journal of Language Studies

Abu Al-Qasim Umar ibn Thabit Ibn Ibrahim ibn Umar ibn Abdullah Al-Octani (d. .442 A.H.), was one of the imams of Arabia, and he was a scholar of grammar, and well-versed in its rules, with numerous authored works. Among his writings is "Al-Fawa'id and-Al-Qawa'id" (The Benefits and Rules), in which he adopted a clear and straightforward approach in his examples, illustrations, and rules, avoiding obscure terms and complex styles.
The aim of this study is to understand the extent of al-Thamanini's attention to Quranic citations in his book "Al-Fawa'id wal-Qawa'id," his use of most surahs, his concern with the term "citation," his restriction to Quranic citations in some grammatical topics, and his preference for Quranic citations over other sources in grammatical issues. The study also looks into how he selects citations that align with grammatical rules, addresses the various rare and weak readings, favors the most suitable and eloquent readings, and expresses his opinions on them. It examines the impact of these citations on establishing and formulating grammatical rules. All of this is to highlight the significant influence of the Holy Quran in establishing grammatical rules, which helps set correct and sound standards for Arabic grammar by relying on numerous Quranic citations. The aim is to present grammatical material in a smooth manner that benefits the learner.
Keywords : Impact, Al-Thamanini, Witness, Norm, Readings

This study explores the role of the internet and cyberspace, particularly through the use of emails, as a tool for feminist empowerment within Saudi Arabian society, as depicted in Rajaa Alsanea's novel Girls of Riyadh. The research aims to examine how female characters use virtual spaces to challenge and undermine patriarchal norms and expectations. By utilizing the internet's anonymity and connectivity, these women carve out a platform for self-expression, solidarity, and resistance against the oppressive structures of their society. The study finds that cyberfeminism offers a powerful means for women in conservative environments to voice their thoughts and advocate for change. Furthermore, the internet serves as a catalyst for new forms of feminist discourse and activism. The study concludes that cyberspace not only facilitates the creation of a collective feminist identity but also empowers women to redefine their roles and resist traditional societal constraints.
Keywords: Cyberfeminism, Cyberspace, solidarity, Emails, Rajaa Alsanea’s Girls of Riyadh

Research into the Holy Qur’an requires finality and high honesty, the words of God Almighty (Falsehood cannot approach it from before it or from behind it; [it is] a revelation from a [Lord Who is] Wise and Praiseworthy) (Fussilat: 42), and the basis in the Holy Qur’an has included all levels of discourse, which means in order the Qur’anic verses within the Surah, the arrangement of the Surah and its ending, and in the choice of letters, words, and combinations, such as introduction, delay, mention, deletion, definition, indefiniteness, and other constructions in the Qur’anic systems. Every word, or even every letter, in the Holy Qur’an came in a context appropriate to it. There is nothing in the Holy Qur’an that is synonymous, but for each word is determined by the context, the occasion, and the position to which it is intended.

Keywords: the Holy, Qur’an, Proportionality ,Contextual, revelation, levels , discourse , Surah, Alsuwer alma Dania, similar

In this research, I dealt with the phenomena of request creation in the two poets Abdullah ibn al-Mu'taz al-Abbasi and the Fatimid poet Prince Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz. The research aims to present a critical reading of the five phenomena of request creation in the two poets, namely the interrogative method, the call method, the command method, the prohibition method, and the wish method.
Keywords: Ibn al-Mu'taz, Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz, Criticism, Balancing, Student Creation.

