Journal of Techniques

In the last quarter of the twentieth century، there has been an increasing interest in the environmental studies، due to sever risks that faces society so as are sult a good interest is given to mechanisms and procedures of the protection from pollution in most countries.
This paper aims to integrate the economical and environmental dimensions to set a comprehensive framework for disclosure about financial and environmental activities at all level ،In addition different concepts and terminology are also discussed.
The environmental dimension must be taken into consideration especially with natural recourses and pollution activities.
As we believes it will help in filling the gaps if it is taken into consideration.

Equipment is on of the most important sorces which is used for adding value to products . So , it must be kept at the best operating condition , in the other hand the bad conditions of work may lead the equipments in good operating condition with economical cost . Hence , we need an integrated approach to minimize the cost of maintenance . In this paper the equipment will be obsolete over a period of time . If a firm wants to be in the same business competitively , it has to take decision on whether to replace the equipment or to retain the old equipment by taking the cost of maintenance and operation into account

The research aimed to study the adjective estimations technical of Self-consistent in the principle components analysis in choosing the components matrix before and after rotation ( Orthogonal & Non – orthogonal ) through measurement the straight distance between the centroid point of all variables in the loading plot of the first three principle factors and the Original point after transforming the plotted form to officinal applicant on the personal computer having potential of using (Drawing line) to draw up the farness mentionable , which is explaining the self-consistency attained by descending grade according to the depending measurement by whereas advantage as an suggested method & compared chooses of obtaining self-consistence according to the vertical distance between the centroid point and the surface of the first component as an conventional method . These were achieved by real data having ellipse multi-Variation distribution and by empirical data having asymptotical aspheric multivariate normal distribution through using the constraint simulation . According to the results which had been achieved in both sides of application and empirical clearing the significant of using the suggested technique in diagnosing the principle component matrix of specific applied method ( Direct – without rotation ) or by rotated methods (Orthogonal & Non–orthogonal ) . In addition to that technique can be useful in determining the optimal size for the choosing sample

Environmental tourism is one of the important tourism demands due to its vital role in increasing national income . Which leads to the welfare of society as well as it constitutes an area of leisure and acquiring important expertise for a large and important segment of the society , especially young people .
One of the environmental tourism requirements is the natural resources which is regarded the Cornerstone for this type of tourism , fortunately those resources are available all over the country , represented by mountains in the north , desert in the western and southern parts of the country as well as to marshes in south of Iraq .
Our study aims to turn attention toward the importance of investing the environmental natural resources for environmental tourism purposes , especially the marshes . One of the most important conclusions of the study is that not to exploit natural guarded resources for environmental tourism . So concerned agencies such as tourism ministry and environment ministry must have to establish and exploit natural resources , especially the desert areas , mountains , and marshes for environmental tourism purposes.

The Aim of this Research is knowing the role of Value Chain in reducing & Management the Cost through depending on the financial Statement for the General Structural Manufactures Company during the period ( 31/12/2000 – 31/12/2004 ) .
The Study's Results show that possibility reduction of Total Cost by using the Value Chain and recommendations have been made , the Important Suggestions is using the new Styles in Cost management and using new Devices in Production .

The research aimed to building a linear Discriminant function to classified the new individual through using two techniques , namely ( Original Data ) which depends on the whole data in the estimating the model function and by ( Cross – Validation ) which avoidance the observation that should be under identification in the building process and these was achieved by applying two methods :
The First : Known by Conventional method , which might be confront the cases of included one ( or more ) categories variables (Ordinal Scale) measurement in the discriminate variables set that should be followed the multivariate normal distribution , and that surely causes increasing error of the classification in the
Discriminant function .
The Second : By estimation of the category response for these variables through using the suggested method known Visual Analogue Scales - (VAS) , which depends on the transformation the categories data that could be transformed to the interval scale .
The superior conclusions that were obtained is the increasing of the coincidence ratio of classification of the new observation when included in the creating model and it was clearly decreased in the avoided state through applying the conventional technique ( before applying the transformation process – VAS ) and to perfect coincidence state for the classify the new observation when that observation included in the creating model after applying the transformation process to the category data that could be transformed and that was achieved by (VAS) . In addition to that relativity decreasing in the coincidence state when the avoided the new observation in the creating model process which indicate a highly importance for the transformation process through decreasing the classification error according to presented the multivariate normal distribution assumption and it's the most important assumptions that should be available in applying the linear Discriminant function .

