Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

This research studies distribution of thunderstorm in Iraq for the period (1998-2011), the result showed that the largest regions which had been hit by lightning stroke were between latitude (35-36◦)E and longitude (45-46◦)N, and April was the most frequent of lightning occurrence, also the results showed that the number of flashes of most lightning cases were between (50-100) with higher number of flashes for some special cases. The studying of meteorological parameters which accompanied thunderstorm formation such as (Mean sea level pressure, Lifting index, relative humidity and Vertical velocity) illustrates the values of mean sea level pressure were increased during the hours after lightning occurrence comparing with their values before and at the time of lightning occurrence and their monthly mean value much greater than that recorded at the time of lightning occurrence, in addition the values of lifting index were negative at the time of lightning occurrence that refer to instability whereas their monthly average showed positive values. The values of relative humidity were greater at lightning recorded time at the three levels (500, 700, 1000)mb and also through the hours before and after this time comparing with their monthly mean. Vertical velocity values were negative for the three levels at the time of lightning occurrence that is referring to upward motion which is necessary for thundercloud initiation, and their monthly mean values were mostly negative at (500, 700)mb whereas were positive at the surface level

The study was conducted at the Botanical Garden for Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad for the growing season (2016-2017) in order to study the chelating compound DTPA effect at different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20) mg.L-1 and growth organizer brassinolide at concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) mg.L-1 and their interaction on some morphological properties and content of macroelement (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) for coriander plant. Randomized complete Block Design (RCBD) was tested with three replicates. The results showed that the application by (DTPA) act to an increase in the mean of stem diameter and the total chlorophyll content in the leaves and concentration of nitrogen and potassium at the concentration of 20 mg.L-1 while no a significant effect on phosphorus concentration compared to the control treatment. Brassinolide increased all the studied characteristics of stem diameter, total chlorophyll content in leaves, concentration of nitrogen and concentration of potassium at concentration of 2 mg.L-1, while it did not have a significant effect in phosphorus concentration compared to control treatment.

The results also showed a significant interaction between the factors of experiment in all the studied characteristics at the concentrations 20 mg.L-1 from DTPA and 2 mg.L-1 from brassinolide except of phosphorous which showed a significant interaction at concentrations 20 mg.L-1 from DTPA and 1, 1.5 mg.L-1 from brassinolide.

Acacia nilotica is a plant has an inspiring range of medicinal uses. This plant contributes a number of groups among which are alkaloids, volatile essential oils, phenols and phenolic glycosides, resins, oleosins, steroids, tannins and terpenes, this study aims to: examine the antimicrobial action of ethanolic extraction from fruits and seeds of Acacia nilotica. Hot ethanol extract (48°C) of fruits and seeds obtained from Acacia nilotica, used in minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), agar diffusion method to detect the antibacterial effect of the extract. Elucidate almost for all bacterial types used in this study, the concentration of 100mg/ml was the mostly effective concentration on bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and Proteus mirabilis); while the E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa the concentration of 75 mg/ml was the effective concentration for both of them as an optimum concentration.

The study was designed to demonstrate the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Oregano against C. freundii. The study consist of two parts, the first part (invitro) including study the sensitivity of C. freundii against safflower extract and antibiotics. where, the results showed very high inhibition efficacy of extract, which reached to 30 mm, while Neomycin inhibition zone reach to 14mm, Novobiocin inhibition zone reach to 9mm and Tetracycline inhibition zone reach to 9mm In the second part (in vivo) used 24 albino rats and divide to six groups (each group consist 4 rats). control group, group injected with (1x105 CFU/ml/25mg) bacteria, group injected with (1x105 CFU/ml/25mg) bacteria and treated with neomycin, group injected with (1x105 CFU/ml/25mg) bacteria and treated with novobiocin, group injected with (1x105 CFU/ml/25mg) bacteria and treated with tetramycine, group injected with (1x105 CFU/ml/25mg) bacteria with extract. The MDA levels in infected group and treated groups with antibiotics increased and GSH levels in infected group and treated groups with antibiotics show decreased (P < 0.05) compared control rats. In treated group with extract, MDA and GSH levels show on-significant change compare with control rats. It was concluded from present study that the Oregano has an antimicrobial and antioxidant activity against C. freundii.

