Sumer University Journal for humanity science

Energy is a fundamental need among populations worldwide, with every country striving to provide and produce it, especially with the increasing per capita energy consumption. This has led countries to search for alternative energy sources that are renewable and non-deployable, as well as clean energy sources that contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and are not environmentally polluting. Consequently, countries have been driven to utilize renewable energy sources. This study aims to clarify the concept of renewable energy sources, identify them, and determine their importance by understanding their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their role in achieving sustainable development through their impact on the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainable development. Iraq serves as a case study to assess the potential for renewable energy provision, its current utilization, and the achievement of sustainable development if used as a substitute for fossil fuels in the country. The study reveals that Iraq has utilized some renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectric power. Additionally, other sources like solar energy, wind energy, and biomass energy could serve as alternative, renewable, and clean energy sources in Iraq.

Lakshmi Pandit was raised in an aristocratic Indian environment and was brought up by her father Motila Nehru and her brother Jawaharlal Nehru. The palace where she lived, Aband Bhawan, was a focal point for communication with the Indian national movement. It played a fundamental role in developing her skills, potential and knowledge of many national goals and ideals, which enabled her to engage in political work from a young age, and crystallize her great ability in terms of oratory, presenting her country's demands and defending the policy of apartheid in South Africa.
Pandit was unique in that she was the first Indian woman to hold the position of minister (Minister of Local Self-Government and Public Health), as well as the first woman in
the world to deliver a speech at the opening address at the United Nations, and the first Indian woman to represent British India at the United Nations.
The issue of apartheid and the treatment of Indians in South Africa was one of Pandit's first concerns, which was raised in all the sessions in which she headed the Indian delegation to the United Nations, specifically in the years (1946, 1947, 1948). At the beginning of 1949, she was nominated to be the British Indian Ambassador to the United States of America.

Air pollution is one of the environmental problems and real disasters facing life on the planet, due to the terrible progress that man has reached at the expense of the environment, especially after the development of human activity, urban and industrial expansion at the expense of green agricultural lands on the one hand, and the spread of desertification and drought and its impact Indirectly negative in heavy elements including (cadmium) in the solid air precipitation in Al-Anbar Governorate, especially since the location of Al-Anbar Governorate, which is located in the western part of Iraq, which is one of the largest provinces of Iraq in area.
An analysis of variance was studied for the concentrations of cadmium in the solid atmospheric precipitation between one location and another in Anbar Governorate for the year 2021-2022. This is done by collecting samples of solid precipitation in small containers for solid precipitation, which were distributed in (7) places of the monitoring sites, where the measurement continued for a full year, starting from September 2021 to July 2022, samples are collected monthly from the monitoring sites, dust samples were analyzed and heavy elements were measured Attached to dust particles in environmental laboratories.
The research concluded that there is a temporal and spatial variation of the cadmium element in Anbar Governorate, and the research also concluded that the concentration values exceeded the limits and environmental standards. The month of September with a value of (0.085), and the lowest site in Anah during the month of January with a value of (0.002), the highest annual average of cadmium concentrations in the Ramadi site was (0.060), while the lowest annual average was in the Ana site (0.021).

ntiquities and heritage represent an essential part of people\'s identity and history, as they reflect cultural and civilizational development throughout the ages. Monuments include ancient buildings, inscriptions, tools, and statues left by previous civilizations. As for heritage, it includes customs and traditions, arts, and literature that are transmitted through generationsThe study aims to apply the methodology of spatial analysis of the archaeological and heritage sites of the city of Shatrah and Ad-Dawaiya using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, through the tools this technology contains of spatial analysis.

It becomes clear that failure of the Arab national project, which its theorists wanted to unite the Arab nations in which, similar to the Western national projects that swept the world since the nineteenth century. In all economic, social, political, religious, and even psychological aspects, and this approach which is quoted from western nations may be one of the most important reasons that led to the failure of the Arab national project, in addition to the internal reasons.
Although some Arab countries, specifically (Egypt, Iraq, Syria) had leaders who believed in Arab nationalism have failed to communicate with their citizen, and they ruled with a tyranny as previously during the occupation period. this leads the nations to avoid such as this leaders and theme ideas, which started raise slogans far away from reality and not find any echo gust in a few segment with linked to authority and interests.

When studying the history of humanity in prehistoric times, the role of women appears greatly because of their role in giving birth to children and raising them, as they are the custodians of all the individuals who belong to them, in addition to their role in cultivating the land because they stay for a longer period with the children in their homes, and the role of the Elamite woman in this aspect appears in a way It was large and continued throughout historical times, and this role can be traced in the artistic works left by the Elamites. These roles varied greatly in religious, political, and social aspects, which made these roles distinct from other neighboring civilizations.

