journal of Language Studies

Sensory images in Arabic poetry vary between the pre-Islamic and Abbasid eras depending on the nature of life and the intellectual and cultural environment of each period. The sensory image is evident as a powerful means of expression in both poets Antarah inb Shaddad and Al-Mutanabbi, who use the sensory image to enhance pride, and each of them has his own style and vocabulary that reflects his experience and time.
In the pre-Islamic era, sensory images focused on desert nature and Bedouin life, in addition to pre-Islamic images that come directly, and depend on simple sensations such as sound, smell, and color, and reflect a life of severity, heroism, and courage.
As for the Abbasid era, sensory images developed to become more complex and sophisticated as a result of poets being influenced by different cultures and civilizational progress. Sensory images in Abbasid poetry are derived from urban life, palaces, gardens, science, and philosophy, making them more profound, precise, and complex, which gives their poetry a richer and more diverse character.

Islam is the most important event in the history of the Arabs, as it brought new ideas, principles, and values, and brought about a radical change to many of the pre-Islamic beliefs that contradicted the sublime Islamic call to lay the foundations and rules of a new life based on truth, justice, and equality. The sublime principles and rulings of the Qur’an spread throughout society to regulate man’s relationship with God and human relationships. People among themselves, to raise man and society to broad horizons of spiritual, social, human and mental values. The Holy Qur’an was taught in mosques, and naturally this development was reflected in poetry and prose.
Keywords: Al- Mubarrad , Poetry , Language , the Holy Quran , References

Al-Hamdani referred to the language of theater expressed in shifting and fixed words, in addition to multiple connotations such as (music - screaming - blood - tragedies ... etc.), which is the expressive language as it replaced the spoken language in theatrical discourse, and this indicates the absurdity of abstract language that carries words that are incomprehensible and incoherent between the characters, as it makes the recipient not integrated with the event and more sequential of what is happening in front of him.
This integration within the theatrical text is a second language, in a different way from the cultural product of the theater, especially since the theatrical language varies and varies according to the circumstances and data;
Keywords: text Transformation, Persistence, Language, Theatre,

This study, entitled ( The Conversational Implicature of the allusive speech in Surat Al-Ahzab), seeks to shed light on the effectiveness of the theory of Conversational Impliment and prove its worth in analyzing discourse, by deducing a set of rhetorical structures contained in Surat Al-Ahzab.
The study as a whole consists of a light introduction and a theoretical introduction. It specifies the definitional, foundational and foundational framework of the theory of conversational obligation, and two sections concerned with the procedural and applied aspects, and at the end of its journey it reaches a set of conclusions proven at its conclusion.
Keywords: pragmatic meaning, conversational, discourse, allusion, Surah Al-Ahz

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and may blessings and peace be upon His servant, His Messenger, His friend, and His trustworthy one, our Prophet and Master Muhammad and his family and all his companions, as for what follows Ancient Arabic literature, with its poetry and prose, received many studies that wrote down many of its literary phenomena and revealed many of its literary figures who had a prominent role in the process of literature in that era. From here was born the desire to participate and contribute to presenting literary research on the literature of that era. ; Being the foundation upon which the literature of later eras was based, and since prose represented one of the two parts of literature in the pre-Islamic era, the study dealt with the personality of Amer bin Al-Darb, who was one of the writers of that era and who was known to be one of the people of wisdom and opinion, and he had literary productions in prose and poetry. We have discussed one of its prose aspects, which is the wills in Arabic literature by Amer ibn al-Darb, as a model. In the study, we have explained the wills linguistically, terminologically, and its place in the arts of prose according to the literary eras from the pre-Islamic era to the Abbasid era, and we have shown the most important artistic characteristics of this art. In addition, we have discussed in it a definition. About the personality of Amer bin Al-Tarab and an example of one of his commandments regarding his people, the people of Adwan, and we summed up a conclusion and some of the sources and references that we relied on in the research.