The results of the present study showed that AgNo3 and ABA has a negative effect on fresh and dry weight, where both of weight significantly decreased when treated with ABA and AgNo3 compare to control treatment, except callus treated with AgNo3 at 4mg/l, the rate of fresh and dry weight significantly increased reached to 434,77mg respectively compared to control. Physical treatment also had a significant effect on fresh and dry weight for callus, the highest fresh and dry weight significantly reached to 491,93 mg respectively when callus exposure for 10 minutes to UV ray. The exposure to light for different period had negative effect on the rates of fresh and dry weight, as the control superior significantly for all lighting treatment.

The concentration of all the secondary compounds extracted from callus increased significantly compared to their concentration in the seed extract. The addition of chemical treatments to callus lead to the difference in the concentration of secondary compounds. The quercetin compound reached its highest and significantly to 95.17μg/ml at the concentration of 4mg/l of AgNo3. while kaempferol suffer significantly decrease at all concentration of AgNo3, and reached to highest value significantly at control 114.76μg/ml, added concentration at 6 mg/l of AgNo3 had a positive effect in increasing the concentration of Ricinin significantly to 119.90μg/ml. Show the results of Callus treatment with ABA, different in the concentration of secondary compounds compared with control, where control treatment significantly increase kaempferol and qurecetin compound, were reaching to71.41,114.76μg/ml respectively. While the concentration of ricinin significantly increased to 194.34μg/ml at 2mg/l ABA concentration compared to control. The physical treatment had a significant effect on the concentration of secondary compounds, the concentration of all compounds was highest significantly when callus exposure for 24 hour to light compared to control. There was no significant effect on the concentration of secondary compounds at callus exposure to UV for tow period of exposure.

Intrauterine growth restriction IUGR is the second leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries; it also increases adulthood risk of (hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke)that reflects a major public health problem. We aim to identify the incidence and outcome of IUGR in our NICU and the relation with some risk factors.Across sectional study was conducted on 119 singleton newborn babies (Full term and Preterm) admitted to the NICU at Al-Sader teaching hospital, Amara city, Misan province in a period from the first of January to 31 December 2016 with low birth weight (<2.5 kg) whom may ormay not have associated medical problems. LBW can be a consequence of IUGR, preterm birth, or both, but in developing countries most LBW births are due to IUGR (defined as below the tenth percentile of the Williams sex-specific weight-for-gestational age reference data).Neonates with lethal congenital anomalies, multiple pregnancies were excluded. Babies were examined and checked to fulfill the definition of (IUGR) through estimation of the following growth parameters (body weight, length, head circumference), and the Ponderal index. We studied various risk factors like maternal: age, parity, hypertension and delivery type as well as fetal gender and gestational age to find the most offending cause of IUGR in our NICU. Statistical significance considered when p value ≤ 0.05.We found that 43.7% of the admitted neonates had IUGR, those with low gestational age carried significant association with IUGR occurrence, p value=0.0001.

The present study was designed to find the relation between certain hematological parameters and pregnancy. The study used one hundred volunteers (seventy five pregnant women and twenty five non-pregnant women). Then, pregnant women divided into three subgroups according to the trimester (first trimester, second trimester and third trimester). Hematological tests showed significant increased (P<0.05) in TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity) and significant decreased (P<0.05) in Hepcidin, ferritin, Iron, Hb (hemoglobin) and MCV (mean corpuscular volume) compared with non-pregnant women group. Third trimester show a high affected according to the results compare with other trimesters. It was concluded from this study that the pregnancy led to several hematological parameters change.

Diarrhea has been a common cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. This study was intended to assessment level of personal hygiene, type of water takenby children, crowding index and some factors associated with some bacterial infection in childrenunder 5 years.”This study enrolled 143 children under 5 years with clinical evidence of diarrheal disease through the period extending from 15/4/2016 to 30/8/2016, who were admitted to Baghdad teaching hospital, stool samples were collected from children who had diarrhea were inoculated on selective culture media using standard method. “The isolate were identified depending on morphological feature of colonies and from all media biochemically using API 20E system.”A total bacterial infection was observed (13.9%). Specific prevalence of species bacteria is as follows,”E.coli (7.7%),andShigella spp.(2%), andSalmonella spp.(3.5%) andV. cholera(0.7%).” Finding from our study indicate that patient in the age group>5 years of age were more likely to have diarrhea than those who were younger, and Children that consumed tap water were more infected with bacteria (9.7%). In this study, crowding index were associated with diarrheal disease, "childrenfrom households with 1 or 2 people per room were (1.4%) less likely to have diarrhea compared to children from household with more than 3 people per room (30%). Our results indicate that availability of house hold sanitation facilities, access to filter and clean water, good personal hygiene and butter nutrition were all associated with lower incidence of diarrhea.”

