Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences

In 1983 two Australian doctors discovered a spiral bacterium in human stomach which was called Campylobacter pylori (or pyloridis) to be re-named (Helicobacter pylori) in 1990. Carried by half the global population it was first believed exclusive to Human causing chronic gastritis, peptic and duodenal ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. This discovery revolutionized peptic ulcer treatment with antibiotics instead of surgery. H.pylori is the only bacterial agent classified as Class 1 carcinogen.
In 1997 genetic advances allowed genome sequencing and detailed research particularly on genomic pathogenesis. Genome printing methods revealed that H.pylori was transmitted from domesticated animals to pre stone-age man probably of African ancestry.
New non-pylori Helicobacter species were found in farm, small, wild, and non-human primate animals. Some cause chronic gastritis and vomiting, occasionally lymphocytic gastric tissue proliferation and cancer. Some animal and avian species are contagious to human, sometimes sharing genomic similarities with H.pylori.
There are currently about 35 Helicobacter species. In pathogenic strains, certain genes function as virulence factors making proteins responsible for chronic inflammatory reactions and carcinogenesis in variable degrees. This is called (genomic polymorphism), it create diverse species and strains with variable degrees of pathogenicity. Genomic heterogeneity is the result of Helicobacter adaptation in various environmental, geographic, and host circumstances. Helicobacter strains with diverse virulence may exist in different ethnic and geographic groups. Both H.pylori in human and non-pylori species in animal may co-exist mixed in one host. Sheep is believed the reservoir for H.pylori and H.canis.

Two techniques of single-layer closure were studied experimentally by created cystotomy in six male rabbits, they separated randomly into two equal groups (A and B). In animals of either groups, cystotomy was initiated experimentally on the dorsal side of the urinary bladder wall through standard midline ventral laparotomy. In group A, the cystotomy wound was closed by single-layer, full thickness, simple continuous pattern, while in group B, the closure was accomplished by single-layer continuous Lambert pattern, applying polydioxanone PDS (3/0) in the two groups. The effectiveness of cystotomy wound healing and a urine-firm seal of the urinary bladder were examined at days 3, 7 and 14 post-operatively by gross changes. In both groups, the macroscopic observation revealed thickening of the bladder wall with adhesion in both groups, the microscopic evaluation showed optimum healing at the site of cystotomy wound sealing on the 14th day post operation despite a slight to moderate adhesions were noted in both groups. The histological evaluation of the urinary bladder biopsies indicated regular epithelization of the mucosal coat and normal arrangement of the muscularis and serosal layers at the location of cystotomy closure were evident in animals of both groups on the 14th day post operation.

The study was conducted on know the effect of different levels of local Bentonite in a percent of 0, 1 and 3% to the ration of Awassi lambs on concentration of minerals and Ammonia concentration and the numbers of microflora of ruminal fluid. Fifteen Awassi lambs were used in this study, aged between 4-6 months with mean body weight of 27.57 ± 0.71 kg. The animals were an individual pens in a space of 1.5 × 2 m. The animals were divided randomly into three equal groups (5 lambs/ groups). The 1st group regarded as a control group, While the 2nd and 3rd group adding to its concentrated ration the local Bentonite in a percentage of 1 and 3% respectively. The animals were fed on a concentrated ration 3% of the body weight and the rough ration (alfalfa hay) were given ad libtium. The results of experiment showed there were a significant increase (P<0.05) in concentration of Ammonia nitrogen of ruminal fluid in the control and 3rd group (3% Bentonite), before morning fed. While there were significantly (P>0.05) decrease in ruminal fluids of animals fed at the 2nd and 3rd group ration (1, 3% Bentonite) after two hours of morning fed as compared with the control group. The results also showed after four hours of morning feeding there was no significant difference between different groups in concentration of Ammonia in ruminal fluid. There was a significant decrease (P>0.05) in sodium salts in blood of lambs fed on 2nd and 3rd ration as compared with control ration. The results showed that addition of Bentonite at different levels (0, 1 and 3) % on lamb ration have no effect on concentration of blood Ca, Ma, K and Al. It has been observed that there was a significant increase (P<0.01) in the numbers of ruminal fluid microflora after addition of 3% Bentonite as compared with control and 1% Bentonite. It w that addition of Bentonite to the lamb ration have a beneficial effect on blood sodium, ruminal fluid Ammonia and the as concluded from this study numbers of ruminal microflora.