This research, which we have titled "Keeping Secrets in the Abbasid Era until the Year 334 AH," addresses the concept of keeping secrets among the poets of the Abbasid period, as well as its important role for the individual who may conceal a secret and prevent it from reaching the ears of others out of fear of its disclosure and spread. When a secret is revealed in society, it can lead to undesirable consequences. Sometimes, a person may feel overwhelmed and need someone to rely on to relieve their suppressed burdens.
A secret is the opposite of announcement; it is what a person keeps or hides, a precious matter concealed within the self. The nature of a secret depends on confidentiality and the ability to preserve it, and the individual who carries another's secret must possess a high degree of trustworthiness and integrity.
Keywords: Secrecy - Secrets - Abbasid era

The present study aims at finding out the effect of Round House strategy on developing EFL Intermediate pupils’ Writing skill. To achieve the aim of this study , a hypotheses is assumed to be established. there is no statistically significant difference between the experimental group in the pre –post writing test . A sample consists of (60) pupils in first grade at Al-Hammiya Intermediate School for Boys distributed into two groups. Group (A) represents experimental group that includes (30) pupils are taught according to Round House strategy. Group (B) represents control group who also includes (30) pupils who are taught according to the prescribed method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables educational level of parents. English scores achievement in preceding year, and the pre-test of both groups. The dependability coefficient has been validated using the Alpha-Cronbach method. A statistical study of the items has been done to determine the discrimination power and level of difficulty for each item. As a result, the post-test has been administered to the full sample. The formula for "the T-test of two independent and paired samples' has been employed to statistically analyze the data acquired from the post-test results. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group" when using Round House strategy. Appropriate recommendations and suggestion for future research are made in light of the study's results and conclusions
Key Words: Effect, Strategy, Round House, Writing Skill

تناول هذا البحث أثر ألعاب الفيديو على اكتساب المفردات بين متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة ثانية في إقليم كردستان العراق. وكانت عينة البحث متكونة من أربعة و سبعون طالباً وطالبة، تبلغ أعمارهم 12 عاماً، وهؤلاء الطلاب يدرسون اللغة الإنجليزية في المدرسة الحكومية في إقليم كوردستان- العراق-اربيل. استخدم البحث تصميمًا كميًا شبه تجريبي على مجموعتين من الطلاب، حيث تلقت المجموعة التجريبية تعليمات تعتمد على ألعاب الفيديو، بينما تم تدريس المجموعة الضابطة باستخدام الطرق التقليدية. وأظهرت النتائج أن المجموعة التجريبية شهدت تحسنا ملحوظا في درجات اختبار المفردات لديهم مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة، مما يدل على فعالية ألعاب الفيديو في تعزيز اكتساب المفردات. ووجد البحث أيضًا أن فوائد التعليم القائم على ألعاب الفيديو كانت متسقة بين المشاركين، بغض النظر عن مستويات كفاءتهم الأولية في اللغة الإنجليزية وتكنولوجيا المعلومات. واضافة إلى ذلك، كشف البحث عن عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في مكاسب المفردات بين الطلاب والطالبات. بحيث أشارت النتائج إلى أن دمج ألعاب الفيديو في مناهج تعلم اللغة يمكن أن يكون استراتيجية قيمة لدعم تطوير المفردات لدى المتعلمين الصغار في إقليم كردستان. يوفر البحث رؤية واضحة للمعلمين وصانعي السياسات والباحثين فيما يتعلق بدمج مناهج التعلم القائمة على التكنولوجيا في تعليم اللغة.
الكلمات الدالة: اكتساب المفردات، ألعاب الفيديو، تعلم اللغة، إقليم كردستان، المتعلمون الصغار، الإنجليزية كلغة ثانية.

This research aims to investigate the effect of mini-drama to enhance the writing proficiency of Iraqi EFL secondary school pupils. To achieve the aim of the research, the following hypothesis has been put in. There is no statistically significant difference between the mean score of the experimental group, taught using mini-drama to improve writing proficiency, and that of the control group, taught using the traditional way in the posttest. The data has been collected from Iraqi EFL secondary pupils at Al-Qabas secondary school for girls during the academic year (2023-2024), through a pre and post-test. The study is quantitative and experimental design and the results are analyzed through descriptive statistics of the data through the SPSS 22 software program. Finally, the research ends with some conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further research.
Keywords: EFL, English Language, Mini-Drama, Writing Proficiency.

