Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

This paper extends the parallel operation of the 8051 microcontroller chip and presents the use of multiple 8051s that are connected to a common loop in a multiprocessor configuration. The 8051 multiprocessing implies many processors acting in some unified manner and connected so that data can be interchanged between them. There is generally a controlling or "talker" microcontroller that directs the activities of the remainder of the loop microcontrollers, or "listeners". One particular characteristic of a talker-listener loop is the frequent transmission of data between the talker and individual listeners. All data broadcast by the talker is received by all the listeners, although often the data is intended only for one or a few listeners. While some times, data is broadcast that is meant to be used by all the listeners. Communication through multiple 8051s use standard UART technology which assign unique addresses to all the listeners using mode 1, in this mode the listeners will waste a lot of processing time rejecting data not addressed to them. Mode 2 and 3 reduces processing time by enabling character reception based upon the state of SM2 in a listener and the state of bit ten in the transmitted character.

The task planning by a robot becomes easier when it has the requisite knowledge about its world and there is a self improving ability. In many artificial intelligent research areas like robotics navigation, path planning, and autonomous it needs to extract features precisely from environment to get the shortest path away from obstacles and even smooth this path. Choosing the path is being related to many variables like, the random of site and movement of obstacles, changing obstacle’s speed, robot’s size, and robot’s speed variation. Scaling down robots to miniature size introduces many new challenges including memory and program size limitations, low processor performance, and low power autonomy. As a result to obvious, the simplified Q-learning tends to solve these problems as well as it learns the robot behavior on line and in real time. In this paper, numerical efficient methods (sparse reward function and directed explorer) are presented and added to the simplified type to get a self-improving on Q-Learning operations which involves the number of trial, task time and hazard, so it is natural to try to reduce the number of states, actions, and overall time. The overall analysis results in an accurate and numerically stable method for improving Q-learning.

A Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) processor is the signal processing algorithm that controls the rate at which target detection are falsely declared. In this paper, a configurable Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based hardware architecture for Geometric-symmetry (GS) - CFAR processer for radar target detection is presented. The proposed architecture of this algorithm has been designed using Matlab-Simulink 7.8(R2009a) to deal with parallel structure, so as to obtain system parameters and to test the flow of signal through the system. The design has been converted to behavioral VHDL coding style, as well as a VHDL test bench, Simulink HDL Coder tool has been used to realize hardware directly from Simulink design. The simulation waveforms are obtained using ModelSim Altera 6.1g. Synthesis reports and board programming files have been obtained using the QUARTUS II package. ALTERA-Cyclone III FPGA family with EP3C120F780C7 board has been used as target device for implementation purpose. The post place and route result show that the proposed design can achieve a maximum operating frequency of 115.77MHz which is close to the clock frequency of the prototyping board.

The effects of stress on dental restoration and upon teeth themselves have been a topic of interest to dental researchers for the past twenty years. A model of a maxillary central incisor (front tooth) restored with titanium alloy post and another post nickel alloy in combination with different cements, are established. The stress in dentin, posts, cores and crowns have been evaluated and compared with two different post materials and two different cements. The research is performed theoretically , numerically and experimentally, A composite beam formula is derived for analysis and the stress at sections through the tooth. The numerical analysis is achieved by use of ANSYS/ver.11 software. The material of tooth is assumed to be isotropic, homogeneous and elastic. A load of 100 N is applied at an angle of 45۫ to the longitudinal axis at the palatal surface of the crown. The mechanical properties and chemical composition of nickel alloy and Zinc polycarboxylate are measured experimentally. In this study , There are three model type (I,II and III) , model I including the standards restoring tooth (Titanium post tooth ), model II including new post (Ni-Cr) alloys and third model by using the high strength cement(Zinc polycarboxylate) .

This paper presents a design of microstrip antenna for IEEE 802.11b and for IEEE 802.11g using a nearly square patch antenna, excited by a standard miniature adapter probe feed line. The patch and ground plain are separated by a substrate; the radiating patch is loaded by a central shorting pin and feeding probe loaded by a series capacitor. This antenna has wide bandwidth in the frequency band of (WLAN) and with a return loss ≤ −10 dB from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz exhibits circularly polarized far field radiation pattern. The proposed antennas have been simulated and analyzed using method of moments (MoM) based software package Microwave Office 2008 v8.0. The results show that the bandwidth of the antenna increases by using reactive load. The simulated gain of the antenna is over 6 dB.

