Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

.
The aim of the research was to identify the effect of an educational curriculum in developing some kinematic variables for the performance of the skill of shooting accuracy in football. The researchers used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (10) players from the Al-Minaa Al-Radhi Club, youth category, and (5) players were distributed to the experimental group and (5) players to the control group. The researchers developed a special educational program of (12) educational units that lasted for (6) weeks, at a rate of two units per week, at a rate of (50) minutes per educational unit.
The researchers concluded:
1. The educational program using some exercises has a positive effect in developing all kinematic variables and shooting accuracy skill for the experimental group.
2. The experimental group achieved clear progress over the control group in the values ​​of all kinematic variables and shooting accuracy.
The researchers concluded:
1- The necessity of using the exercises included in the educational program (under study) in teaching the skill of shooting in football.
2- The necessity of adopting mechanical exercises to achieve the element of shooting accuracy through appropriate handling of the strike position. The researchers used a Pentium 4 device and its accessories to obtain the values ​​of the kinematic variables specific to the research sample.

The study aimed to identify the values ​​of the ball speed when hitting the ball as far as possible from different cases of the direction of the ball's movement and the state of the fixed ball, in addition to identifying the differences in the speed of the ball when hitting it from different cases of the direction of the ball's movement and the state of the fixed ball. The researchers conducted their experiment on a sample of Al-Minaa Club football players using a video camera with its accessories, as well as a device manufactured in the form of a slope that can change its slope angle to launch balls towards the players. The researchers reached several conclusions, including:
- The speed of the ball rolling from the front at the second height of the slope achieved the highest value among the rest of the cases.
- There was a significant difference between the speed of the ball rolling from the front at the second height of the slope and both the speed of the fixed ball launch and the speed of the ball rolling from the front at the first height of the slope, and the difference was in favor of the first case.

The most important parts of this research appear in the use of rest period between repetitions according to the heart rate by choosing two rates (140 beats/min and 160 beats/min) and knowing their effect in developing short speed endurance and lactic acid concentration and achieving (800 meters) running. The sample was divided into two experimental groups of (7) players. The two groups were equal in implementing the curriculum components in terms of the number of units, size and intensity only and the difference in rest periods. The duration of implementing the curriculum took (10) weeks at (3) units per week and the number of units was (30) training units. The first group used a heart rate of (140 beats/min) as a rate for repeating the second repetition of the exercise and the second group used a heart rate of (160 beats/min) with the aim of ensuring fatigue and lack of recovery and their effect on the player's functional body. After collecting the results reached by the researchers, analyzing and discussing them, the following was concluded: -
- Regulating training loads in line with the requirements of endurance of speed and running 800 meters gives positive results.
As for the recommendations, the researchers recommended: -
- Using the heart rate as a rest between repetitions between (140-160 beats/min) to develop endurance of speed and accomplish running activities that require high intensity and accumulation of lactic acid in the blood such as (400-800-1500 meters).

Choosing young people to practice various sports activities is of great importance in order to reach high levels in the future. Here, it must be emphasized that achieving this goal does not happen except through training from an early age, and that choosing these young people and directing them to the appropriate activity for them is no longer left to chance, as this process has become based on scientific foundations that are the result of many efforts through scientific studies and research in this field. The importance of the research is highlighted by reaching an objective method in the selection process in swimming and moving away from subjective selection, which is often far from scientific foundations, which causes the loss of many efforts, in addition to the failures that the athlete is exposed to. Therefore, reaching an objective selection process that achieves the required goals in advancing the sport of swimming and achieving excellence in it will inevitably lead to achieving those goals.

The introduction and importance of the research, which was reflected in the preparation of proposed rehabilitation exercises to treat lower back pain as well as restore the normal range of motion of the trunk.

The problem of the research is the great lack of use of rehabilitation exercises and their abbreviation only to the use of infrared rays and massage, as well as the lack of use of measuring the range of motion of the trunk as a means of knowing the extent of the development of the patient's condition. Therefore, the researchers decided to develop rehabilitation exercises to treat lower back pain and restore the range of motion of the trunk.

The objectives of the research were:
1- Preparing rehabilitation exercises to treat lower back pain and restore the range of motion of the trunk.
2- Identifying the differences in the use of rehabilitation exercises and massage between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group to treat lower back pain and restore the range of motion of the trunk.