Antidiabetic activity of Vernonia amygdalina and its possible synergism with glibenclamide was checked. Forty eight rats were used for the research, for hypoglycermic study of V. amygdalina alone, they were grouped into five of six rats each. Group 1 was the negative control and was administered distilled water orally. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were the treatment groups which received 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight of the V. amygdalina extract respectively orally by intubation. Group 5 was the positive control group which received a known antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide. Diabetes was induced with alloxan. For the synergism study, another 18 rats grouped into 3 of six rats each was used. Both groups of glibenclamide only and glibenclamide plus V. amygdalina extract were dosed for 14 days orally by intubation, thereafter were sacrificed and blood collected from heart for analysis. There were 5 replicates grouped by weight throughout the study and both single and synergistic studies had the same controls. Effect of V. amygdalina extract was checked on blood glucose and its possible synergism with glibenclamide. All results in treatment groups were compared with the normal control at statistical confidence of p<0.05. Result shows that V. amygdalina extract reduced blood glucose level in the test groups as dose of extract increased. Combination of V. amygdalina with glibenclamide demonstrated further deduction in blood glucose levels in the treatment rats groups. Therefore addition of V. amygdalina into glibenclamide increased efficacy in the diabetic rats. The interaction between V. amygdalina and glibenclamide in this work was additive and therefore synergistic.

E. coli O157:H7 are an important pathogen of human and animals. The puppies were divided into two groups randomly, infected group: (15 puppies) were drenched once orally with 5 ml bacterial suspension of PBS containing 5×107 CFU, and control group: (5 puppies) drenched 5 ml PBS, then specimens from internal organs including: kidney, intestine, liver, spleen, brain and lung after sacrificed puppies at (24hrs, 48hrs, 72hrs, 6 days, 12days, 24days, and 36days) from infected and control groups were used for histopathological examination. After inoculation, all animals were examined for presence or absence of signs. The shedding patterns of E. coli O157:H7 in feces were started after 24hrs. after inoculation and ceased at day 14th.The results of gross lesions of internal organs revealed no gross lesions in the intestine, kidney, lung and spleen at 24, 48 and 72 hours. While at days 6, 12, 24, 36 the intestine showed congestion and hemorrhage. Also the kidneys were swollen and showed congestion. The lung showed sever hemorrhages at day 12 post infection, also the spleen showed enlargement at day 24 post infection. The results of histopathological changes showed that E. coli O157:H7 infection caused thrombus development, necrosis, vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining cells and congestion of blood vessels of kidney and intestine with superficial sloughing of epithelial mucosa of intestine at 24hrs and 48hrs. post-infection at 48hrs post-infection. Also the result revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells, vacuolar degeneration appeared in the examined organs at 72hrs. At 6-day post infection the infiltration of inflammatory cells became more prominent with severe congestion of blood vessels in examined organs. At day 12 post infection, there was mucus attachment in the epithelium of intestine, congestion of blood vessels, necrosis, with infiltration of the inflammatory cells in the examined organs. The most important event at day 24 post infection is the presence of regeneration in the intestine which became more prominent at day 36 post infection. This study aimed to highlighting the gross and histopathological effect of E. coli O157:H7 in different organs post inoculation in puppies. In conclusion, the shiga toxin can cause damage in many body organs like liver, spleen, kidney, lung, brain and intestine.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of wool shearing and the environmental factors represented by some hot months of the year (July August and September) on some production characteristics in Turkish Awassi ewes. 18 ewes, aged 3-5 years, with an average weight of about 55±1.43 kg, were used. The ewes divided into three treatments. The first group control (T1) were not shorned the wool, the second group (T2) wool of ewes were sheared at a distance of 1 cm from skin, while third group (T3) wool of ewes were sheared at level of the skin. The value of the weekly Temperature-humidity index THI in this study (32.33, 31.08, 31.70, 32.53, 33.45, 33.83, 34.60, 33.91, 31.90, 31.10, 31.84, 32.74) weeks respectively, while the monthly THI was (31.63, 33.48, 31.82) months of the study in July August and September in a respectively. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatments in body weight that were recorded at the tenth week where the THI reached. While the Second group recorded (2.16 ± 0.802) kg compared to T1, T3 (0.916 ± 0.723) (0.583 ± 0.490) kg respectively. While the total body weight of ewes and birth weight showed non-significant differences between different treated groups. From another hand the result showed non-significant differences feed and significant differences in water consumption between different treated groups. From the current study concluded that the level of shearing wool in Turkish Awassi ewes in conjunction with high temperature has an effect in production characteristics by reducing the effect of heat stress on the ewes.

