Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

Biomechanics contributes effectively to this if athletes and coaches begin to realize the importance of mechanics in achieving some important goals of skill performance and the most skilled athlete is the one who understands the mechanical laws that govern movement and the popular game of football is one of the games that are subject to several mechanical applications and we have begun to see different paths for the ball and dealing with the ball is extremely skilled and impressive and the skill of scoring is one of the most important skills in football which is the basic means of achieving the purpose for which this sport was created and the importance of the research was evident in shedding light on the most important variables that lead to the movement of the ball with certain variables. This provides important information for coaches and players alike, which allows the opportunity to develop appropriate training and exercises. The problem of the research was evident in the researchers not addressing scoring from movement to a large extent and being satisfied with studying scoring from direct free kicks, which means that the information is scarce although it is more frequent. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between some biokinematic variables and the mechanical variables of the ball when scoring after rolling with a soccer ball. The researchers assumed the existence of a significant correlation between some biokinematic variables and the mechanical variables of the ball when scoring after rolling with a soccer ball.

Research objective:--Identifying some of the obstacles facing track and field competitions in Libya.--Reaching a scientific vision to reach the highest possible level of record numbers in track and field competitions. Research questions:--What are the obstacles that prevent the advancement of the level of track and field competitions in Libya?--What are the reasons for the decline of Libyan record numbers in track and field competitions? Research methodology:--The researchers used the descriptive method (survey method) to suit the nature of the research. Research sample:--The research sample was chosen intentionally from those in charge of work in track and field competitions, their number reached (39), with 20 coaches, 19 administrators from members of the sub-federations in Libya. Conclusions:--The first axis (the union's policy)--There is no clear planning in the policy of the General Union and the sub-federations--There is no cooperation between the General Union and the school activity departments--There are no specific dates for competitions at their different age levels. The second axis (capabilities)--The stadiums, training halls, tools and devices that assist the training process are not Insufficient.-Health and social care is not available to athletes and club workers.-The existing coaches are not academically qualified and are not dedicated to the training process.

The research aims to find the standard scores, modified standard scores and decimal scores for the tests for accepting female students in the colleges of physical education for the research sample (physical tests), as well as to identify the results of accepting female students in the colleges of physical education using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) programs for the research sample. The research sample included female students who applied for admission to the College of Physical Education - University of Wasit for the academic year 2011-2012 AD, as the number of sample members reached (64) female students. The most important results of the research were summarized in that the application program prepared according to the statistical applications provided by the statistical program (SPSS) is able to show the results of acceptance with high accuracy and extreme speed, which saves effort and time in showing the results.

The research aims to reveal:
 The effect of the educational packages programmed using the two methods of guided discovery and divergent thinking in learning basic skills in tennis.
 The differences in the post-tests between the educational packages programmed using the two methods of guided discovery and divergent thinking in cognitive achievement and learning basic skills in tennis.
 The best method in retaining learning among the three groups.
The researchers adopted the experimental approach for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education at the University of Salah al-Din-Erbil for the academic year 2010-2011, numbering (124) male and female students. The research sample consisted of students from three departments that were randomly selected from among the departments of the second academic year, numbering (4) departments, at a rate of (17) students for each department. Thus, the research sample reached (51) students after excluding a number of sample members. The equivalence process was carried out between the three groups of the research sample to control the following variables: chronological age measured (in months), height measured (in centimeters), and mass measured (in kilograms to the nearest half kilogram). Equivalence was achieved between the three research groups in some elements of physical and motor fitness that affect learning some basic skills in tennis. The researchers relied on the questionnaire, tests, scales, and scientific observation as tools and means to collect information and reach the research objectives after the researchers gave explanations to the subject teacher about the programmed educational package. In the method of guided discovery and divergent thinking in order to facilitate the application of the educational curriculum, the subject teacher applied the educational curriculum of the college. The exercises and their repetitions were organized and distributed according to the methods of guided discovery and divergent thinking by teaching each group in one method within the teaching period, and the only difference in the application of the educational curricula is in the learning method within the educational part in the main section for each group. The implementation of the educational curriculum took (9) educational units, at a rate of one educational unit per week for each group, and the time of each educational unit was (90 minutes).