Keeping pace with the development of basketball in the world today requires preparing the player physically, skillfully and physiologically in a manner that suits him, in order to ensure adaptation in the various functional systems and the player's achievement of integration in athletic performance. Therefore, functional tests and physiological measurements have become an imperative that everyone working in the field of modern training relies on. Through them, the coach can identify the level and capabilities of his players by measuring physiological and skill variables, in order to develop them by preparing physical and skill exercises that contribute positively to developing the functional systems, including the circulatory-respiratory system, through which the player's performance endurance and ability to endure high-intensity exercises and training for a long period of time are increased. Hence, the importance of research in preparing a training program to develop the variables of the circulatory-respiratory system and the skill performance of young basketball players.

One of the priorities of the era in which we live, which is characterized by rapid change and renewal in line with the new additions to knowledge and changes in the social structure, is to pay attention to the educational process and the educational system and develop them in a way that is consistent with the developments of this era, as they are a measure of the progress of this nation or this society. Therefore, modern nations and societies have paid great and serious attention at the same time to the childhood stage, including the primary school child, as primary schools are one of the most important institutions that bear the responsibility of preparing and raising the generation in the correct manner. The educational process in any society depends on the principle of equal opportunities among members of society, which aims to discover talents, tendencies, readiness and adapting different educational situations according to the differences between individuals so that primary schools can perform their educational and educational role in the best possible way. Therefore, it is important to prepare the student in primary school and create the conditions that help develop some basic skills. This can only be done by practicing various sports activities. There are many and varied methods and ways through which this development can be worked on, including (preparing movement games using the guided discovery method), which is one of the important methods in the world of childhood that is consistent with tendencies. Students, their desires and self-realization

The study aimed to: 1- Prepare some exercises especially for the back arch in Greco-Roman wrestling and identify the transfer of its effect on learning the back handspring jump on the floor exercises mat. 2- Identify the differences between the results of the back handspring jump test on the floor exercises mat (before and after) for the experimental and control groups. 3- Identify the differences between the experimental and control groups in the results of the post-test for the back handspring jump on the floor exercises mat. The experimental method was used on the junior gymnastics team players aged (9-10) years. The players who were under these ages and qualified to perform the back handspring skill were selected in an intentional manner. Their number was (10) players. After that, the test values ​​were arranged from lowest to highest in order to divide them into two groups by odd numbers in one group and even numbers in another group. Thus, each group contained five players. After the research sample members were identified in their two groups (experimental and control), the pre-test was conducted on Sunday 12/5/2010. Work on the educational curriculum began with the mediation of trainers accredited by the Federation on Wednesday 12/8/2010, for a period of (8) weeks, with (2) educational units per week. The duration of each educational unit was (24) minutes only, the main section, while the educational units on the rest of the devices were proceeding normally according to what was decided in the program prepared by the Federation’s technical committee. The experimental group was given special exercises for the skill of the back arch in the game of Greco-Roman wrestling for a period of (4) weeks, after which this group moved to teach the skill of the back handspring for a period of (4) weeks in the known traditional way, as for the control group, it was taught the back handspring for a period of (4) weeks in the same way and educational conditions in which the experimental group was taught, and accordingly the design of the two groups (experimental and control) was according to the (Schmidt) design to transfer the effect of learning and after completing the period set for the main experiment, the post-test was conducted on Sunday 2/2/2011 AD, and after processing the data with the computer according to the statistical program SPSS Ver 10, a set of conclusions were reached, the most important of which are: 1- The two groups (experimental and control) developed in performing the skill of the back handspring on the floor movements mat. 2- The experimental group developed more than the control group in performing the skill of the back handspring on the floor movements mat. As for the most important recommendations, they were: 1- Paying attention to some skills or exercises in the game of wrestling For its importance in teaching and developing some floor movement skills in gymnastics. 2- Benefiting from the principle of transfer of learning effect between similar movement skills to obtain high and useful learning transfer to shorten learning time and develop the level of performance, whether in educational or training programs.

There is no doubt that the players' senses have an important impact in determining the course of their performance during the game, so the sensory-motor perception in this game has become the sense of the tool (the ball) and the stimuli inside the field, and then the movement is executed according to the new perception according to a specific stimulus. In addition, the skills require the basketball player, especially the playmaker, to have more high technique in applying the skill performance and to be proficient in the ability to move inside the field by using his high skill, in addition to the fact that he is the player from whom the tactical sentence and all offensive tactics and maneuvers begin and he is considered the number one player on the field, and this is what the player is subject to the utmost necessity by possessing sensory perceptions according to the movements of the opposing player if he is a defender and the team players if he is an attacker. Hence, the importance of research lies in finding the relationship between some types of sensory-motor perception and the accuracy of performing some basic offensive skills for the playmaker in basketball.

