haemostatic tests abnormalities while (6%) out of non-neoplastic disorders have these abnormalities. Out of 150 cases the D-dimmer was (11.3%), PT was prolonged in (2.66%), aPTT was prolonged in (4%).BT was prolonged in (2%). The Platelet count was low in (4%) while high in only (1.30%). There are a remarkable percentage of patients undergoing elective surgery with abnormal haemostatic parameters, but without clear preoperative testing program to identify them. The haemostatic abnormalities are more common in neoplastic cases, which indicate that the preoperative haemostatic testing needs to be considered seriously in our hospital with special concern to the patients with neoplastic cases.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is considered the most frequent enzyme deficiency world wide, several reports have focused on its prevalence in different regions of Iraq. The current study was initiated to report on the frequency of G6PD deficiency among male attendance to premarital center in Ninava governorate in Northern Iraq. A total of 806 male individuals attending the Public Health Laboratory for routine premarital investigations were screened for G6PD deficiency using methemoglobin reduction test (MRT). The results were confirmed by quantitative enzyme assay for the cases that showed G6PD deficiency. A total (759) out of (806) were MRT negative , and (47) out of (806) were MRT positive with a prevalence of (5.8%).

This research designed to investigate the effect of Vital content in pomegranate fruit on serum cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL and HDL in white rats, and its activity in preventing cardiovascular disease through the effect on fat. Local pomegranate used for extracting treatments .groups divided into two major groups depending on type of food first fed diet free fats and the second fed diet rich in fats , both major groups divided into three sub-groups depending on the treatment type. standard laboratory circumstances prepared , the study continued for 6 weeks then blood were taken from rats then cholesterol, triglyceride HDL and LDL levels were measured in all groups , study results showed increasing in cholesterol, triglyceride , and LDL levels when animals fed diet rich in fats and decreasing in HDL levels in value (P < 0.05) comparing with control group fed diet free in fat, while groups fed diet rich in fat and diet free in fat got pomegranate content showed decreasing in cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL levels and increasing in HDL level in value (P<0.05) comparing with group fed diet rich in fat non treated with pomegranate content and comparing with control group

The research involves the use of analytical method for determination of the diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) drug in some pharmaceutical preparations using molecular absorption technique (UV-Vis.) in addition to the investigating of complexes obtained. The optimum analytical data obtained throughout of study could be summarized as follows: order of addition (DPH + 2% CS2 in CHCl3+Ag(I), pH(11),volume of ammonia solution (1ml), concentration of Ag(I) (8μg/ml), aqueous : organic phase ratio 1:1, reaction time (4 minutes), extraction time (8minutes), reaction temperature 25oC, one extraction process, extraction ratio (E%=99.82) chloroform proved to be the best solvent for extraction of DPH-Ag complex without interferences, λmax.=363nm. The analytical figures obtained were: linear dynamic range (0.25-80μg/ml)for DPH , RSD% (0.396), D.L (0.29μg/ml), Erel% (0.125), recovery (99.87%).This method was applied for determination of DPH in pharmaceutical preparation (syrup) using direct and standard addition methods, recovery's was found to be (97.8%, 98.2 %).