The current study aims at investigating the effect of 7E strategy on EFL Iraqi pupils' achievement. To achieve the aim of this research, the hypothesis is assumed to be established. Which is , there is no statistically significance difference between the mean score of the experimental group who is taught according to 7E strategy(elicit, engage, explore, explain, elaborate, evaluate, extend) and the mean score of the control group who is taught according to the conventional method in post pupils’ achievement test. To carry out the aim of this research, and validate its hypothesis, a sample of sixty pupils have been randomly chosen from the forth-preparatory class in Om Al-Mumineen School for Girls, during the academic year 2023-2024. The two groups are equally divided into, group (A) represents experimental group that consists of (30) pupils who have been taught according to 7E strategy (elicit, engage, explore, explain, elaborate, evaluate, extend). Group (B) signifies control group which also includes (30) pupils who have been taught according to the traditional method. Making a pre and post achievement test. Both groups have been equalized in such variables as English scores achievement in preceding schooling year, and the pre-test of both groups. Seven questions are composed to combine a post-test. The data collected from the results of posttest have been analyzed statistically by using t-test for measuring pupils’ achievement. The result shows that there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught 7E strategy and control group who is taught conventional method in the posttest. This indicates that 7E strategy (elicit, engage, explore, explain, elaborate, evaluate, extend) is more effective than the conventional strategy . The study ends up with some conclusions,
Keywords: 7E Strategy, Advantages, Background, Disadvantages, Theoretical Framework

Backtracking script is a mode of speech presentation, encompassing a domain of the text (sub)world where the writer manipulates receivers' (or readers') mind to handle the conceptual gaps he presumes for them, provoking a schematic structure to be recognized by readers. The present study tackles the backtracking script in Agatha's detective stories: "The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding" And "The Mystery of the Spanish Chest". Agatha Christie was one of the most celebrated writers of the ‘Golden Age’ period of detective fiction in the years between the world wars. The propounded model for backtracking script is embodied in the following two hypotheses and to be applied to Agatha's two detective stories: first, backtracking script is a mode of speech presentation, mapping the lineaments of how matters are or should be; second, there are four main backtracking schemes for scripts applicable to the novellas in hand: informative, reasoning, inter-textual and inter-lexical backtracking. The data analysis validates the proposed model through applying it to the data in hand. The study comes out with conclusion that the writer in her manipulative strategies for constructing backtracking scripts accommodates receivers' information to an advanced schematic succession of events, actions and notions as a material text-world.
Key words: backtracking script, crime fiction, schema, scheme, text world.

This study deals with lexical pragmatic perspective not only due to its new birth but also for being a bridge that links two vivid linguistic fields that are pragmatics and semantics. On one hand, pragmatics tackles speech elements and speaker’s disclosed meaning. On the other hand, semantics is framed as the components of conceptual structure that can be represented in a certain proposition. Jackendoff (1990) comes with the concept that pragmatics and semantics, respectively, investigate how the meaning is constructed in a text regarding the speaker’s attention and the inherent meaning of words and phrases. This study examines the workability of lexical pragmatic analysis in analyzing certain Quranic lexemes concerning clouds and rain. It attempts to apply the four-leveled lexical pragmatic mutual adjustment method of analysis to selected Quranic verses highlighting both lexical and adjusted meanings of the words ‘clouds’ and ‘rain’ in the verses in question. It sums up to prove the applicability of the adopted model of analysis to the selected genre. Adjusted meaning can be interpreted either by specifying or generalizing it to fit its context.
Key words: Adjusted Meaning, Clouds, Lexical Pragmatics, Quranic Genre, Rain.

The current study attempts to investigate the concept of metafiction in John Barth Giles Goat-Boy. It tries to explore how Barth’s novel challenges traditional storytelling and promotes a more engaged and critical reading experience. The research employs parody as a form of intertextuality, in conjunction with unreliable narration, to critically examine Barth’s blurring of the distinctions between fiction and reality, ultimately obscuring the borders between the two and encouraging readers to actively interact with the story as a deliberately produced, self-referential piece of art. Barth’s deliberate blurring of the lines between fact and fiction pushes readers to critically examine the essence of storytelling while offering insights into present-day social and cultural matters. His integration of mythical themes and irony and his self-reflective commentary on the creative process are also studied as essential strategies.
Keywords: intertextuality, metafiction, parody, unreliable narration