Recently, it has been noticed that part of medicine has been transformed into modern digitization and production of specific audio content, beautiful on the outside and harmful and dangerous on the inside. The genre of music with digital drugs, where trading has transformed here from a classic purchase into a digital online purchase, the process of abuse through smoking, sniffing, swallowing or injecting has turned into a tone-of-voice listening process, and the exchange process between drug dealer and user has turned into a download ( Download) Therefore, the danger of the spread of this type of drug has become available and fast, especially with the acquisition of most individuals of mobile phones and everyone's use of the services of the World Wide Web (Internet).

Dhaifa Khatun is the daughter of the just King Muhammad Najm al-Din Ayyub, who is the brother of Sultan Saladin al-Ayyubi. The research touched on the emergence of the Ayyubid state, whose lineage goes back to Ayyub Ibn Shadi from the Rawadiyya tribe. The Ayyubids ruled Egypt in the era of Ayyub, the military commander who worked for the servants of the Zengid state and then became governor of Tikrit and then governor of Damascus. Asad al-Din Shirkun and his son Saladin entered the service of the Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, then he was able to eliminate Fatimid rule after the death of the last Fatimid caliph, al-Adid li-Din Allah, in the year 567 AH. Saladin unified Egypt, the Levant, and northern Mesopotamia in Iraq to be the state of the Ayyubids. Saladin attended Jerusalem from the Crusaders, the Battle of Hattin in the year 583 AH. In the year 579 AH, Saladin arrived in the city of Aleppo and annexed it to the Ayyubid state. He installed his brother, King Al-Adil, over it, then deposed him and appointed his son al-Zahir Ghiyath al-Din Ghazi over it in the year 589 AH, who married his cousin. After the death of Al-Dahir, the rule passed to his young son, Muhammad ibn Daifa Khatun, who became his regent. After the death of Prince Muhammad, the son of King Al-Zahir, Daifa Khatun became Queen of Aleppo in the year 634 AH and organized the affairs of Aleppo on the various political, economic, and practical levels, as shown during the research. Dhifa Khatun died in the year 640 AH.

The policy of the United States of America when dealing with foreign countries and how to determine them must be according to standards that interact with its institutions and political system in accordance with its foreign policy. When the US State Department was managed by Christian Herter, who explained the paths of American foreign policy, how were they proceeding? Until it worked according to one perspective that could not deviate from its policy path, which enabled him to focus on following his followed policy in international relations and diplomacy in order to formulate and make his country’s foreign policy, not to mention that his policy coincided with the great competition with the other part during its Cold War, which is the Union. The Soviet Union, as the study focused on the period of his chaired at the US State Department, where he was able to overcome difficulties in some of the issues he faced, and others in which he used moderate policy away from intransigence in making decisions. The study clarified the role of Christian Herter and his foreign policy towards the United States of America (April 22 1959-January 20, 1961).

The literature and arts of ancient Mesopotamia were full of references and images expressive of people's sexuality. The recognition and acceptance of the gender represented by both homosexuals, bisexuals and transgenders was considered to be an exciting degree.
When we examine the culture of Mesopotamian societies, we discover that these civilizations valued and respected a wide range of gender identities and sexual expressions. Ancient homosexuality may differ greatly from modern homosexuality, because it was represented in various forms, including the dominance of one man over another, as well as the desire of the other to become a male prostitute. One of the most prominent forms of homosexuality is sacred prostitution as part of the worship of Inanna/Ishtar. This openness and tolerance challenged traditional notions of gender and sexuality and provided an interesting glimpse into the historical acceptance of Members of the Queer community.

The relationship between the Free Officers Organization and the Muslim Brotherhood was based on friendship, respect and cooperation, but that relationship soon changed in the wake of the revolution of July 23, 1952 AD as a result of the events that Egypt went through after the revolution and the external challenges it faced. The officers’ organization had to Al-Ahrar arranged the internal Egyptian situation, especially after the activity of the Muslim Brotherhood, which began to rise in importance in political work, which forced the organization to confront this. They dissolved the group and arrested its members. The matter later developed into an attempt by the Brotherhood to attempt to assassinate Gamal Abdel Nasser, more than once, so the group’s relationship with the government became... Throughout the years, there has been a more hostile relationship than a friendly and loving relationship between them. From this standpoint, the topic was chosen to find out the reasons that led to the deviation in the course of the relationship between the two parties.

In order to preserve its interests, the United States of America worked to adopt several means, including spreading chaos, creating internal problems, and supporting certain parties in the region militarily and financially at the expense of other parties in order to weaken the other party and exhaust its capabilities, and this is what the American administration aimed to achieve when it supported the Kurdish movement in Iraq militarily and financially, and for this goal it recruited countries in the region to carry out the task of intermediary in delivering this aid. Hence the importance of the research to show the size of American financial aid for the period between 1969-1975 AD, which began in the form of Kurdish appeals and requests until it became a reality. The study was divided into There are two sections: the first is financial aid between the years 1969-1973 AD and the second section is financial aid between the years 1973-1975 AD, as the documents of the US State Department were a primary source of information contained in this research.