Formulaic expressions are strings of words commonly co-occur in natural discourse, they are typically characterized by their high expressivity in holding out intents and their highlighted effects in verbalizing targets. Most formulaic expressions in Arabic have variance interpretations that deliberately assume the intents of the text or the context in which they are accompanied, this is because, they are utilized in combinations with other texts which put them into practice. This, however, constitutes a problem pertaining to their interpretations as the same language formula can be relatedly vitalized and verbalized in terms of the interchangeable accompanied texts which are stemmed in a context. This problem also arguably raises a debatable issue: what would happen in the interpretation when two opposite texts; namely formulaic text and non–formulaic text are met together successively in one textual framework/ setting? Another problem majorly encounters Arabic translators who are non–native to the English language as formulaic expressions are conventionalized sequences of words that belong to a specific language community; whereof achieving a formulaic knowledge via translation would be unattainable for those who belong to another discourse community. Therefore, this study is an attempt to: 1) identify the intent of the formulaic structure in relation to the accompanied text and the role of the formulaic structure in constructing both of the texts' significations. 2) outlining the role of pragma-societal factors in shaping the designation of the texts under the analysis .3) Explicating the challenges faced by Arabic translators in their renditions of formulaic expressions into English; how they deal with these socio-cultural words; and to what extent, they succeed in achieving socio-pragmatic equivalency in replicating these formulaic statuses into English. 4) proposing appropriate pragma-translational neutral procedures for neutralizing these formulas preserving their formulaic statuses into English. Procedurally (6) texts from Arabic drama (قابل للقتل) are chosen to be the data of the study. Participants of this study are (4) Arabic translators who are non–natives to English live in the U.S.A. The study sums up that most of the Arabic formulaic expressions realized inaccurate renditions by socio-pragmatic breakdown, deviation, formulaic loss, nonsenses in English due to socio-pragmatic and cultural incompetency of the translators.
Key words: - Formulaic expressions, socio-pragmatics, translation

Translation strategies, domestication and foreignization bridge the linguistic and cultural gaps. Domestication adapts foreign texts for target readers, often sacrificing cultural nuances, as seen in historical examples like Rome's assimilation of Greek texts. Foreignization preserves the original text's cultural distinctions.
On social media like Twitter, translators face unique challenges with its character limit and specific lexicon. They must decide between domesticating tweets for clarity or foreignizing them to retain cultural elements.
This paper explores domestication and foreignization in historical and modern contexts, highlighting their implications for cross-cultural communication and translation on digital platforms like Twitter.
Keywords: Connotation, Verb, Tāaf, Qur’anic Context

Using Roland Barthes' semiotic theory, this study article explores the symbolic aspects of Ahmed Ardalan's 2014 novel, The Gardener of Baghdad. The research seeks to reveal the several layers of meaning inside the text by examining the book using the ideas of signifier and signified, as well as denotative and connotative meanings. This analysis demonstrates how Ardalan's use of symbols enriches the storyline, mirroring profound cultural, historical, and emotional settings. The results demonstrate the intricate interaction of symbols in the book, providing a more profound comprehension of its themes and emotional intensity. This study examines how carefully Ahmed Ardalan uses symbolism in The Gardener of Baghdad, paying particular attention to the garden, the red rose, and the glorious city of Baghdad. Ardalan explores deep issues of love, grief, and culture via these symbols, weaving a story with a wealth of nuance and complexity. The garden is a haven and a symbol of optimism because it demonstrates that love can flourish even in the face of adversity. The red rose symbolizes the beauty and fragility of love, as well as the unescapable suffering that comes with losing someone. The portrayal of Baghdad as a historically and culturally significant city embodies the people's tenacity and enduring spirit. This study reveals how these symbols are more than just literary devices—rather, they are crucial components that raise the novel's thematic depth. By unraveling this symbolic tapestry, the research provides a better understanding of Ardalan's reflection on the human condition, demonstrating the enduring significance of his writing.
Keywords: Ahmed Ardalan, Barthes, Semiotics, symbolism, the signifier and signified, denotative and connotative, the Gardener of Baghdad