Zadie Smith's acclaimed novel White Teeth explores the complexities of identity, belonging, and cultural hybridity in multi-ethnic London. This paper offers a Lacanian psychoanalytic reading of the novel, delving into the ways in which Smith's characters grapple with the fragmented nature of the self and the elusive quest for a stable, unified identity. Lacanian psychoanalysis can provide a distinct and insightful understanding of the intergenerational and cultural conflicts depicted in Zadie Smith’s White Teeth. Therefore, the present study examines how the protagonists navigate the uncanny experience of confronting the inherent split and lack at the core of their being. It also explores how the characters' attempts to construct coherent identities are constantly undermined by the intrusion of the reality, the return of the repressed, and the inescapable influence of the symbolic structures that shape their subjectivities.
Keywords: Zadie Smith, White Teeth, Lacanian Reading, The Mirror Stage, Symbolic order

Violence is the highest point reached by tensions as a consequence of clashing advantages. For the literary writings, it shows the essential framework of human feelings. Although critics a little bit drill down on violence, it is still a principal attribute of social communication among people. It is also typified by the physical practices of force on people. Its meaning includes not only its corporal aspect but also its psychological experiences. This paper aims to investigate the impacts of violence on characters’ feelings and emotions in David Mamet’s Oleanna. It also examines violence in its multifaceted shape: gender violence, class violence, and cultural violence. It takes into account the psychoanalytical approach to bring out the psychological influences of violence and exploitation in Western society, especially in the American establishments. Having related to violence, the paper tries to show the influence of variant outcomes of alienation, rape, searching for power and emotional turmoil. The significance of the research lies in throwing light on the issue of violence in the domain of campus theatre.

Keywords: alienation, campus theatre, David Mamet, psychological experiences, violence.

Bird Summons by Leila Aboulela has caught the attention of researchers and media people alike, for differing reasons, though there are a few common perspectives too among them. Their most common perspective is looking at the novel as an immigrant bildungsroman where the childlike immigrants come of age and try to assimilate themselves in a culture in which the hosts are generally hostile to their presence in their midst. The present study is a reading of Bird Summons from a postcolonial perspective. The research method employed was close reading of the text, and the objective of the present study was to interpret the selected text in view of the fictional representation of Muslim Arab diaspora, particularly in the UK. The finding of the research is that the plot, theme, and the narrative point of the novel are a veiled representation of migrants’ discontents with their condition in the new land, their loss of identity, and the issues they face in a foreign land, leaving everything behind, some of them even burning the boat, and feeling lost for lack of assimilation in the new society. The culturally shocked and emotionally unsettled immigrants then start looking all over thinking where they had gone wrong in their decision-making that they have to face such hardships, looking for similarities and differences in the two cultural milieus – the home culture and the host culture – and then learning to unlearn their own language. They realize that it is only the death of their birth identity which can redeem them to live a normal life. The significance of the present research lies in its contribution to the understanding of the neo-colonial, hegemonic social structures ever present in an erstwhile colonial centre, and the strategies of adjustment the diaspora population adopts to cope with the ensuing tensions.
Keywords: Bird Summons; identity crisis; immigration; Islamic spiritualism; Islamophobia; Leila Aboulela; refugees.