Developed countries are characterized by the presence of a political system that protects the rights of individuals and maintains the safety of society, while Third World countries, particularly fragile ones that are going through complex political, security and economic conditions, suffer from great difficulties in achieving societal peace, which represents the most prominent components of the state’s strength. Due to the importance of this concept, it will be discussed in this research. Discussing the obstacles and components of achieving societal peace in Iraq after 2003. The first section deals with the concept of societal peace and the factors that threaten it, and the second section deals with the components of achieving Iraqi societal peace, then conclusions and proposals.

This study aims to find out the main reason for the Gulf-Qatari crisis and the Jordanian position on it. It seems that the reason revolves around Qatar and its foreign policy. At the same time, Saudi Arabia and its allies are trying to impose a specific policy that Qatar adheres to, which Qatar cannot accept and will not back down from its policy. It was The three Gulf states (Saudi Arabia, the Emirates, and Bahrain) decided to sever their relations with Qatar and isolate it. The Arab countries’ interpretation of that crisis differed, and there were efforts by them to mitigate and resolve the crisis. The most prominent of these countries was the Kingdom of Jordan, as Its position was based on a group of factors and determinants, especially the economic factor and determinant as a result of The difficult living conditions and the economic crisis it is suffering from. Its role has varied between silence at times and seeking to resolve disputes at other times according to its interest, while emphasizing the historical relations that bind it with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Its role has been culminated in dialogue and peaceful means, and warnIng of the dangers and disagreements that occur between the Gulf Cooperation Council. Gulf Cooperation.

The tribute and tax taxes are important financial resources for the Arab Islamic state.
As for the jizyah, it is a tax collected from the able people of the Book (Ahl al-Dhimmah), Jews and Christians. Then the Magians were added to them in exchange for the Muslim Arabs defending them and their property in peace and war, and the tax is a tax paid to the Arab-Islamic state for the lands conquered by the Muslims, even if its owner converts to Islam..
In view of the importance of the tax, especially these two taxes, as they are important resources for the treasury and the Arab Islamic state, as well as explaining the social organizational tendency of Islam, and after relying on God, we wrote the research entitled ((The tax in the Arab Islamic state, the two taxes of the jizyah and the tax in the Gorgan region as an example)) which consisted of axes Multiple.

In the new democratic Arab and European countries, feminist movements play an important role in societies. These movements seek to change corrupt systems and challenge social structures in Morocco and other countries. In order to control these movements and present a positive image of the treatment of women, governments establish laws and rights that enhance women's rights and make the country appear advanced, but they may not significantly affect women's reality , Feminist movements in Morocco mainly focus on these laws and seek to include their agenda in legislation, but the authorities ignore these demands and refuse to recognize their initiatives. Consequently, the activity of feminist movements is restricted and the government attempts to contain any feminist movements that threaten the existing order ,This strategy is part of the government's efforts to limit the influence of the feminist movement, and has been used in several historical cases in Morocco. Governments must recognize women's rights and support their efforts, rather than trying to suppress their voices and restrict their activism.

The Iraqi environment suffers from the waste problem, like other countries, from the problem of waste accumulation, which is considered one of the most common sources of environmental pollution. There are also other common factors in exacerbating this problem, most notably urbanization and the rise in population rates within large cities, as well as the increase in the monthly income of the Iraqi family, which is affected by it. This is a direct phenomenon, and the careless behavior of city residents, as waste is disposed of by disposing of it in public squares and open spaces, and sidewalks have been turned into garbage dumps, as well as throwing waste into rivers, which has led to the creation of an unhealthy atmosphere that collects rodents and insects on the garbage. Which affects the health reality of the population in general, and what exacerbates this problem is the lack of human resources for the hygiene sector and the failure to apply scientific methods in municipal departments to deal with this waste in the correct way to treat it to preserve the environment and the health safety of the population. Some of the methods used in treatment were discussed, and recommendations and conclusions for this topic were developed in this research.

The study of religious and political figures is one of the most important topics in the contemporary history of Lebanon, because these figures possess an intellectual vision and political awareness framed by the ideological dimension, which has a significant impact on the upward movement of society. Therefore, the topic of Sheikh Ragheb Harb and his political role in Lebanon until 1984 is from Important topics because he is a prominent southern figure and has a clear role on the social, religious, political and jihadi levels. With his unique personality, he blends the legacy of revolutionary movement trends and the renewed militant Shiite thought with the ideas of the martyr Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, Mr Musa al-Sadr and Imam Khomeini in revolutionizing the Lebanese situation in the south socially and politically, especially against The Israeli occupier and its role in confronting Israeli agents in Lebanese society until 1984, the year in which he was assassinated by the Israeli occupation forces in southern Lebanon.It is clear from the above that the religious factor and Islamic upbringing had a clear impact on the construction and development of the personality of Sheikh Ragheb Harb. He contributed effectively to the social aspect and charitable work, and to raising the scientific and ideological level of the young group in the southern villages in particular and of southern Lebanon in general.