Quality is a key factor for any competitive advantage; Total quality management also focuses on continuous improvement, a concept that means management must develop and enhance the processes that will lead to constant improvement in the quality of the provided services. Moreover, quality improvement is one of the main targets for achieving the required quality. Total quality management decrees that every element in the Organization, activity and component which is part of the service or product should be subject to application of quality management principles.

The successful bank policy is the on that gets the biggest amounts from the deposits under the Inflation circumstances which will enable it make use of these amounts when the value of money in the present is much bigger than it in future . That means the bank should get the biggest amount from the bank should get the biggest amount from the deposits .
To achieve the research aims it contained three sides . The one it specialized for the theoretical part of the accumulation and the deposits in banks .
The second side is specialized for the practical part while the third contained the conclusions and the (charges or the commandments).

Inventories are important to all types of organizations because they used in operations, used to satisfy customers , and require an investments of fund . for these reasons the organizations need to use affective systems to controlling their own inventories , there are two main systems for control first called continuous review system ( Q ) . second is periodic review system ( P ) . each of these systems provides different set of capabilities and opportunities, regardless of model inventory management plays a major role in this filed .the result of the research is that the (p) system in spite of its high univalve costs in comparable with (Q) system, provides a service level 0.98 in comparable with (Q) system which its service level is 90% .

The research aimed to estimate the gradation differences that had been happened between the independent samples design and between the repeated sample design of interval and rational measurements scales as a results of the statistical hypotheses processes for coincidence testing of samples populations , compound and simple hypotheses respectively .
The level of significant could be convergent according to the statistics testing results when rejecting that hypotheses with highly grade of similarity which had had a signs bad vision in view of differentiation processes between that populations and then the testing significant of trace would be similar however a differences in the test statistics among that groups . In addition to that , the differentiation could be accredit to a pointed an actual differences in the trace measuring between that groups .
An improvement suggested technique for the ( Stem-Leaf ) method which known by explorer plot by using measure rectangular area that determined with the cord at the two centered lines of median responding for the two independent samples which could be refined to more than one pair of populations and through using angularity measure that determined with the cord at the two centered lines of median responding for the two repeated samples which could be refined to more than one pair of populations also , that is for the first time as far ( as we know ) .
The two interpreted of the suggested techniques showed a highly and accuracy estimations in the measuring of the actual levels of differentiation of the two studied designs and then tolerance the problem of a bad vision for the differentiation processes .

Teaching is not an easy process. It can not be done without prior preparations of all items that bring success to the whole process. For this reason all the education process elements must collaborate with each other namely: the students, teachers, syllabuses, laboratories and libraries within a continuous process of planning, organizing, executing and supervising. During the researcher career in teaching in library department/ Technical Education Foundation, she found out some problems that oppose the teaching process in these institutes and the important problem is how to develop the studying syllabuses which include teaching elements like data technology.

A work teams facilitate employee participation in operating decisions, the most successful approach constitutes a team effort. As a teams generates through coordinated effort their individual efforts results in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of those individual inputs. Participation programs is the use of joint decision making, been promoted as a panacea for poor morale and low productivity. In add ion to, the result of participation for improving employee performance and provides intrinsic rewards for employees. It can make their jobs more interesting.

This research work aims to study the characteristics and features of the great Free Arabian Trade region , and accordingly , to specify the obstacles which have been faced over years of experience . moreover , the work would also foresee the future plans which contribute significantly in enhancement and activation of this region in order to play on essential role in the economic activity in Arabian countries .