The present study evaluates and examines three translations, provided by three students who have master degree in translation, for a sample of English Islamic Marriage contract that is officially utilized by Muslims in the United States/ Texas. The central aim of the study is to identify the main issues which are usually faced by the legal translators in translating English International Islamic marriage contracts in the United States of America/Texas and Islamic matrimony registration forms and examining the procedures adopted by translators concerning the translation of official documentsThey followed Peter Newmark’s Theory (1988) of Semantic and Communicative translation in translating this legal document which includes cultural-bound terms related specifically to the Islamic beliefs and concepts that are considered fundamental parts of formulating such documents and raise a real challenge for legal translators due to the source language and target language related to diverse linguistic families and different legal systems and religious cultures. So, different translation issues have been committed by the translators in the usage of lexical items according to the current context. It is worth mentioning that the current document issued by "Frisco Masjid Inc.”, in which it is an organization concerning the affairs of Muslims in the American United States/Texas. The most important conclusion is the legal translator should first opt for the communicative technique due to the multiple terminologies that have no suitable equivalence in the target TL at the same time s/he should be aware of employing such procedure to grasp the alike alike ated lawful impact of the source language’s words.
Keywords: marriage certificate; legal language; difficulty; translation.

Because of the blatant, direct persecution, and misrepresentation of all Iraqis, which comes from an Orientalist’s ignorant perception of the Orient (Iraqi), this study will be conducted to show the different misrepresentations of Arabs and Iraqis by the American tropes in a novel entitled The Sirens of Baghdad written by an Algerian novelist, Khadra Yasmina. The current study explores orientalists’ misrepresentation and the Western gaze towards the Middle East, especially the Iraqi character. Khadra portrays the complex life of Iraqis during the invasion of 2003, in the context of us versus them. Drawing on the critical framework of Orientalism theory by the theorist Edward Said, this paper examines how Sirens of Baghdad deconstructs Orientalist representations by giving voice to marginalized perspectives and resisting the erasure of local knowledge and agency. Khadra's narrative subverts simplistic depictions of “Islamic extremism”, highlighting the multifaceted social, political, and psychological factors that shape an individual's path towards violence and, ultimately, the possibility of redemption and nonviolent resistance. The study emphasizes the importance of embracing nonviolent resistance which represents a powerful alternative to the spiral of violence, gesturing towards the possibility of reconciliation and moral progress.
Keywords: Orientalism, Iraq, Stereotyping, Resistance, Terrorist, Deconstruction, The Sirens of Baghdad

Fires in the Mirror is a play by Anna Deavere Smith that uses verbatim theatre to explore the 1991 Crown Heights riot in Brooklyn, New York. The play consists of a series of monologues in which she embodies the personas of various people involved in or impacted by the riot. Each monologue is a verbatim transcript of what the interviewee said during an interview with her. By performing these verbatim monologues, Smith authentically portrays the voices and emotions of the people she interviewed. It offers her a multi-faceted and profoundly human perspective on the Crown Heights riot. It highlights the underlying issues of racial and religious divisions while underscoring the importance of empathy and understanding in times of crisis. Fires in The Mirror as verbatim theatre shows how authentic storytelling can deeply connect us to real-life events. It reminds us that theatre can be a powerful tool for understanding others' experiences and raising awareness about important issues.
Keywords: Verbatim Théâtre, Crown Heights Riots, Authentic Story-Telling, Historical Events.

No matter what the impact of Spenser’s sonnet, “Amoretti I”, on Badr Shakir al-Sayyab’s poem “Diwanu Shi’r” [A Book of Verse] may be named, it is textually and thematically evident that the latter poem has derived much from the former. The affinities between the two poems transcend the simple allusion, metaphor or intertextuality to reasonably assume that al-Sayyab, who is well-versed in English poetry, has re-worked Spenser’s sonnet and dressed it in a classical Arabic form. The present study seeks to investigate al-Sayyab’s indebtedness to Spenser, the major English 16th century poet, and here lies the significance of the study as it explores an area in the poetic formation of al-Sayyab which has never been investigated before. For this end, it explores the similarities in themes, images and subject matter between the aforementioned poems, showing whether this indebtedness is a matter of intertextuality, influence, adaptation or plagiarism.
Keywords: Spenser, al-Sayyab, intertextuality, plagiarism, comparative literature.