The goal of this research is the determination exit water temperature of a condenser (atmospheric) use in steam power plant by artificial neural network with various operation conditions. Input of neural network include surface area, inlet water temperature, water flow rate, steam temperature, enthalpy difference and steam flow rate. Output of the neural network consists of the exit water temperature. For the subject of the neural network, training or learning algorithm are applied the most famous of which is back propagation algorithm. This algorithm is a systematic method for training multi layer artificial neural network. The real exit water temperature first using experimental work and is defined as a goal function for neural network (NN) , so that all outputs of the network can be compared to this function and the error can be calculated. Then another a set of input from experimental work was used to test the NN, the performance of the NN is optimum. Compared with a validated first model, the standard deviations of neural network models are less than 0.12%, and all errors fall into

This paper presents an investigation on the stabilization and the tracking problem of an inverted pendulum-cart system. An open loop subsystem is augmented to the original components which comprises an auxiliary stable pendant pendulum, (P.P.), and a jet force component. The latter is attached firmly to the auxiliary pendulum in such a way to keep the jet force acting in an alignment to this pendulum. The dynamic equations of the system are derived using Lagrange formulation. The jet force locates the inverted pendulum in the up-right position and holds it stable. A scheme based on model reference and error driven control is proposed to track the system along a pre-specified trajectory, while the inverted pendulum, (I.P.), maintains it's up-right position with fairly negligible oscillation. Real-time dynamic simulation is performed and the results of which are presented to illustrate the validity of the proposed approach.

AbstractThis paper presents comprehensive test data on the effect of replacing internal tension bars by externally bonded steel plate at beam tension face on its cracking pattern, structural deformations and ultimate strength of concrete beams reinforced with external. The experimental work include flexural testing of 100 150 1500mm concrete beams divided into two groups to investigate the mutual action of increasing the plate thickness against its width and vice versa. The test variable included the amount of conventional (internal) reinforcement, percentage of replacing the internal reinforcement with external steel plate and the dimensions of plate. Provided the adhesive layer are chosen carefully and proper gluing techniques are followed The results show that beams reinforced with external steel plate show beam action and composite behavior right up to failure and can be used successfully instead of internal reinforcement of a replacement ratios of removed bars to the original tension bars equal to 33% and 67% in which the steel plates used of wider and thiner than other used plates.

A general equation has been presented in the present work to calculate specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of superheated steam. The developed equation appeared in one context in order to confer upon it the status of generalizing form and away it from complexity that accompanies many equations and great number of mathematical terms that appear in those equations, where the number of terms in the equation presented in present work were eleven terms. Present equations showed a good accuracy for 523 experimental data points to evaluate a selected thermodynamic property of superheated steam. The average absolute percentage of error for those properties not exceed 1%, where the average absolute percentage of error 0.687% for specific volume, 0.767% for the internal energy, 0.867% for enthalpy and 0.654% for entropy.

In this paper the properties of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) was investigated using white cement and lime stone powder as fine aggregate instead of sand. All mixtures were proportioned with constant amount of (cement, lime stone powder, coarse aggregate and silica fume). While the glass powder, ceramic powder and glue were used as additives in different proportions from cement weight. The study focuses on comparison of fresh properties for self compacting concrete using two types of testing flow test and J-ring test. Whereas the hard concrete properties tests limited to compressive strength.The results leading to some developing in fresh properties and hard properties of self compacting concrete due to adding the additives. The best spread ability obtained at adding glue (4%) from cement weight. While the glass powder and ceramic powder affect to hard properties, adding ceramic powder increased the compressive strength at rates between (10-20) % from cement weight and adding glass powder modified the compressive strength at rates more than (20)% from cement weight.

The increase in road traffic during the last two decades in combination with an insufficient degree of maintenance due to shortage in funds have caused an accelerated and continuous deterioration of the road network in Iraq. To alleviate this process, several types of measures may be effective, e.g., securing funds for maintenance, improved roadway design, use of better quality of materials and the use of more effective construction methods. In this research, waste plastic bags as one sort of polymers and polypropylene fiber are used to investigate the potential prospects to enhance asphalt mixture properties. The objectives also include determining which one of the two additives is better than the other to be used and its proportion. The two additives were introduced to the mixture in state of small pieces (2-4 mm). Marshall mix design was used, first to determine the optimum bitumen binder content and then further to test the modified mixture properties. In total, (51) samples were prepared (15 samples were used to determine the optimum binder content and the remaining samples were used to investigate the effect of modifying the asphalt mixtures). The optimum asphalt content was (5 %). Six proportions of each additive type and stated by weight of the optimum binder content were selected to be tested (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12%). The tests include the determination of bulk density, stability and flow.