This research is a serious attempt to study the reasons of cheatings among students at the Institute Of Medical Technology/ AL-Monsusr. The main aim is to put several recommendations and reform steps in orderd to control this phenomena. Analysis of results concluded that students believe that irregular attendance in some classes is the main reason pushed them to cheat while the misarrangement of exam rooms is the second reason that encouraged them to cheat. The research based on 10 articles to clarify the main reasons led to cheating.

Discussed the errors associated with Demography census data , focusing on population census data for the evaluation of the target in 1997 and revised note that the search did not include the provinces of Kurdistan region ( Erbil , Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah ) because the 1997 census did not include these provinces .
After using the five methods for correcting age structure data and qualitative ( scale Myers , Whipple scale analysis , the proportion of age , gender analysis , measurement of the secretariat of the United Nations ) .
Research found there were errors in the age structure data and qualitative measurement in Whipple found that the degree of accumulation at the age of the males (105.6) As the females were ( 106.7 ) .
As Myers found that the measurement of the accumulation value of age for males was (4.2) , females were either (6.1) for the analysis of the proportion of the value of life was attributed to deviations from the old (100) total (138.2) for males and (91.3) for females , which indicates the presence of errors These errors were larger in males than females are , as the accuracy in the measurement of age for males (9.9) and (6.5) for females than males indicating that less accurate to make their age females .
As for the analysis of sex ratios (sex) results indicate the existence of a deviation in sex ratios from the general pattern , where it appears that the ratio was high for the typ of (100) in the young age (before the category (20-24) ) and then declined until it reached to (100.2) at ages younger age group (25-29) .
The volatile than in the age groups (30-34) to (40-45) and then rose suddenly from the (100) in both categories (50-54) and (55-59) because the numbers of males were more than girls , suggesting the errors in the reconstruction to make these categories led to the sudden rise .
The scale of the UN Secretariat has exceeded the limit , which is where the old data type and is less accurate than (20) and occurred within the range which is where the age and type data are not accurate as the (34.2) .
It could be argued that in general that all the measures referred to errors in the data age and type in the 1997 census , more than the limit .
Following the revision of population data were later corrected by four methods , namely , (the distribution of the age group of others set out on the age groups , and the method of carrier and farrag , Carp method , Newton method , and the UN secretariat method the equation 16/1 ) .
We found the best way to modify data on the population of Iraq was the way Carrier and farrag , where the scale of the Secretariat of the United Nations ( Accuracy Index) 21.72 , less derived values with others

This study aimed to explore the effect of a design to study the passive voice depending on non-traditional method of an intelligent self- learning system by adopting two computer teaching programmes ; power point and visual basic to explain and give illustrations then practise some tests without the observation of teachers which will encourage the participant to teach himself without monitoring . The participants in this study were (15) members from teaching and training staff who have academic degrees in various specializations . The experimental group was provided with the newly designed method to explain the passive voice and test them after each explained step . The module was designed the researchers of this paper on computer with a test at the end of each subject ،A comprehensive final test is also provided at the end of the module with self-assessment . The result showed that there were distinguish differences between this programme and the traditional method of teaching the passive voice . This programme can help the classroom instruction to study the passive voice since it enables the learners to get immediate feedback

The mining association algorithm well known as A-priori is one of the most popular data mining algorithms, The mining association algorithm requires two parameters support and confidence to derive rules, The A-priori algorithm scans the database multiple passes to discover the rules, In this research we proposed an algorithm to reduce the multiple passes to just one pass to derive rules with high confidence, which gives the same results and also reduces the time and the effort, the algorithm gives analytical ability for understanding the results because it focusing on small item sets.

Association rule mining finds interesting associations and/or correlation relationships among large sets of data items, this subject is very useful in analyzing and fixing the trends of many issues especially in business , In this research an interactive system have been built to offer interactivity dealing with data and information which is so useful in taking crucial decisions and also support the analysts with up to date information through the extracted association rules from the given issue, the system has been applied in this research for proposed case concerned with drugs used in hypertension management, the system gives anew combinations of joined drugs that reduces the number of tablets swallowed daily by the patient