The activities performed on the apparatus are difficult activities that have their own rules and conditions that the player must follow and master until reaching the required level. The aim is to convince the jury of the quality and beauty of the performance to obtain high marks that qualify him or her to compete or win. Hence, the importance of research in working on developing motor balance to allow for shortening the time of the process of learning the skill of going up with a forward roll on the balance beam. As for the research problem, it is the inability of female students to perform the movement due to its difficulty. The researcher attributes this reason to the quality of balance, which is an important component in performing basic skills on this apparatus. Hence, the researcher had a clear vision of the problem, which prompted her to prepare exercises specific to motor balance that work on developing this quality in second-stage female students, which is one of the most important pillars on which the acquisition and mastery of skills are built for any skills performed in a narrow space, such as the balance beam.

Research objectives: 1- To identify the values ​​of some electromyographic variables of the rectus femoris muscle during the pulling stages of the first part of the clean and jerk. 2- Comparison between the pull-up stages in the first part of the clean and jerk lift (Clean) in some electrical mapping variables of the rectus femoris muscle. Research hypothesis: There are significant differences in some electrical mapping variables between the pull-up stages of the first part of the clean and jerk lift. Research method: The researchers used the descriptive method for its suitability to the objectives and nature of the research. Research sample: The research sample was chosen intentionally (intended). The choice fell on nine lifters representing the Nineveh Governorate team for advanced and advanced positions in the country championships. Data collection methods: The researchers used scientific technical observation, questionnaire, measurement, analysis and testing as means of collecting data to obtain a number of mechanical variables and body measurements of the lifters as well as the electrical mapping variables of the rectus femoris muscle. Statistical treatments: The researchers used the arithmetic mean (S), standard deviation (±A), test (Z) for related samples, simple correlation coefficient, and percentage law. Conclusions: 1- The second pull-up stage achieved the highest number of significant differences with (7) differences, followed by the start stage and The weight extraction stage with (6) significant differences, then the first pulling stage with (3) significant differences and finally the knee movement stage with one significant difference. This indicates that the explosive movement of this stage resulted from the mobilization force that occurs in this stage. 2- The start and weight extraction stage were equal to the second pulling stage in the number of significant differences in the maximum mobilization (a (M) and the wavelength (Am) despite the difference in the speed of performance, as the start and weight extraction stage is characterized by overcoming the inertia of the rigid weight, i.e. mobilization for the sake of force, while the second pulling stage is characterized by the speed of contraction. 3- The start and weight extraction stage was superior in the maximum mobilization (Ma) and the area under the curve (Ar). 4- The second pulling stage was superior in the wavelength (Am) and duration (Du) due to its speed of performance. 5- The start and weight extraction and second pulling stages were close in superiority in the variables of the electromyography of the rectus femoris muscle (EMG). The first pull and knee movement stages were closely followed. Recommendations: 1- Emphasize the diversification of weight lifting exercises from different heights, such as the weightlifter standing at a height of 10-15 centimeters to strengthen the muscle groups responsible for changing the weight from stationary to moving in order to create maximum mobilization. 2- Train the weightlifter to lift or pull from the level of the knees and mid-thighs from stationary and moving to develop the speed of muscle contractions in the second pull stage. 3- Conduct electromyography periodically to determine the health status of the muscles. 4- Provide modern electromyography devices that operate remotely (Plototh).

The research included the definition of the research, which included that the traditional lesson has become a lesson that does not contain all the requirements that the person in charge of the educational process needs in giving the scientific material (practical and theoretical), so there must be educational means that help the teacher to reach the goal for which the lesson was set. As for the importance of the research, it lies in using an auxiliary visual educational means through which the learner can identify the parts of the forward movement in the foil weapon and acquire the skill better and through analyzing some biomechanical variables of performance. It also included the research problem. Through the researcher teaching this movement and teaching it in the traditional way without relying on educational means, he found that there is difficulty and weakness in the students' performance of it, but rather an auxiliary visual educational means must be used during the educational units because of its importance in clarifying the parts of the movement.