This paper studies Sufism and its relevance in “The Four-Gated City” written by Doris Lessing. Sufism is an esoteric movement and regarded as the backbone of all religious systems. The study examines how Sufi thought permeates the thematic structure in spiritual and philosophical aspects in the novel. It seeks to examine how Sufi elements are imbedded in the novel, especially in terms of the characters psychology and their spiritual progression, and how Sufism provides a fine contrast to the narratives, alluding to the Western themes of rationality, individuality, and materialist perspectives, making this comparative in nature as well. And what is the function of mysticism within the context of Lessing's progression of her critique of modernity and her portrayal of the nature of being human?. To answer these questions, the research examines the nature of the incorporation of Sufi ideas like the wahdat al-wujud and the journey of the soul in the novel. It studies the characters journeyed in their experiences and how do the songs reflect the Sufi stages of spiritual development. Using Sufism to Critique Western Rationalism and Materialism. The methodology is a close reading of the novel, finding Sufi themes, symbols, and metaphors. A Sufi perspective with special focus on the representation of spiritual progress and awakening is the theoretical framework of the study. Finally, the comparative method employed in this study draws parallels not just between the visualization of the spiritual ascent in the Shikasta, but also in the Sufi classics of Rumi and Ibn Arabi. This research rests on the theoretical foundations of Sufi mysticism and comparative lit-examples drawn from the works of Idries Shah and others who presented Sufi-themed scholars to the West. Using postmodern literary theory, the book considers how Lessing subverts linear narratives through mystical beginnings, which is contrary to Western conceptions of progress and individuality. These are examples from the study’s results which suggest that the principles of the Sufi doctrine function as the fictional and philosophical basis placed at the centre of the novel’s exploration of human potential as a means for social change. Through Sufism, Lessing provides a glimpse of mute-bodied existence, spiritual enlightenment, and unity consciousness beyond the confines of a self-referencing mind. In the mystical experiences of its protagonists, there is a critique of the alienation in the modern world, an idea that true progress is in finding the inner self spiritually, not materially.

Keywords: Sufism, Doris Lessing, The Four-Gated City, Mysticism, Spiritual Development, Unity, Postmodernism, Critique Of Modernity

Polysemy is a universal phenomenon which shows economical, creative, flexible of human language and reflects the approach people use for cognition. This research compares English to Kurdish language of selecting human body parts, namely mouth, heart and eye for the process and the ways of human body words. From the perspective of lexical semantics and prototype theory, the study of the semantic extension of polysemy in both languages explores the process of meaning extension and the reasons for meaning extension. The method of the present research is a descriptive and comparative in nature. The objective of the study is comparing two distinct cultures using polysemy and depending on the lexemes of English and Kurdish languages. The data of this research are collected from dictionaries of the English and Kurdish languages. The significance of this research is the investigation of relation between English and Kurdish languages in terms of polysemy. On the other hand, linguistic researches across cultures are not easy tasks when they concern polysemy, because it needs to study enough about both languages. The essential point is that to note any differences in the domain and to show certain similarities underlying the phenomena as a frame against which to compare them. Comprehending the research procedures is vital, especially to start with a brief presentation of theoretical models and measurement implications of polysemy in English and Kurdish language. From polysemous point of view, the study depends on Henbaneborine Dictionary and Cambridge Dictionary.

Keywords: Meaning Extension, Prototype Theory, English Language, Kurdish Language, Body Organs

This current research aims to explore diverse motivation factors of learning English language among Raparin University students and the degree of these factors as well. The data was collected from 100 learners of English through a derived questionnaire which was designed on Likert Scale. The two methods of quantitative and qualitative have been used. The data is analyzed by SPSS software which provides accurate statistical analysis. According to the findings, intrinsic interest, Integrative Orientation, and instrumental motivation are the main factors that encouraged leaners to learn English as a worldwide spoken language. Recognizing and understanding these main motivational factors help the English language instructors to be more effective and make their students as active as possible.
Key words: English language learning, motivation, Raparin University students, intrinsic interest