The importance of our research lies in trying to find a shortcut that the coach and the weightlifter can recognize the results of his achievement in the snatch and clean and jerk lifts by measuring the achievement of the maximum strength of the arm and leg muscles for the ping press and debni tests 1-3 Research objectives: 1. The maximum value of the leg and arm muscles for the world's weightlifters participating in the Paris International Championship. 2. The maximum value of the achievement of the snatch and clean and jerk lifts for the world's weightlifters participating in the Paris International Championship. 3. The relationship between the maximum values ​​of the leg and arm muscles and the achievement of the snatch and clean and jerk lifts for the world's weightlifters participating in the Paris International Championship. 4. The predictive value of the achievement of the snatch and clean and jerk lifts in terms of the maximum values ​​of the leg and arm muscles for the world's weightlifters participating in the Paris International Championship. 1-4 Research hypotheses: 1. The existence of a statistically significant correlation between the maximum values ​​of the leg and arm muscles and the achievement of the snatch and clean and jerk lifts for the world's weightlifters participating in the Paris International Championship. 2. The value of the snatch and clean and jerk lifts can be predicted by knowing the maximum strength values ​​of the leg and arm muscles For the world's weightlifters participating in the Paris International Championship. The researchers concluded: • There is a statistically significant correlation between the achievement of the snatch and clean and jerk lifts and each measure of arm and leg muscle strength and maximum strength for the world's weightlifters participating in the World Weightlifting Championship in Paris. • The possibility of predicting the achievement of the snatch and clean and jerk lifts for the world's weightlifters participating in the World Weightlifting Championship in Paris based on tests of maximum strength of the arm and leg muscles.

The importance of the research is summarized in that administrative skills and the ability to influence others from the ability to plan and communication skills, managing dialogue and the art of time management and problem solving and decision making are skills related to the ability to have a comprehensive view of the training process as a whole in terms of its sub-organizations and departments and the activities of each of them and understanding the mutual relationships between its units and the ability to anticipate what might happen in the event of changing any part of the training process. The research problem is summarized in knowing the type of administrative skills used by administrative bodies and the extent of their influence on others in order to classify them using scientific methods to raise the level of these skills and thus achieve the required goals. The research aims to:
Build a scale of administrative skills and the extent of influence on others for the administrative bodies of elite clubs in the central and southern regions in football
And set standard levels for the scale of administrative skills and the extent of influence on others for the administrative bodies of elite clubs in the central and southern regions in football. The researcher used the descriptive approach and the research community consisted of members of the administrative bodies of elite clubs in the central and southern regions in football, numbering (168) administrators during the season (2010-2011 AD) according to the books of the central federations and websites For those federations, the total number of those who underwent the experiment was (145) administrators. As for the most important conclusions that the researcher reached, they are building a scale of administrative skills and the extent of influence on others for the administrative bodies of the elite clubs of the central and southern regions in football, and that administrative skills require reliance on scientific methods that are an effective tool to help the administrator in carrying out his administrative work.

The research included five chapters. The first chapter included the definition, in which the researcher mentioned that the game of volleyball is distinguished from other games by special conditions and determinants, whether these conditions and determinants were set by the International Federation of the game, such as the height of the indoor sports halls in which the competitions are held, or the boundaries of the field with its side and final lines, free zones, the height of the net, net holders, and warm-up substitution areas. As for the importance of the research; Highlighting the level of geometric sense and the nature of the relationship between it and the values ​​of some biokinematic variables when performing the skills of receiving the serve and defending the field in volleyball. The research problem: It is the lack of information available about the level of geometric sense perception of players and the nature of the relationship between the values ​​of some biokinematic variables in performing defensive skills and sensory perception (geometry). As for the research objectives: standardizing the sensory-geometric perception test, identifying the differences between clubs in the level of sensory-geometric (geometric) perception, and identifying the relationship between the level of sensory-geometric (geometric) perception and the values ​​of some biokinematic variables in performing the skills of receiving the serve and defending the field in volleyball.