The results showed the effect of different concentrations (1x 104, 1x 106, 1x 108) Spore / ml aqueous suspension of commercial isolation of the fungus Beauveria bassiana(Bals.) Vuill. on eggs and second and fourth larval instars of the moth figs Ephestia cautella (Walk.) Under laboratoryconditions. The lowest hatching rate at 1 x 108spore / ml was 15.3% after 5 days of treatment and was 60.7% at a concentration of 1 x 104spore / ml. The rest of the larvae were followed until they reached the stage of the pupa and the adult. The mortality for the second larval instar were highest at 1 x 108spore / ml after 7 days of treatment reaching 85.22%, The lowest rate is 5.6% after 2 days of treatment at 1 x 104spore / ml concentration. The concentration of 1x 108spore / ml had the highest effect after four days of treatment on the fourth larval instar the mortality was 89.6%. The lowest percentage pupation was 52.7%, and the lowest adults emerging were50.2%.

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is one many fruits that is rich of enzymes like Actinidin. Actinidin is a member of cysteine protease. In this study, different parameters and conditions were tested for optimal Actinidin extraction from kiwifruit. The tested parameters are optimum buffers, pH, Molarity, time, and amounts (gm) of kiwifruit to volume (ml) of buffer ratio. The best buffer for Actinidin extraction from kiwifruit was Sodium phosphate because it gave high activity, with casein as a substrate. The next experiments used sodium phosphate as an optimal buffer for Actinidin extraction and casein as a substrate, detected the optimal Actinidin extraction conditions were carried out at pH 7.0, 0.1 M of sodium phosphate, 2.5 min of extraction time, 1:0.5 (gm of kiwifruit fruit/ v of sodium phosphate buffer) extraction percentage, and 30 min of incubation time. Also this study showed that the maximum enzyme activity for Actinidin extracted from kiwifruit was at pH 7and at 30 min of incubation with casein as substrate.

The effects of stress in newborns were more severe than adults, The changes in the blood vessels and the heart of age-related and the result of stress are reflected on adaptation and resistance to the development of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension. Therefore, experiments were conducted to study the changes developments on the heart and blood vessels under the influence of stress at the stages of maturity, used a laboratory rat model. The impact of each of the chronotropic and the stress on the blood vessels at the newborn rats were higher than adult animals, myocardial indolence and high blood pressure were observed at the old rats compared to adult animals as a result of the stress-responses.

This study was done to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hot ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromatic (S.aromatic ) and Q.infectoria infectoria (gall) against pathogenic bacteria that cause urinary tract infection (UTI). Such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Qualitative detection of the active compounds of the plant extracts was done with chemical reagents. Also, the Qualitative detection of the active groups was further verified with (FTIR). The sensitivity of the UTI causing bacteria was examined against 12 different antibiotics. The results show that E.coli was the most resistant bacteria, resisting 8 from 12 antibiotics; P.aeruginosa resisted 5 from 12 antibiotics; while S.aureus showed resistance to 4 only. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was investigated by using four concentrations (40, 60, 80, 100 mg/ml) for each extract against two types of Gram negative bacteria (E.coli, P.aeruginosa), and one type of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus). The plant extracts showed different effects on the growth of all bacterial strains. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the ethanolic extracts and aqueous extracts in the study were determined.The kill- time was determined also for each extract.The antioxidant activity of the plants in the study was investigated. Finally, the toxicity of the plant extracts was examined on human red blood cells.