Translating concise mobile phrases from English into Arabic involves rendering short, succinct sentences or phrases typically used in mobile applications or interfaces into Arabic while preserving their meaning and usability. This process requires linguistic proficiency in both English and Arabic and an understanding of the cultural nuances and technical context of mobile applications.
The translation of mobile concise phrases from English into Arabic presents several challenges that require careful consideration and expertise to address effectively:
Linguistic Differences: Arabic and English are linguistically and structurally different languages. Arabic is a Semitic language written from right to left, with a different alphabet and grammatical structure compared to English. Space Limitations: Mobile interfaces often have limited space for text due to design constraints. Arabic text tends to be longer than English text when translated, which can pose challenges in fitting translations within the available space without compromising readability or functionality.
Technical Terminology: Mobile applications frequently contain technical terms, abbreviations, or jargon specific to the field. Translating these terms accurately into Arabic while maintaining their technical precision and ensuring to understandable to Arabic-speaking users requires expertise in both languages and familiarity with technical terminology.
Cultural Sensitivity: Mobile concise phrases may include idioms, metaphors, or references that are culturally specific to English-speaking users. Translating these phrases into Arabic requires careful consideration to ensure they are culturally relevant and resonate without causing confusion or misinterpretation.
The aim of studying the translation of mobile concise phrases from English into Arabic is to ensure accurate, culturally appropriate, and user-friendly adaptations that enhance the usability and accessibility of mobile applications for Arabic-speaking users.
The study hypothesizes that translating mobile concise phrases from English into Arabic can be optimized by considering cultural nuances and linguistic differences, leading to improved user comprehension and engagement.
The study employs a mixed-methods approach, analyzing a dataset of frequently used mobile phrases in English and their Arabic translations, supplemented by user feedback to assess and refine translation quality and cultural appropriateness.
The study concludes that incorporating cultural context and linguistic nuances significantly enhances the accuracy and user satisfaction of Arabic translations for mobile concise phrases.

Key Words: Arabic Phrases, Mobile Communication, Translating Concise

The present paper deals with the translation of exception in the Noble Quran syntactically and rhetorically. The purpose of this research is to determine whether the various translation techniques that are employed to convey the varied stylistic and semantic translations of "exception" in the Noble Quran are adequate or not. The goal was accomplished by determining the various definitions of exception in the Arabic and English languages. Then, determining if each translation method—semantic or stylistic—was adequate for expressing each type of meaning. Several Qur'anic verses were selected, and their various translations were compared with the original text. There are several particles that are used to express exception such as "Illa إلّا ", "Gayr "غير, "Khala خلا'', "Ada "عدا, "Hasha حاشا", "Laysa ليس" and other particles that vary from one grammarian to another. The two particles "Illa إلّا " and "Gayr "غيرare the major ones, so they will be tackled in this paper. The study hypothesizes that exception particles are not restricted to lexical meanings only, but they also express rhetorical meanings. Nida's equivalence model is adopted in this study to assess the appropriateness of the translation. It is clear that exception particles serve multiple purposes in Arabic; as a result, translators view them as an obstacle to finding the appropriate translation for their English renditions.

Metaphor is a prevalent figure of speech found in many languages. Because medical language and terminologies in general are so intricate and complex, translating medical metaphors may be a challenging task. The fundamental problem with medical metaphors is that they frequently refer to different cultural and linguistic settings, which makes it difficult to find comparable terminology in another language that expresses the same meanings and subtleties. The study aims to translate medical metaphors into Arabic and since medical metaphors, like any other metaphors, can be linguistic and conceptual, the study adopts an eclectic analytical framework, namely, Toury's linguistic strategies, and Mandelblit's Cognitive Translation Hypothesis. The data were taken from different internet authentic medical websites translated into Arabic by M.A. students in a questionnaire conducted in the Department of Translation‎/College of Arts‎. It is hypothesized that the main challenge that student translators encounter in the translating process is producing translations that are appropriate and understandable. Medical terminology and cultural diversity constitute another obstacle in the way of conducting translation. Further, Toury's linguistic strategies and Mandelblit’s cognitive methods can be used in analyzing and comparing the translators' renderings. The study revealed that literal translation leads to loss of meaning or, rather, no meaning. The analyses also showed that similar metaphors are rarely found in two different cultures. Hence, the study recommends translators to be familiar with terminology, culture, and strategies that enable them to produce and convey the intended meaning appropriately.
Keywords: Metaphor, Metaphorical expressions, Medical metaphor; Toury's strategies; Mandelblit's hypothesis; ‎ Medical terminology; Cultural differences.