The introduction to the research and its importance include the importance of swimming and cross-training as one of the modern trends in sports training as it is a powerful training method for its contribution to increasing the intensity of competition in the basic type of sport, as it means the difference in practicing other sports and activities that work to improve performance in specialized sports. The researcher wanted to use a new method in training that is different from what he used last year, namely cross-training, and to know its effect in developing the efficiency of the circulatory and respiratory systems and the level of achievement (50 m) for freestyle swimming and backstroke swimming for women, so the researcher decided to use the Orbid device instead of the arm arcometer and the bicycle device, which differs from the basic activity, in order to develop the effectiveness of arm movements and leg movements. The researcher used the experimental method with a single-group design, as the sample consisted of (8) female participants and learners of freestyle swimming and backstroke swimming aged (20-25) years, and the application of the training method took a period of (4) weeks at a rate of (3) training units per week, and the training unit time was (60) minutes. The results showed an increase and development in the results of the measurements of each of (Barach's energy index, vital capacity (VC) during rest, test time (50 m) freestyle swimming, test time (50 m) backstroke swimming). The researcher recommended the necessity of using cross-training using the interval training method due to its positive effect in developing the research variables.

Volleyball, like all other sports, consists of a set of basic principles on which the game is based, represented by serving, receiving the serve, preparing, smashing the chest wall, defending the court, and the overlap of these principles with each other in the form of this game. One of the modifications introduced to volleyball is the use of what is called the free player system, which gave added importance to the skill of receiving the serve, as it is one of the main tasks of this player, which allowed him to play in the back positions exclusively to support defensive skills primarily. This is to create a state of balance and stability in offensive and defensive skills, which contributes to developing the game and making it exciting and enjoyable for players and the audience alike. Therefore, the researcher decided to shed light on the research topic to identify the percentage of the contribution of the free player (libero) according to the playing areas and front positions (2-3-4). This is through the biomechanical point of view that has contributed significantly to human movement in general and the player in particular in recent years

The aim of the research is to: 1- Identify the level of physical qualities (endurance, transitional speed, agility, and speed-specific strength) in athletes with complete anterior cruciate ligament tears. 2- Identify the differences between the results of the physical qualities tests under investigation before and after the operation using the two methods (surgical opening of the knee and using the laparoscopic device) to remove the anterior cruciate ligament in athletes with injuries. 3- Identify the differences between the two methods (surgical opening of the knee and using the laparoscopic device) to remove the anterior cruciate ligament in athletes with injuries in the results of the physical qualities tests under investigation after the surgical operation. The research hypotheses were: 1- There are significant differences between the results of the physical characteristics tests (under study) before and after the operation for the two methods (surgically opening the knee and using the laparoscopic device) to remove the anterior cruciate ligament in injured athletes and in favor of the results of the physical tests after the operation. 2- There are significant differences between the two methods (surgically opening the knee and using the laparoscopic device) to remove the anterior cruciate ligament in injured athletes in the results of the physical characteristics tests under study after the operation and in favor of the method of opening the knee using the laparoscopic device. The descriptive method was used on a sample selected intentionally, as it included (16) athletes with complete anterior cruciate ligament ruptures whose ages ranged from (22-28) years, with (8) injured athletes according to the common traditional method, which is (surgically opening the knee) and (8) injured athletes according to the modern method by means of (the laparoscopic device) for the purpose of lifting the torn ligament. After the sample members were identified, the researcher conducted the pre-test (physical) before the surgical operation. To remove the cruciate ligament in the playgrounds and halls of the College of Physical Education/University of Basra at exactly ten o'clock in the morning on Monday 20/11/2011. The surgical operation was performed on the research sample at the end of the tenth month of 2011 under the hand of one surgeon. The surgical operations were performed according to the two methods (surgically opening the knee and using the endoscopic device). After completing the surgical operations for the torn anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint, as well as the injured athletes undergoing a rehabilitation program after the operation at the Basra Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, the researcher tested the sample members again at exactly ten o'clock in the morning on Sunday 20/5/2012. After processing the data on the computer using the statistical program SPSS Ver 11, a set of conclusions were reached, the most important of which are: * The results after the operation between the two methods (surgically opening the knee and using the endoscopic device) showed that the method of opening the knee using the endoscopic device is superior to the method of opening the knee surgically in the speed of recovery in the physical characteristics under study. The most important recommendations were: * The necessity of informing the medical assistants and those working in the medical field that the laparoscopic removal of the cruciate ligament is better than the surgical opening of the knee in terms of the speed of restoring physical characteristics to the body.

The researcher addressed psychological stress as one of the concepts that may weaken the athlete's self-confidence when he has the belief or thinking that he is incompetent due to the many problems caused by the internal conflict. We may see some football players controlled by psychological stress to a very high degree, which ultimately affects their technical level and the accuracy of their skill performance, and thus affects the outcome of the match.