This paper focus on the effect of the acrylic polymer on the performance of cement mortar and cement-lime mortar, through studying; the water –reduction effect of the acrylic in the mortar, and the influence of the acrylic on the density, compressive and tensile strength of the hardened mortar . The effect of sand content on the water demand and mechanical properties of mortars was also studied . The experimental results show that the acrylic is reduce the water in cement mortar by 20% while in cement-lime mortar is 4%. Also the acrylic increases the compressive strength in cement mortar compared to cement-lime mortar at age of 28 days. In tensile strength the increases was 15.7% and that companied with increase in density due to acrylic in cement mortar while in cement-lime mortar the increase in tensile strength was 13.2% at age of 28 days. While the increasing of the sand content leads to increasing in water demand and reducing of the mechanical properties. The paper shown that cement-lime mortar have excellent workability but low level of mechanical strength.

he concept of capacity and level of service are central to the analysis of intersections, as they are for all types of facilities, however the two concepts are not as strongly correlated as they are for other facility types. It is critical to note at the outset, however that both capacity and level of service must be fully considered to evaluate the overall operation of the intersections. The objectives of the present study include the analysis, evaluation and improvement the operation of selected intersections in the CBD of Baghdad and to present a best proposal to enhance the performance at the required facility. Three congested intersections; Khullani, Wathba and Amin which are located at AL-Jomhoriya Street in the CBD of Baghdad are selected to achieve the objectives of the present study. The required traffic and geometrical data gathered manually and the (O – D) survey technique is used to estimate the distribution of traffic in different directions. SIDRA and TRAFFICQ programs are used for the requirements of traffic analysis process.

This paper deals with the development of computational model for fingerprint recognition. A person can be recognized and identified by comparing the characteristics of his fingerprint with those of known individuals. Features of the fingerprint under test are compared with a set of enrolled fingerprints already stored in database. If the features match with the database then fingerprint can be recognized and identified.The most popular technique is Minutia Extraction for Fingerprint. The development of computation model for fingerprint recognition by using slantlet transform instead of FFT due to the ability of the slantlet transform to decompose signal (images at various resolutions allows accurate extraction of features from non stationary signal images). The low frequency coefficients which contain the maximum information about the signal, were selected from slantlet decomposition, these coefficient fed to another step in Minutia Extraction and then to Minutia Matching. This new method of fingerprint recognition tasks with lower number of calculations. Hence it raises the algorithmic efficiency and reduces the execution time.

A systematic development of the analysis, design, and testing by simulation of a closed-loop speed control of separately excited dc motor drive system is described in this paper. The motor controlled armature voltage is supplied from a three-phase fully controlled bridge converter. Closed-loop control is analyzed by using transfer function techniques and the necessity of an inner current control loop is demonstrated. Designs of both a proportional and proportional-integral controllers are outlined by using transfer function technique. A soft starting concept is used to reduce the value of starting current. The feed forward loop is used to reduce the effect of load torque disturbances. The speed and current responses are also presented for load and no-load cases.

The effect of solution annealing treatment on the formability of three stainless steel alloys (AISI 321, GOST A917, and SAF 2205) has been studied. Properties obtained from tensile testing (strength, ductility, strain hardening index, and strain rate sensitivity) have been chosen as criteria to detect formability. The values of those criteria were compared with stretching behavior obtained from Olsen test (h-value). Solution annealing treatment, at the range 900-1350oC for 30 min. followed by water quenching, which showed a remarkable effect on formability for the three alloys. Annealing the duplex stainless steels at 950oC and at temperatures higher than 1050oC, was found to decrease the strain hardening index (formability) due to the formation of brittle phases during annealing at 950oC, and also due to increase of ferrite content when annealing at temperatures higher than 1050oC. The rate of cooling (water quenching, air cooling, and furnace cooling) after annealing at 1050oC showed to have an effect on the formability of the three alloys in a way that air cooling and water quenching produced better formability than furnace cooling due to formation of brittle carbides and grain growth during furnace cooling.

This work contains a general study about all epicyclic gear trains .This was accomplished by:-1.Developing simplified equations for the kinematic analysis of all epicyclic gear trains .This will be used for future steady state and dynamic analysis .2.Utilizing the developed equations as a model for solving the kinematics of all epicyclic gear trains .This can be applied in all complex gear trains by developing a new approach which is regarded as an equivalent system using an imaginary method . 3.Using the new equivalent method to understand the kinematics of all complex gear trains which are difficult to analyse . This is achieved by simplifying all complex gear trains into simple epicyclic gear trains by re-drawing the new equivalent system . The basic aim of this paper is to develop a new and simple learning technique in understanding and solving the kinematics of any complex gear mechanism . In addition , this approach might be useful in future design of complex gear mechanism .

The research aims to study the engine performance by using the pressure-crank angle diagramat differentengine speed for different fuel injection period in Direct injection diesel engine type (PETTER PHW). The present work also includes the calculating of the gas temperature of cylinder and other variables to determine the Optimum performance of the engine. Thepresent work also study the effect of several variablesi.e the effect of engine speed , fuel injection period , and the use of several models on the value of the cylinder gas temperature. The study showed at the speed (N = 1600 rpm) the engine performance can be optimized. The Ignition delay period increases with increasing engine speed. The results demonstrated that the Ignition delay period increases with the advance injection fuel angle. When using different models results showed that there are effectiveness on cylinder gas temperature curves between the first model (Single zone), and the other two ( Two zone, Multi zone).