Political communication is a complex process of sharing concepts and beliefs to gain control over power and manipulate the mass population. In the face of heightening conflict and humanitarian issues, the US President Joe Biden’s communication occurred when the Gaza War was underway in the October of 2023. This study examines three hypotheses: Biden’s utilization of presuppositions for influencing perception and gaining approval on Israel’s behalf, for causing self-derogatory effect, and blaming Hamas alongside constructing an element of predestination regarding the United States foreign policy. In the present study, the researcher relied on a content analysis model and identified various presupposition types in Biden’s speeches in order to categorize them based on different manipulative strategies. The article concluded that Biden’s language often justified Israeli actions while attributing all harm to Hamas, thus aligning the audience with the U.S. and building a narrative of pure justice. Presuppositions were most detectable in Biden’s discourse about the IDF strike on al-Shifa Hospital, where he assumed that Hamas must have been operating out of the hospital. These findings therefore present presupposition as a major political resource in the construction of discourses, people, and policy reforms.
Keywords: Joe Biden, Manipulation, Presupposition

ABSTRACT
This research employs Searle's (1969) Speech Acts Theory and Brown and Levinson's (1987) Politeness Theory as core frameworks to meticulously analyse the intricate interplay between directive acts and face-threatening-acts within Surat Yusuf from the Glorious Quran. The study describes the use of these techniques in communication between Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him) and his father, brothers, Al Aziz, Al Aziz's wife, and the prisoners. Taking into account variables like social distance and relative power dynamics, the research sheds light on the complex language strategies employed. The questions of the research can be summarized as, is there a strong relation between directive acts and face-threatening acts? Do the context and social distance of the interlocutors effect this relation? The objectives of the study sheds lights on the different ways of expressing directives acts such as requests, questions, orders…etc. with relation to face-threatening acts. The data analysis provides thorough insights into the communication dynamics within religious narratives. The research at hand has inferences for a variety of contexts and disciplines, advancing both academic and applied understandings. Finally, the study is regarded as a qualitative one with no stylistic analysis. The main conclusions of this study show that directive acts have different forms depending on different factors. Directive acts may have a specific form but a different function.
Keywords: Directive acts, FTA, politeness, pragmatics, speech acts and Surat Yusuf.

The study investigates and analyzes W. Wordsworth's four selected poems on the basis of G. Leech's taxonomy of semantic deviation (1969). The significance of the analysis is to disclose to what extent the poet uses such deviation in his literary texts and how semantic deviation serves the meaning of the poems. The analysis samples are 'The Daffodils', 'My Heart Leaps Up', 'The Solitary Reaper' and 'Composed upon Westminster Bridge', respectively. Leech's classification of semantic deviation (1969), as the model of the study, is utilized to analyze them. The procedures of the study ,that are utilized to conduct the current study analysis, starts with reading and investigating the semantic deviation in these selected poems. Then, the step of analysis is conducted in the light of the study model, Leech's classification of semantic deviation (1969). Finally, the findings of the data analysis are discussed and it is followed by the study conclusion. The results have revealed that semantic deviation is highly utilized in these selected poems so as to serve and diversify their meanings and to be more attractive on the part of the readers. Transference of meaning, a type of semantic deviation, is the most dominant type that is used in these poems in comparison with the others.
Key words: foregrounding, linguistic deviation, semantic deviation.