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source language text using an equivalent target-language text. The main problem of translation is meaning. Thus fidelity or faithfulness should be to meaning and not to the form, style, or even the context of the source language To achieve an accurate and appropriate translation the translator should also have a good background knowledge of the SL and the TL culture, s/he take into consideration the context of the text in the TL. The main problem here is that translators cannot achieve total fidelity in translating texts that belong to languages that have considerable gaps between their cultures, especially in translating proverbs. In every translation process, there is a purpose or a function that is not inherited in the words of the original text. One of the main challenges and problems in translating English proverbs into Arabic is the lack of linguistic equivalence in the Arabic language due to the differences between Arabic and English cultures, religion, social norms, etc. In this case, the translators may use direct literal translation which is inappropriate in translating proverbs because proverbs acquired their meaning from everyday experience which is inevitably different between Arabic and English. This study aims to explain the concept of fidelity in translation and how it may affect the translation process. Also, it aims to explore the challenges and difficulties of fidelity in translating English proverbs from English into Arabic. To fulfill the above aims, the current study hypothesizes that fidelity in translation is very important because it enables the translator to transpose the author's ideas and style accurately but sometimes this makes it difficult for the readers of the target language to understand the meaning effectively if the translator tries to achieve fidelity rather than the purpose of the source text. Also, translators who have a good background in both languages are more successful in their translation. Two proverbs as data for this study were chosen from the book entitled “One Thousand and One English Proverbs Translated into Arabic" written by Dr. Omer Osman Jabak, a lecturer at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, these proverbs were given to ten M.A. students at the Department of Translation, the College of Arts, Tikrit University to render them into Arabic. The texts were analyzed according to two models, Vinay and Darblent (1995) and Nord (2003/2009). The study found that translators face grammatical, lexical, and cultural problems and prefer to use the literal method of translation more than other methods in translating proverbs. As a result, it is difficult for translators to achieve fidelity, especially total fidelity, in translating English proverbs into Arabic.

Keywords: English Proverbs, Fidelity, Translation Challenges

Literary reviewers have given Printer\'s The Birthday Party much attention in the past ten years. This is primarily due to the dramatist’s challenge of the conventional method of character portrayal. However, the extent of the players\' rhetorical style in the play as tools for deceit, manipulation and confusion has not received much attention from critics. Thus, the current research investigates the play’s violent and perplexing use of language by multiple characters in the play. Moreover, the research highlights the connection between characters’ lack of communication in a domestic space and the growing sense of estrangement by the main protagonist. Methodologically, the research focuses on close reading method, particularly the ‘Formalist Approach’. In so doing, the research specifically examines the rhetorical strategies used by the two primary antagonists in the play to linguistically subjugate and control the main protagonist. The research is significant, for it offers new reading of the text , particularly, the way language is used as a method of deception and manipulation by various characters.
Keywords: :Conflict, Control, Deceit, Estrangement, Identity

This paper examines the stylistic effects of nominalization, a form of ideational grammatical metaphor (IGM), in Toni Morrison's novel Beloved. It employs Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) by Halliday and Matthiessen as the analytical framework. The aims are to identify the types of processes, participant roles, and circumstances used in the story based on the transitivity system, and to connect the author's choice of these elements to her personal experiences and the message she conveys about slavery and racism in America. The methodology involves analyzing the first chapter of Beloved to identify instances of nominalization and their metaphorical nature, comparing metaphorical wording with its possible congruent wording to understand the impact, and calculating the frequency of IGMs while classifying process types according to the transitivity system. The findings reveal numerous examples of nominalization in the first chapter, with Morrison achieving a more abstract, formal, and objective tone through nominalizing processes, particularly verbs turned into nouns. This also leads to the condensation of information, increased focus on concepts rather than actions, a more vivid and expressive style, and a means to comment on historical and ideological messages. The paper demonstrates how Morrison's use of IGM through nominalization contributes significantly to the stylistic effects and thematic concerns of Beloved, strengthening the novel's ability to convey the struggles and experiences of Black Americans in a context of slavery and racism.
Key words: SFL, Nominalization, IGM, Stylistic, Beloved, racism.