The present study was aimed to detection the histopathological changes on the kidney of male rats treated with sildenafil drug. In this study, 40 adult male rats were used. These rats divided into four equal groups, each group involved ten rats, group I receive normal saline (1ml/Kg) as control group (N= 10). Group II, III and group IIII was received sildenafil orally at a with following concentration of (1.25,2.5 and 5mg/kg) body weight for 3 months respectively. At the end of experiments. All animals are euthanized and both kidney samples are collected for histopathology assessment. The result demonstrate deferent lesion in kidney structures in treated groups involved degeneration and necrosis of cortical renal tubules, Area of cystic dilation in glomeruli. Cystic dilation in renal tubules also the result recorded dilation glomeruli with dilation of bowman space, finally dilation glomeruli’s with degenerate cellularity and calcification of tubules in compared to control group including normal glomeruli and normal renal tubules.

The aim of this study is to assess the effects of high blood glucose levels in male rats with diabetic induced by alloxan on their physiological conditions. Diabetes mellitus is a category of metabolic hyperglycemia disorders caused by insufficient body production or pancreatic action. In addition to hyperglycemia, a number of other factors are also important for pathogenesis, such as Hyperlipidemics and cortisol oxidative. Forty five mature male rats used in this study, these were divided into 3 groups, Control group(G1) : gavage distilled water, Group2(G2): injection intraperitoneally with Alloxan150 mg/kg bw for two weeks and Group3(G3): injection intraperitoneally with Alloxan 150mg/kg bw for twenty four days. Blood samples taken from all groups estimation of Peroxynitrate, GSH, CAT, and SOD concentrations%. The findings revealed a significant improvement in diabetic classes in glucose (p<0.05) and peroxynitrate relative to control (G1). Diabetic concentrations of (G2, G3) relative to the control group (G1) were substantially reduced in SOD, GSH, CAT and diabetes mediated (P < 0,05). In conclusion, diabetes can cause significant changes in SOD, GSH, CAT levels in rats.

The leaves of Justicia carnae were screened for a hematological and biochemical response using serum enzyme activities in rats. Twenty-five rats were used in this research and were grouped into 5 of 5 rats each. Group 1 was a negative control group and was treated with distilled water. Groups 2 entreated anaemic, 3, 4 and 5 were treatment groups and received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the J. carnae extract, respectively. Anaemic was induced with Phenylhydrazine (PHZ). The rats were treated for 14 days, thereafter was sacrificed and blood collected from the heart for analysis. The effect of J. carnae extract was checked on hematological parameters and serum enzyme activities. All results in treatment groups were compared with the untreated anaemic group 2 at statistical confidence p<0.05. The normal control group saved as a reference point. There was a progressive elevation of haematological parameters as the dose of the extract increased from 100, 200, to 400 mg/kg body weight compared to the untreated anaemic group. Hematological parameters, PCV, RBC, Haemoglobin increased significantly at (p<0.05). Total leukocyte count elevated but not significant. Differential leukocyte count indicated very mild lymphopenia neutrophilia, monocytopenia, and eosinopenia but were not significant. Clinical biochemical parameters, AST, ALT and ALP showed slight decrease but not significant. Creatinine, total protein, urea, and bilirubin mildly increased as the dose of the extract increased but within normal range and so was not statistically significant. The MCV, MCH and MCHC values suggested normocytic normochromic anaemic condition. It was concluded that the extract of J. carnae is safe to blood cells, liver, and kidney marker enzymes at doses < 400 mg/kg body weight.