The present study aimed to examine the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) compared with bulk particles (BPs) on seed germination and growth of latefyha's cultivar wheat in vitro and in vivo and on chemical compositions with detecting the residuum of NPs in the plant. In the in vitro study, most concentrations of NPs and BPs have no effect on germination percentage, mean germination time, mean daily germination, promoter indicator, number of leaves, length and number of root and root tips viability but they reduced germination rate and germination value besides they induced shoot length and biomass. In the in vivo study, some parameters induced by most concentrations of NPs such as plant leaves area, leaf area index, length, of viability roots, height and total of plant length and biomass while no effect was seen on: mean daily germination, vigor index I and vigor index II, chlorophyll B, leaf area relative, in this regard, it reduced germination percentage, chlorophyll A, and carotene. There were some differences between the effect of NPs and those of BPs. There were increased in the total number of chemical compounds that identified in leaves of wheat plants treated with nanoparticles compared with control while the total numbers of compounds were decreased using bulk particles.

In the last years, the world has been facing pandemic influenza which caused by influenza A virus. In this study detection of influenza A virus infection in Iraqi patients was done by r RT-PCR. Three hundred eighty (380) clinical respiratory secretions samples that were collected between December and April 2013, from different hospitals and they were sent to Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL)/National Influenza center/ Baghdad /Iraq. Among these samples, only 35 samples (22 Males and 13 females all of them were adults) gave positive results (both TS (throat swabs) and NPS (nasopharyngeal swab)) for influenza A virus (9.2%). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1 α are pleiotropic cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of local inflammation during viral upper respiratory infections. Cytokines levels in both NPS and TS were determined. The result appeared that there was a significant difference between IL-6 and IL-1α, but there was no significant difference between IL-6 and IL-1 α in Ts and NSP. For the first time we try to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) in nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and throat swabs (TS) and compared with serum, also to prove that this protein may be secreted in fluids other than serum. The result showed that 64.3% of both NPS and TS were positive for CRP. This may be due to that CRP in response to microbial infection, tissue injury, and immunomodulatory stimuli are synthesized and released by various cells.

Tannase has different benefits in food, chemical and pharmaceutical fields. Seventeen Serratia marcescens isolates were collected from septicemia, wound infections and hospital environment(babies incubators).These isolates were identified by biochemical tests and Vitek 2 system that contained Vitek GNI card then conformed by16S rRNA gene products(amplified size 179 bp) for genotypic detection. After that, they screened for higher tannase production and Serratia marcescens b9 was a better producer of tannase with a larger diameter of a dark green zone. The tannase activity was increased to 63U/ml when this isolate was cultivated under the optimal conditions which consisted of using nutrient broth supplemented with ber leaves at pH value 5.5 and a temperature equals to 37°C for 72 hours. In the partial purification of tannase, ammonium sulfate was more efficient than organic solvents, since it was found that 70% saturation of ammonium sulfate led to precipitate of tannase with tannase activity of 80U/ml. In contrast, 30% of ethanol, acetone, and isopropanol led to precipitate of tannase with different levels of activity ranged between 45-47U/ml. Consequently, ber leaves have a potential as an effective and much cheaper (economical) substrate for tannase production in comparison with traditionally used substrates like tannic acid.

In the present research, a series of some azo compounds (5-9) and 1,2,3-triazoles derived from 2-methyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one were synthesized successfully by stepwise routes includes the following: 3-amino-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (3) prepared firstly by conversion of 2-aminobenzoic acid into methyl 2-aminobenzoate (1) followed by reaction with acetic anhydride to form methyl -2-acetamidobenzoate (2). The amide then allowed reacting with hydrazine hydrate to give compound (3). Diazotization reaction with sodium nitrite in the presence of hydrochloric acid yield the 3-(chlorodiazenyl)-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one(4). Diazonium salt (4) then enter two different routes. The first route was its conversion into azo compounds (5-9) by reaction with coupling components.The second route included formation of 1,2,3- triazole derivatives by interconversion of compound (4) into azido compound (10) followed by treatment with ethyl acetoacetate, acetyl acetone to give 5-methyl-1-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylic acid (11) and 3-(4-acetyl-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (12) in good yield. Newly synthesized derivatives were characterized spectroscopically by FTIR, 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR spectral technique and by determination of their physical properties. Also end time of reactions monitored by thin layer chromatography. The antibacterial potential of synthesized azo compounds, 1,2,3-triazole of methyl quinazolin-4(3H)-one has been tested against the growth of four gram positive and gram negative pathogenic bacterial strains using agar well diffusion method. Ampicillin trihydrate used as reference drug. The results of the antibacterial study showed that compounds (7-9) appeared good activity.

