Gulf Economist

The research aims to enhance the level of maritime safety in the Iraqi marine vessels belonging to the General Company for Maritime Transport, which is reflected in improving the efficiency of the work of marine vessels and increasing their operational efficiency. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built a Theoretical Framework that shows the nature of the relationship between the main variables represented in the independent variable (maritime safety) and the dependent variable (marine ship management), where the Population of study was (390) individuals and the sample size (194) individuals, and the questionnaire form was distributed to the sample, represented by individuals working in marine vessels belonging to the General Company for Maritime Transport, the researcher used statistical programs to analyze data (EXCEL V.10, SPSS. V.23). The results of the research reached the acceptance of the main hypothesis, which aims to link and influence between the independent variable (maritime safety) and the dependent variable (marine ship management) as well as to clarify the weaknesses that threaten the safety of Iraqi naval vessels belonging to the State Company for Maritime Transport

The use of statistical and standard methods has a major role in addressing and solving the problems of economic theory, as the standard method is characterized by diagnosing and analyzing the variables affecting the phenomenon and determining the interdependence and interdependence between its variables, directly or indirectly. When studying any phenomenon, it is necessary to know the factors that affect it in order to describe the appropriate model to estimate its parameters and interpret the obtained results. This research aims to describe the regression equations in the economic sectors (agriculture, industry, services) for the years (1990-2020) as a seemingly unrelated regression equations system, written as SURE, Since it has become inappropriate to study these sectors separately, as there are overlaps and interdependence between these sectors, and from this point of view, the research came to study these sectors together in the form of mathematical relations called the SURE system, which is considered a special empty of the system of simultaneous equations, As the SURE system does not show any independent and dependent variable at one time, but there is an overlap between the random errors of the system equations, where the OLS method was used to find the estimators of the system equations as one of the best methods used in solving the single equation, and through it the remainders were employed in Finding the covariance and covariance matrix to obtain the SURE estimators simultaneously and in one go for all the equations after making sure that there is a correlation between the random errors of the system equations so that more efficient and less variance estimators are obtained compared to the OLS estimators using the Eviews12 statistical program to obtain the results, as it was found that the service sector It is the most accommodating and employed manpower in the Iraqi economy.

This study aims to improve the overall performance of Iraqi seaports and to demonstrate the impact of logistics management and its services for these ports on foreign trade. We analyzed and measured the impact of the infrastructure and logistics services of Iraqi seaports on foreign trade. The study concluded that logistical management has a significant impact on improving the overall performance of Iraqi seaports and had a positive impact. The services provided when waiting) to raise the overall performance of the Iraqi seaports, where this study was applied to each of the two companies (the General Company for Iraqi Ports, the General Company for Maritime Transport), where their number reached 327, and they were selected using the (simple random sampling) method, and the data were adopted through the use of a group From the statistical methods available in the programs (Spss-V.26 & Amos-V.26), the results showed that there is a positive impact of logistical management and its dimensions in improving the overall performance of Iraqi seaports. Scientific outputs, as the results of this study can be used to develop the methods and capabilities of the General Company for Iraqi Ports, which will reflect positively on improving the overall performance of Iraqi ports. Therefore, the General Company for Iraqi Ports must pay increasing attention to this field, achieve its goals, and raise the general level.

The research aims to present and analyze the structure of the public budget in the Iraqi economy for the period 2004-2020, through revenues and expenditures, since the budget reflects the total economic activity of the state, although it did not reflect the real goals of the state, but there was an absence of general goals such as working on diversifying revenues the public sector, which is a tool for translating economic and political goals, as well as limiting expenditures, eliminating unemployment and reducing the rate of inflation, just as the Iraqi economy is still dependent on its oil revenues to finance public spending, and this is what makes the economy vulnerable to shocks and external changes affecting oil prices. Accordingly, a development policy must be adopted for the purpose of achieving its basic objectives, such as economic diversification, reducing unemployment, and others.