Research objectives: 1. Identify the values ​​of some variables of the electromyography of the rectus femoris muscle in the pulling stages of the snatch lift. 2. Comparison between the pulling stages in the snatch lift in some variables of the electromyography of the rectus femoris muscle. Research hypothesis: There are significant differences in some variables of the electromyography between the pulling stages in the snatch lift. Research method: The researchers used the descriptive method for its suitability to the objectives and nature of the research. Research sample: The research sample was chosen intentionally (intended). The selection fell on nine lifters representing the Nineveh Governorate team for advanced and advanced positions in the country's championships. Data collection methods: The researchers used scientific technical observation, questionnaire, measurement, analysis and testing as means of data collection to obtain a number of mechanical variables and body measurements of the lifters as well as electromyography variables. Statistical treatments: Arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (Z) test for related samples, simple correlation coefficient, percentage law. The data were processed statistically using the statistical package (SPSS). Conclusions: The following conclusions were reached: 1- The presence of Significant differences in the electromyographic variables between the pulling stages in the snatch lift. 2- The second pull stage was characterized by the number of significant differences with six differences, followed by the start and snatch stage with four significant differences, then the first pull stage with three significant differences, and finally the knee movement stage with one difference. Recommendations In light of the results reached by the researchers, they recommend the following: 1- Conduct electromyographic analysis periodically to identify the development of strength through electromyographic variables. 2- Conduct a similar study for the snatch and clean and jerk lifts completely using a wireless electromyographic device to give the player freedom to perform to identify the values ​​of the variables in the fall stage. 3- Give privacy in training muscle groups instead of focusing on the work of the muscle groups of the arms, legs and trunk in general. 4- Use electrical stimulation of the muscles as part of daily training to develop the effectiveness of neuromuscular work because it has a direct and fundamental effect to achieve positive returns in strength in order to develop the variables of electrical activity of the muscles. 1- Conduct research and studies of different muscle groups in electromyographic variables to identify the compatibility between Muscle groups during the different lifting phases. 2- Using the ground reaction force measurement platform in conjunction with measuring the electromyography in the snatch and clean and jerk lifts to measure the relationship between the ground reaction force variables and the electromyography variables. 3- Conducting an electromyography analysis for each weightlifter individually to determine the physical and motor characteristics of each weightlifter and creating a special training schedule to improve achievement.

Sports training is the most and most extensive science in its contribution to the development process of the athlete, along with other sciences that are also the results of regular training based on scientific foundations. Dealing with such a science must be done with high professionalism because misuse of one of the training components can lead to bad results that negatively affect the achievement. Therefore, we notice that most advanced countries in sports sciences have taken upon themselves the continuous change in the training methods used in light of the information received through research and experimentation. Among the training terms that have been changed was at the level of the three components of the training load (intensity, volume, rest). One opinion sought to increase intensity and volume together, and the other opinion worked to increase one over the other to find new attempts to advance the training reality at the level of developing the physical qualities specific to that game.

The importance of moral values ​​and the importance of adhering to them were prevalent concepts in ancient and modern times. Morals have occupied a large space in human thought. Perhaps the utmost importance of morals comes from being a basic element of the existence of society and an essential component of its entity and personality. No society can continue without being governed by a set of laws, rules and values ​​that regulate the relationships of individuals with each other. The research problem is summarized in identifying the level of moral commitment of volleyball players in Iraqi universities in the southern region, as our educational, social and religious institutions emphasize the importance of morals in the lives of individuals and groups.

The introduction to the research and its importance include the importance of plyometric exercises with weights and the extent of their impact on developing the explosive strength of the upper limb of volleyball players. The researcher found that these exercises did not receive sufficient attention in scientific research, especially in our country, Iraq, and they were never tested to know their effect. Therefore, the researcher decided to delve into this topic by identifying the effect of using plyometric exercises with weights by preparing a training curriculum that aims to develop the explosive strength of the arm muscles of volleyball players. The researcher addressed in the theoretical studies the concept of explosive strength and its importance, training methods for volleyball players, the concept of plyometric exercises and their importance and components of their training load and similar studies. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design, i.e. the pre- and post-test for one group, as the sample consisted of (8) volleyball players and the application of the training curriculum took a period of (8) weeks at a rate of (3) units per week. The results of the main experiment were presented and discussed to achieve the research hypothesis. The results showed an increase in the results of the medicine ball throwing test weighing (2) kg with both hands over the head from a standing position to indicate the development of the explosive power of the upper limb. The researcher recommended using the plyometric training method with weights because of its positive effect in developing the explosive power of the upper limb for volleyball players. The method is useful for developing the explosive power of any sport, especially for football players, handball, basketball, javelin throw, discus throw, weight throw, track, diving, tennis, and wrestling.