Cloud point extraction (CPE) method was successfully used for estimation and preconcentration of Allura red (E129) by spectrophotometry. The procedure was depended on the extraction of Allura red as an ion pair with cetyl pyridinium chloride from aqueous solution using a nonionic surfactant TX-114 or Brij-35. The absorbance of the extracted surfactant- rich phase was measured at 507 nm after diluted with water.The influence of different factors on cloud point extraction(CPE) of Allura red such as pH media ,equilibrium temperature ,incubation time , concentration of surfactant and electrolyte concentration was investigated.Calibration graph was linear in a concentration range between 2-40 µgml-1 of Allura red with correlation coefficient r= 0.9998 for TX-114 and 0.9992 for Brij-35 .The developed procedure was applied to estimation and preconcentration of Allura red in the different beverages

A series of ten chalcone-substituted quinoxalines (4a-e), (3a-e) starting from 1-(phenylquinoxalin-2-yl)ethanone and 1-(3-methylquinoxalin-2-yl)ethanone have been synthesized using conventional heating and ultrasound-assisted methods. Furthermore, novel of five quinoxaline derivatives including pyrazoline, isoxazole, pyrimidin-2-one, N-acylpyrazoline and pyridin-2-one moieties were also prepared from the reaction of chalcone compound 4a with different cyclization reagents using the same strategy. The structures of all synthesized compounds were established on the basis of FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The ultrasonic irradiation method provide several advantages over conventional heating method, including shorter reaction times (30-90 min.) and good percentage yields (65% - 88%), comparing with conventional protocol (5 to 20 hrs. with 30% to 55% reaction yields).

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common female endocrine disorders and affect approximately (5-10) % of women of reproductive age. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a homodimeric glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, it is secreted exclusively from women by granulose cells of ovarian follicles and it is considered as the precise marker of follicle pool size. AMH has been shown to be a good surrogate marker for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Interleukins are considered as strong risk markers of inflammation. Interleukin-36 gamma (IL36) also known as interleukin-1 family member 9 (IL1F9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL36G gene. Serum samples were collected on day 2 of the menstrual cycle. Serum IL36ɣ, FSH and LH concentration were measured by using ELISA. This study aimed to evaluate the association between IL36ɣ and AMH and study the relationship between obesity and AMH of women in the age of reproductive (25-35) yrs. This study included 28 infertile women with PCOS their husbands were apparently normal (hormones and seminal fluid analysis), their aged (25-35) years, and 20 healthy women aged (25-33) years as control. All control women & patients were from outpatients unit of Alkadumia teaching hospital at Baghdad and all the parameters were measured in Sigma Laboratory. Serum IL-36 ɣ elevated in PCOS patients mainly those with high AMH levels. This hormone increased in PCOS patients compared with control. There was a non-significant difference between patients and control to LH and FSH levels.

In this paper, we introduce and study preprocessing signal for speech emotion recognition. The aim of our work is to get pure signal which is created by sampling the signal from speaker. The discrimination between speech and music waves was achieved. A good signal is obtained by using preprocessing then it used for feature extraction. The files we used in this paper are wave-type for male, female and music have sample rate 48000, bit resolution is 16-bits and Mono channel. The Berlin dataset and RAVDESS dataset are used in this work.

Content-based search provides an important tool for users to consume the ever-growing digital media repositories. However, since communication between digital products takes place in a public network, the necessity of security for digital images becomes vital. Hence, the design of secure content-based image retrieval system is becoming an increasingly demanding task as never before. This paper, presents a mechanism that addresses the secure CBIR as a novel improvement and application for the image retrieval. The proposed system consists of six phases briefly described as follows: first, feature extraction phase, which produces the low-level quantitative description of the image (color and texture) that allows the computation of similarity measures, the definition of the ordering of the images, and the indexing of the search processes. Second, indexing for search process phase, hash table and bloom filter were employed for classification. Third, feature encryption phase, where content protection is performed using a method developed by us (including Chaotic Logistic Map). Fourth, image encryption phase, as security mechanism for CBIR, we combine two research fields in computer science, CBIR and image cryptography, which grow up to meet the trends of security and speed in current computer sciences, chaos and stream cipher systems were applied as an image encryption system. Fifth, the retrieval phase, which provides a subset of images answering the query based on the similarity between images computed over the feature vector extracted from each image. Finally, Relevance feedback phase, a technique that attempts to capture the user’s needs through iterative feedback. Although the system proved its efficiency in search performance (with 88% of average precision), security strength, and computational complexity, it does not mean the optimal system is designed, since some weakness points still can be found that are suggested to be improved as a future work.