This study was conducted to investigate the histologic changes of kidney, urinary bladder, testis, seminal vesicle and prostate gland of rats of various ages (6,12 and 18 months old). Results illustrated variable changes of kidney represented by congestion of renal capillaries, acute tubular necrosis, shrinkage of glomerular tuft, degeneration in tubular epithelium of the 6,12 and 18 months old rats, the morphometric changes of the glomerular diameter decreases with advanced age. The lesions of urinary bladder characterized by hyperplasia of the epithelial lining, papillae into the lumen, hypertrophy of muscle fibers, desquamation of epithelium, cystitis in addition to thickening of the mucosa and hyalinization of muscle fibers of the 6,12 and 18 months old rats. The thickness of the bladder wall showed a significant changes increase at (P≤0.05) with age, while morphometric analysis did not show any age related changes in the bladder muscle thickness. In testis there were congestion of blood vessels, a spermia, degeneration of the spermatocytes and spermatozoa, thickening of interstitial and hyperplasia of leydig cells of the 6,12 and 18 months old rats. The wall thickness of Seminiferous tubule increases with age and basement membrane thickness and tubular diameter decreased with age. The seminal vesicle of the 6,12 and 18 months old rats revealed hyperplasia of glandular epithelium. Lesions of the prostate gland of 6,12 and 18 months old rats showed epithelial hyperplasia which extended as finger-like projections and presence of variable amounts of colloid substance.

This study was conducted in the veterinary medicine college in Basrah University animal house and aimed to investigate the effect of finasteride (prostacare) on male some parameters reproductive system in albino male rats (Rattua-Rattus). Thirty-six mature male rats with body weight 200-210 g and age 8 weeks were randomly divided into three groups (12 animals in each group). The first group was considered as a control group and treated orally with normal saline (0.9%N.S)during the experimental 30 days, the second group was treated with finasteride(0.016mg/kg of body weight orally during the experimental(30)days. and the third group was administrated finasteride(0.032mglkg of body weight orally during the experimental 30 days. The results showed a significant decrease in the sperm count, sperm motility, and live sperm and an increase in dead sperm percentage as well as a significant decrease in the level of reproductive hormones (testosterone, LH and FSH) in the treated group with finasteride compared with a control group, from this study, it was concluded that the finasteride has undesired physiological effects on fertility in albino male rats (Rattus-Rattus).

The study was conducted to know the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in seminal plasma of cryopreserved semen of Holstein bulls after addition of zinc sulphate, cysteine, PGF2α and their combination in vitro. Semen was collected from 7 Holstein bulls, presented in Artificial insemination Center which belonged to the Directorate of Animal Resources/ Ministry of Agriculture at Abu-Graib at the west of Baghdad. Pooled semen were diluted with Tris- based extender and divided into five parts. The first part (T1) serve as a control (without addition). The 2nd part (T2) added to it zinc sulphate (0,576 mmol/ ml). The 3rd part (T3) added to it cysteine (5 mmol/ ml). The 4th part (T4) added to it PGF2α (37.5 pg/ ml). while the 5th part added to it a combination of previous substances at the same concentration. They packed in straws and cryopreserved in a liquid nitrogen and after 30, 60 and 90 days. Seminal plasma when isolated to measure the level of MDA. The results showed a significant decrease (P>0.01) in MDA level in the combination treated group (zinc, cysteine and PGF2α) 0.450 ± 0.11 (mmol/ ml) as compared with control group 1.025 ± 0.38 (mmol/ ml), zinc 0.867 ± 0.12 (mmol/ ml), cysteine 1.06 ± 0.12 (mmol/ ml) and PGF2α group 0.968 ± 0.17 (mmol/ ml) respectively. It was concluded from this study that addition of a combination of zinc, cysteine and PGF2α to the Holstein bull semen could decrease the level of MDA which might be due to the synergistic effect of these substances.