Judicial accounting arose for economic reasons, such as the financial setbacks that occurred to the economic units due to the issuance of misleading financial statements, and the subsequent legal reasons such as the legal accountability that the auditors faced before the courts. It was necessary to have a specialized party that combines the supervisory and investigative fields to assist the judiciary in deciding the financial cases brought before it. Accordingly, the research looks into a problem that says, does the legislative auditing method, which is one of the forensic accounting methods, help in measuring the ability of the centrally funded units to achieve their objectives, by examining and evaluating the internal control system, because of that system\'s major role in achieving the objectives of business organizations, Among the findings of the research are, The performance of each of the initial evaluation of the system and the control tests helps to reach the final evaluation of the quality of the internal control system of the research sample hospital, which reflects the level of the hospital\'s ability to achieve its goals and its impact on the diversity of medical services provided. While the research recommended following the legislative scrutiny method when it is intended to measure the ability of service units to achieve their objectives.

The oil sector has maintained its permanence in the global economy through the use of petroleum derivatives such as car fuel, diesel and other derivatives. A time may come when oil is to be implemented, and practical and realistic alternatives must be found through renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy or water. All these alternatives are available in Iraq or the possibilities of benefiting from nuclear energy. Despite this, the Iraqi economy depends on oil, as oil has a negative impact on nature through environmental pollution caused by oil extraction. This makes the Iraqi economy specialists find an alternative energy source that is equivalent to oil.
Therefore, the positive relationship between energy consumption and pollution of the environment is clear, the more there is an increase in oil extraction there is an increase in environmental pollution, and this negatively affects the normal life and increase diseases and other negatives that harm humans and animal plants. The Iraqi cities are witnessing a shortage in the amount of electricity produced on the one hand and provide a speed and direction of wind suitable for the exploitation of electricity generation on the other hand, and must work towards the future planning near to preserve the environment and provide alternative energy for oil in Iraq.

The oil sector has maintained its permanence in the global economy through the use of petroleum derivatives such as car fuel, diesel and other derivatives. A time may come when oil is to be implemented, and practical and realistic alternatives must be found through renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy or water. All these alternatives are available in Iraq or the possibilities of benefiting from nuclear energy. Despite this, the Iraqi economy depends on oil, as oil has a negative impact on nature through environmental pollution caused by oil extraction. This makes the Iraqi economy specialists find an alternative energy source that is equivalent to oil.
Therefore, the positive relationship between energy consumption and pollution of the environment is clear, the more there is an increase in oil extraction there is an increase in environmental pollution, and this negatively affects the normal life and increase diseases and other negatives that harm humans and animal plants. The Iraqi cities are witnessing a shortage in the amount of electricity produced on the one hand and provide a speed and direction of wind suitable for the exploitation of electricity generation on the other hand, and must work towards the future planning near to preserve the environment and provide alternative energy for oil in Iraq.

This research aims to assess the process, evaluation and continuous improvement requirements needed to activate the ISO 45001:2018 Occupational Health and Safety Management System, using qualitative design and case study strategy. The research sample is the departments and higher departments concerned with quality and occupational safety at the Arabian Gulf Academy for Maritime Studies. A checklist based on the requirements of the international standard ISO 45001: 2018 was used to determine the gap between actual reality and application requirements. The sample included 12 individuals, and the research concluded that the application of the occupational health and safety management system in accordance with the international standard ISO 45001-2018 in the Arabian Gulf Academy for Maritime Studies is a fundamental and very important commitment. However, research indicates that there are deficiencies in the process, assessment and improvement standards, and they need to be reviewed in order to comply with ISO 45001-2018

Iraq, like most countries in the world, has been suffering from an exacerbation of the gap between the volume of public revenues and public expenditures for may years. now, that gap has worsened in the current stage due to the low oil prices in global markets, as Iraq to the low oil prices in global markets as Iraq loses more than one billion dollars annually with each drop of one dollar in the price of oil, which his issued which harmed the Iraqi economy and exacer bated the deficit in the general budget, in addition to that, the lack of local state resources other than the oil sector, such as taxes and fees and the weak contribution of other economic is sectors such as agriculture, industry and even services to the gross domestic product since the us occupation of Iraq in 2003 until now, as well as the lack of rationalization of spending the state and the rule of the current consumption pattern and the weakness of investment opportunities, whether the government sector or the private sector ,all led to the exacerbation of the problem of the deficit in the general bulged in The Iraq economy, and from this point of view, the aim of the research came to study the relationship between government spending and the budget deficit in the Iraq economy for the period (2015 – 2020)