In this research work a data stream clustering method done by extracting regions of interest from the frames of video clips (UCSD pedestrian dataset (ped1 and ped2 datasets) video clips, and VIRAT VIDEO dataset video clips). In extraction process the HARRIS or FAST detector applied on the frames of video clips to extract list of pairs of interest points. From these pairs a list of features such as: distance, direction, x-coordinate, y-coordinate obtained to use as an input to the clustering method based on seed based region growing technique. From these clusters a regions of interest extracted according the pairs coordinates of each cluster. Finally, from these regions a set of geometrical complex moments obtained and then used in anomaly detection system. The results indicated that using HARRIS detector achieved detection rates are 7.88%, 51.30%, and 56.67% with false alarms are 19.39%, 32.61%, and 60.00% by using Ped1, Ped2, and VIRAT datasets respectively. For the case of using FAST detector, the best detection rates are 6.67%, 44.78%, 53.33% with false alarm rates are 33.33%, 41.74%, 70% by using the datasets respectively.

Image analysis and processing is useful in the medical images field, especially with the use of magnetic resonance images (MRI). In this research, MRI of the human's spine was analysis and processed to identify and detect the herniated spinal Disc, or the probability of occurrence in the future. Lumbar and sacrum regions have been applied by the system. The system includes three phases, the first is to identify the lumbar and sacrum regions second are the geometric properties measuring, and finally to detect the presence or probability of herniated to occur in the future.

The conjugate gradient method an efficient technique for solving the unconstrained optimization problem. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid nonlinear conjugate gradient methods, which have the descent at every iteration and globally convergence properties under certain conditions. The numerical results show that new hybrid method are efficient for the given test problems.

This paper present algorithms for solving a single machine scheduling problem to minimize the sum of total completion times, total tardiness,maxim-um tardiness,and maximum earliness.The single machine total tardiness problem is already NP-hard, so the consider problem is strongly NP-hard, and several algorithms are used to solve it. Branch and bound algorithmwith dominance ruleand local search algorit- hms are proposed for the problem. For the Branch and bound algorithm results- show that using dominance rule improve the performance of the algorithm in both computation times and optimal values,but it need longer times.Thus we tackle the problem

of large sizes with local search algorit- hms descent method, simulated annealing and tabusearch. The perfomance of these algorithms is evaluated on a large set of test problems and the results are compared.The computational results show that simulated annealing algorithm and Tabu search algorithm are better than Descent method with preference to simulated annealing algorithm,and show that the three algorithms find optimal or near optimal solutions inreasonable times.

Nanoparticles are a special group of materials with unique features and extensive application in diverse fields. The present work demonstrates the toxicity impact of porous silicon nanoparticles (PSNPs) on kidney parameter which is prepared by electrochemical etching method. the synthesis of porous silicon nanoparticles are conformed by using structural and optical properties from through scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy techniques. The effect of toxicity of these nanoparticles on the liver parameters in laboratory animals use four groups each groups involve three duplicities was studied. Injected of porous silicon nanoparticles in the intraperitoneal at concentration of 1mg/kg. The results of biochemical assay Aspartate Amino-Transferase (GOT), Alanine Amino-Transferase (GPT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were compared with the control groups, for four weeks and then confirm a result was made with Histological study for section of liver. Results show no significant differences in levels (GOT, GPT, ALT) among the test groups via comparison with controls groups. This Result indicates no toxic effect of porous silicon nanoparticles' on kidney parameters.

The effect of temperature on the electron and hole mobilities in silicon is studied using MATLAB. A theoretical study has been used for the electrons mobility and holes in silicon. The resulting data allows one to obtain the electron mobility and the hole mobility as a function of doping concentration and continuous temperature range between (200-550 Ko).

The segmentation performance is topic to suitable initialization and best configuration of supervisory parameters. In medical image segmentation, the segmentation is very important when the diagnosing becomes very hard in medical images which are not properly illuminated. This paper proposes segmentation of brain tumour image of MRI images based on spatial fuzzy clustering and level set algorithm. After performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm was carried on brain tumour images, the results showed confirm its effectiveness for medical image segmentation, where the brain tumour is detected properly.