The current study was conducted the effect of adding cumin cyminym seeds to concentrated feed on some blood biochemical parameters of black local goats. Fifteen female black goats aged 3 years, third milk production season. The study was in a private animal field of the Department of Animal Production- College of Agriculture/ University of Diyala, during the period from 1/11/2018 to 16/4/2019. The goats were divided randomly into three equal groups, 5 for each group. The first group (T1) left without treatment as a control group. The second group (T2) was given 10 g of cumin seed powder to the concentrated feed/ animal per day. The third group (T3) was given 20 g of cumin seed powder to the concentrated feed/ animal per day. Blood samples were collected before the experiment (Zero day) and at the end of the experiment (3 months), 10 ml from jugular vein by via vacationer tubes without anticoagulant. Blood biochemical parameters were also estimated includes: Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Glucose, Urea and Triglycerides. The results showed no significant (P>0.05) in Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Glucose, Urea and Triglycerides between (Zero day) and at the end of the experiment (3 months) and between different treated groups during the study period. It was concluded from this study that addition of cumin seed powder to the black local goats ration have no effects on some blood biochemical parameters.

The aim of this study was to find the effect of long-term food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the tissue of pancreas. For this purpose, two treated groups of adult wistar rats were administered 15 mg/kg body weight for 30 and 75 days respectively. Immediately after sacrificing, specimens of pancreas were collected and fixed. Routine histological processes were carried out to prepare the specimens for light microscopy. Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Gomori aldehyde fuchsin stains were used. The study confirmed that the pancreas had a histological compensatory defense mechanism. In terms of exocrine units, the size of islets of Langerhans were increased due to increase the size of alpha and beta cells and the engorgement of the surrounding blood vessels. The exocrine acini neighboring to islets of Langerhans were engorged with secretion. After 75 days, fusion of some preexisting islets among the exocrine units were recorded. The study firstly focused the light on the pancreatic adipose tissue differentiation to give rise a newly–formed islets of langerhans. The alpha and beta cells of the islets had a well cytological architecture with apparent network of functional blood vessels. Creation of a new generation of beta cells induced by appetizer, may regarded as an important approach in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The study concluded that, in small animals, the endocrine mass of pancreatic islets proportionate with the need of insulin. Moreover, adipose tissue act as endocrine tissue and may secreting the hormone insulin. The study declared a positive relationship between exocrine and endocrine units, when the pancreas was subjected to external stressful factor.

The leaves of Azadirachta indica plant was screened for haematological, toxic and serum enzyme activities in rats. Twenty rats were used and were grouped into 4 of 5 rats each. Group 1 was the negative control group administered distilled water. Groups 2, 3, and 4 were the treatment groups received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight of the A. indica extract respectively. The rats were dosed for 14 days, thereafter were sacrificed and blood collected by cardiac puncture for analysis. The effect of A. indica extract was checked on haematological parameters and serum enzymes activities. All results in treatment groups were compared with the normal control at statistical confidence of 95% (p<0.05). There was progressive reduction of haematological parameters as the dose of the extract increased from 200, 400, to 800 mg/kg body weight. Haematological parameters, PCV, RBC, Haemoglobin showed decrease value which was not statistically significant at (p<0.05). Total leukocyte count, showed progressively elevation by the extract though not statistically significant. Differential leukocyte count indicated very mild lymphocytosis neutropeania, monocytopeania and eosinopeania which were not statistically significant. Clinical biochemical parameters, A. indica extract demonstrated normal levels of the serum enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) though there was slight decrease in a dose dependent fashion.Total protein was within normal range. The normal MCV, MCH and MCHC values suggests normocytic normochromic anaemic condition. The extract of A. indica is safe to blood cells, liver and kidney marker enzymes at dose < 800 mg/kg body weight.