As for the research problem, the topic of psychological stress in football affects the sustainability of continuing to achieve sports achievement for our southern teams. Due to the importance of the topic of psychological stress and the lack of a scale that measures psychological stress in the football field, the researcher decided to design a scale for this phenomenon and then apply it to a sample of Premier League football players to identify the extent of its impact on the teams' ranking in the league.

Sports activities play an effective role in developing the individual's physical fitness, as they help him perform his duties efficiently and effectively, and even exceed in their positive impact on his health and increase the efficiency of the body's systems. Due to the importance of the topic, the researcher decided to conduct the research. The research aims to identify some variables related to the circulatory system (pulse, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure) and some variables related to the respiratory system (respiratory rate, vital capacity) for female students practicing and not practicing sports activities. And to conduct a comparison in the variables under study between female students practicing and not practicing sports activities. The comparative survey method was used to suit the nature of the research. The research sample included (40) female students from the departments of the College of Education for Girls, aged 18-23 years, (20) female students who practice sports activities for a period and (20) female students who will not practice any sports activities. The sample was selected randomly. The results of the research included adaptation of the circulatory and respiratory systems and an increase in the efficiency and economy of the heart’s work, as female students practicing sports activities became more capable in some variables related to the circulatory system (pulse, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure) and some variables related to the respiratory system (breathing rate, vital capacity) than female students who do not practice sports activities.

To achieve any sporting achievement requires knowledge of many mechanical and influencing factors. Failure to achieve achievement is due to neglecting some factors. Therefore, achieving achievement is one of the most difficult things facing sports training and those in charge of it. Those who follow global sporting achievements see that sports are in constant and continuous development. This event has received attention for these experiences that have helped us find the most important factors that must be taken care of and focused on to raise the level of achievement to the best. The kinetic analysis is used to accurately determine the level of performance of movements and sports skills among players, and through it the values ​​of the kinematic variables can be extracted and compared with the typical kinematic variables to know the strengths and weaknesses in the players' performance and contribute to modifying this performance for the better. Hence, the research problem appears, as the researcher noticed differences in the level of achievement among female long jump players compared to men due to the lack of correct connection between these variables under study during the performance, which was formed by some coaches neglecting training related to the physical aspect and the lack of sufficient interest in the kinetic analysis of the players. The researcher decided that my study would be a comparison of some of the kinetic variables of the world achievement for men and women in the (Daegu) Championship in South Korea 2011 to be a good model for the kinetic model for both sexes and to know their strengths and weaknesses. One of the research objectives is to identify some of the kinetic variables between the world champions and world champions in (Daegu) South Korea 2011 in the broad jump. And to identify the differences between world champions and world champions for some mechanical variables. As for the research hypotheses, there were statistically significant differences in some variables under study for the effectiveness of the long jump between world champions and world champions. The research sample consisted of (8) male and female jumpers in the championship held on 25-30/9/2011 in the city of (Daegu) in South Korea.

The research included four chapters, the first of which contained the introduction and the importance of the research, in which the researcher addressed the analysis of the operations that play an important role in developing the performance of individuals and groups (collective tactics), analyzing the level of tactical performance of players, then comparing that with the objectives of the training plan and programs set and adjusting its course according to these results to achieve the objectives set by the coach. From here it became clear that we should take into account some of the basic requirements that must be taken into account in implementing that analysis, which in turn stems from the importance of this research. 1- Complete attention to the numbers of analysis requirements (devices and tools) before analyzing the matches. 2- The analysis is performed in a correct manner and no errors are allowed in performing the analysis, and if that happens, it is repeated again. As for the problem of the research, it was revealed that the difference or distinction in achieving defense and attack tactics in fixed strikes and implementation methods depends on two basic factors, which are the defenders and attackers as individuals and the method of organizing the defense and attack completely for these strikes, and this leads to the emergence of differences in the organization and implementation processes. Perhaps this difference led us to formulate the problem with the following two questions: - Are there agreed-upon tactics? Is it shared between the participating teams? - Are the methods of executing fixed kicks similar or different? As for the objectives of the research, it is to identify the organization of the movement of players (defenders and attackers) during the execution of fixed kicks (in front of the penalty spot) and to identify the methods of executing fixed kicks and their impact on the results of matches (win - loss). As for the research areas, the human field was the teams participating in the Asian tournament (Doha), while the spatial field was the physical education halls, and the time field was the period from 10/1/2011 to 4/1/2012. As for the second chapter, it included theoretical and similar studies, and the researcher touched on a number of topics related to the study, the most important of which was the analysis in football and its prestigious position in the world of training, as it may be the desire of the scientist to record numbers and analytical numbers about football matches. As for the third chapter, it included the research methodology and its field procedures, as the researcher used the descriptive method using the survey method. The researcher also dealt with describing the sample and the means of collecting information, the devices and tools used, in addition to the method of analyzing matches using the computer and other means. Statistics. In the fourth chapter, the results were presented in the form of tables, and the researcher’s opinions and objective interpretations of the results were discussed in light of the results of organizing the players’ movement in defensive and offensive tactics.