Intonation is one of the most important suprasegmental features, which conveys communicative strategies in political language. It is essential in reflecting the implicit meaning since it shows the movement of pitch or patterns of melody as well as the multiple movements used by people’s voice in speech .This study fills the gap in a literature as it aims to investigate the types of information tones used in shaping the discursive strategies of other/self in Bush’s speech after September 11 attacks based on an eclectic model of Van Dijk's (2006) model of ideological square and Brazil’s (1997) model of discourse intonation. The data is collected qualitatively and a mixed method is used to analyze the results of this study. The major findings show that Bush used commonly the proclaiming with a (fall) tone in shaping many discursive strategies to represent the image of “US” (selves) positively than the image of “THEM” (others) negatively in order to add more and new information and attract the attention of Americans and manipulate and motivate them against terrorists, particularly Muslim people. It is hoped that such a study helps to enhance learners’ understanding of speakers’ intended meaning, since it focuses on showing the tonal types of the social and cognitive traits of the politician in question.
Keywords: Discourse intonation, referring and proclaiming tones , political language and ideological square.

The study examines the use of language in epitaphs from a sociolinguistic perspective. The current study aims to analyze the syntactic and morphological aspects of epitaphs in English beside examining the use of euphemistic expressions. The study Identifies social factors like gender, age, and status that influence the writing of epitaphs and how the deceased's role in life is portrayed. Finally, the study aims to explore the cultural values and beliefs about death and the afterlife reflected in English epitaphs. This genre has received little attention in studies. In order to achieve the aims of the study, the researcher proposes some hypotheses which are: (i) There are significant differences in the syntactic and morphological structures of English epitaphs. (ii) The use of euphemistic expressions expresses differently in English epitaphs. (iii) The social status, age and gender of the deceased are reflected in English epitaphs. (iv) Culture and religion influence the content of English epitaphs. The study analyzes 13 English epitaphs using qualitative research design. The key findings indicate differences in morpho-syntactic structure, with no gender markers used in English epitaphs . implicit euphemisms is found in English epitaphs. Social factors like gender, age, and status are more frequently reflected in English epitaph. There are differences in the linguistic cues used for male versus female epitaphs. The study provides insights into how language reflects cultural and societal norms in funeral rituals.
Key Words: Epitaph, euphemistic expressions, morpho-syntactic structure.

The human influence on global climate change has become serious and critical, demanding extra study in all fields, including literature. The global weirding novels try to stress the human effects on climate change to great horrible space. Climate weirding represents how the human actions and greedy of capitalism change the whole planet to another one that is unfamiliar. In Dyschronia (2018), Jennifer Mills portrays surprising and disturbing events like the localized retreat, rather than rise, of the sea and the implications for the doomed town of Clapstone, which turned into an industrial sacrificed zone. The aim of The current paper first aims to study the problem of climate change, which has become very serious and critical in recent years and needs further exploration in all disciplines, including fiction; secondly, it tries to show how human actions create serious problems like climate change or climate weirding which is one of the scarcest things that threaten human and nonhuman existence. The study will depend on explaining new weird genre to analyse the novel.
Keywords: new weird, climate change, Dyschronia, and anthropocene

Linguistic proficiency refers to students’ ability to use and understand a language in a specific text, while literary awareness relates to students’ specific way of using information and comprehending literature in a particular language. The current study aims to investigate and compare Iraqi EFL university students' level between linguistic proficiency and literary awareness. It also aims at finding whether there is a significant difference between Iraqi EFL university students’ linguistic proficiency and literary awareness at both Tikrit university and Kirkuk University and finding whether there is a significant difference between Iraqi EFL students’ linguistic proficiency and literary awareness at Tikrit and Kirkuk universities according to gender. For achieving the aims and answering the questions, 250 students were randomly chosen from English Department in Colleges of Education at both universities in the second semester of the Academic Year 2022/ 2023 to form the study sample. The tool; that used for collecting data is a questionnaire. The results reveal that there is a significant difference in literary awareness and linguistic proficiency between the students at Tikrit and Kirkuk Universities. The difference is primarily in favor of literary awareness due to students' interest in literary subjects rather than linguistic ones. The gender variable's results indicate that there is no difference in the language proficiency of males and females, there is a difference in literary awareness that favors the female gender. Finally, the study ends with conclusions and some recommendations.
Key words: Linguistic proficiency, literary awareness, comparative study.