Chapter One: Definition of the Research - Chapter One contained an introduction and the importance of the research in which the researcher mentioned that specialists in physical education and sports go to put the concept of gifted athletes into practice because preparing and qualifying the athlete is often aimed at achieving high or the highest athletic achievement among peers. If so, then it must be a concept that can be interpreted and applied practically to select athletes and develop their physical and motor abilities. To employ the term gifted athletes practically, the problem of defining the meaning of the term imposes a necessary existence for agreement between Syrian researchers on interpreting the concept of gifted athletes for the purposes of designing and building selection, preparation and qualification programs for athletes in general and for high-achieving athletes in particular. - As for the objectives of the research, they were: - Identifying the understanding of the term gifted athletes among academic specialists and sports training experts in Syria. - Establishing an agreed-upon concept of gifted athletes in Syria that is relied upon in the selection plans for gifted athletes and their training programs. Chapter Three: Research Methodology and Field Procedures It contained the definition of the methodology used as well as a description of the research sample and the research tools and devices, measurements used in it in addition to the main experiment and statistical operations. Chapter Four: Presentation, analysis and discussion of the results. Chapter Five: Conclusions Recommendations: The most important thing that the researcher reached was the absence of significant differences in the students’ opinion poll on the concept of the gifted athlete. The researcher believes that this is due to the lack of educational sufficiency and practical experience. As for the most important recommendations, they were: 1- Adopting the third concept [the athlete who possesses physical and mental qualifications and the readiness to develop his physical and mental abilities] as a concept for the gifted athlete in the Syrian Arab Republic.

The aim of the research is to: - Identify the types of flexibility and the accuracy of performing some basic skills among the players of the Koya University volleyball team. - Identify the relationship between the types of flexibility and the accuracy of performing some basic skills among the players of the Koya University volleyball team. The research sample included the players of the Koya University team, numbering (12) players. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the correlation method. The research sample was selected intentionally and some physical (flexibility) and skill tests were conducted. A number of devices, tools and means were used to collect and process data using appropriate statistical methods. After obtaining the results, they were discussed in a scientific manner supported by sources to achieve the objectives of the research and prove its hypothesis. In light of the results reached by the researcher: 1- There is a significant relationship between the spinal flexibility test and the accuracy of the serve (coordination) in volleyball for the players of the Koya University team. 2- There is a significant relationship between the spinal flexibility test and the accuracy of receiving the serve in volleyball for the players of the Koya University team. 3- There is a significant relationship between the shoulder flexibility test and the accuracy of receiving the serve in volleyball for the players of the Koya University team.

Speed ​​and accuracy of performance in hitting the ball are the basis of table tennis, and the player can learn to hit the ball strongly and quickly in a relatively short time, but when accuracy and spin are introduced in hitting the ball, it becomes more difficult. After the researchers reviewed many scientific sources related to table tennis, in addition to the work of one of the researchers, a coach at the IFK Lund Bordtennis club, and the other researcher follows the training process at the club and works on analyzing the skills of table tennis players during training and matches, the researchers found that many young players emphasize the speed and strength of hitting the ball without emphasizing where it falls, which causes the strikes to be scattered and many of them go outside the table, thus losing many points, which prompted the researchers to conduct an analytical study of the speed and accuracy of the ball in the forehand spiral stroke for table tennis juniors. The research aims to conduct an analytical study of the speed and accuracy of the ball in the forehand spiral stroke for table tennis juniors. The researchers assumed that there were significant differences in the speed variable in the forehand screw strike between the three groups (ball speed test group, accuracy test group and ball accuracy and speed test group). There were also significant differences in the accuracy variable in the forehand screw strike between the three groups (accuracy test group, ball speed test group and ball accuracy and speed test group).