Deep contemplation and continuous research into the hidden arts of Greek civilization, and the rich legacy it left us, demonstrates the expressive ability of the Greek historian and his understanding of nature, and the magic and beauty it carries within it that aroused his sense and inner feeling about it. Whereas Greek mythology or Greek mythology is concerned with their gods, other mythical characters, and the nature of the world, and is considered the basis of their religious and ritual practices, mythology was part of religion in ancient Greece, and part of religion in contemporary Greece, as it is practiced today by some people. Outside Greece. Contemporary scholars are interested in studying these myths to understand the religious and political life in ancient Greece, in addition to understanding the origin of these myths themselves.

This research deals with the issue of peace in the Red Sea, and its link to the issue of Ethiopian society towards the phenomenon of depletion of its resources by major countries, and the challenges it produces as a result of the continuous pressure to invest in the black continent, including the concept of investment from a direct challenge to the issue of stability in the Horn of Africa, through Saudi Arabia's insistence on moving forward with large-scale investment projects in Ethiopia, in order to provide Saudi society with human energies working, As well as providing sustainable agricultural resources, Saudi-Ethiopian relations are one of the most influential bilateral relations in many axes, especially the geographical axis represented by the coasts of the Red Sea, as well as the regions of the Horn of Africa .

The modern state of Turkey was established under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal in 1923, according to the foundations and principles he formulated to take on a Western, secular, European-style character. These foundations were called the Kemalist principles, which worked to consolidate state relations and achieve national sovereignty, separate from the eastern Islamic past. These principles imposed a number of Political transformations through which the Sharia courts are abolished, laws are borrowed from Western constitutions, and social transformations are created by eliminating Islamic aspects and replacing Western ones.
The era specified for the study was characterized by the establishment of the Turkish Republic during the reign of Kemal Ataturk (1923-1938) and the conclusion of the Treaty of Lausanne, which granted Turkey its independence and abolished foreign privileges therein. Mustafa Kemal assumed power in Turkey, and he developed Turkey and tried to raise it to the level of Western countries after he practiced the policy of modernization. At all political, economic, social and cultural levels and practicing the Westernization policy in Turkey.

Industry is one of the most important pillars of the economy of any country. It is also the most prominent sign of the development of countries because it represents production, and this is a matter that no one disagrees upon. Therefore, the industries in the countries that fell under the domination of the occupation, or what was called colonialism, did not receive any interest in that aspect, and among those countries is Iraq. Its industry fell behind during the Ottoman era and continued to be neglected during the British era. The latter sought to make Iraq an agricultural country, not an industrial one, by adopting policies to support agriculture by relying on tribal sheikhs and landlords, without industry receiving that support.

Anyone who looks into the history of defunct civilizations finds that they have an ancient cultural heritage rooted in the past. The hills appear in the form of monuments that reflect different and diverse cultural connotations of selfhood in knowledge, values, systems, and so on. The knowledgeable can also benefit from this cultural heritage accumulated through the ages. Benefit that does not conflict with the teachings of Islam, derived from the guidance of the Qur’an and Sunnah.
The cultural connotations are as numerous as the antiquities discovered. If an antiquity is discovered; Unless it reveals a cultural meaning buried with it, and by repeating the look and with more contemplation; Another cultural dimension becomes clear to us... And so, until we obtain an integrated cultural system, which we extract from the totality of successive civilizations, to stand on the fact that God Almighty honored man, and one of the indications of His honoring of him is that He bestowed upon him a thinking mind, and made his surroundings subservient, so that his condition might be straightened, and he might be happy. I lived it.

The country of ancient Yemen derives its importance to Orientalists through its strategic location in relation to the seas and oceans surrounding it. This geographical location gave it economic importance in controlling the maritime trade routes, especially those overlooking the Indian Ocean and their connection with other countries of the world, in addition to the nature of its distinct geographical climate, which contributed to its production of materials. The various aromatic substances that they considered an essential pillar in their daily lives, especially in their use within religious temples and medical treatments. At the same time, southern Arabia was distinguished by its establishment of political rule that was at a high level of progress compared to other parts of the Arabs. Its kingdoms witnessed remarkable development. In the process of building the state, it was able to form political relations with its neighboring countries, based on mutual respect and commitment to international covenants and conventions concluded between them.

Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh is considered one of the most important books written in Persian literature. Its author sought to make it immortal for other peoples to see. It represents the thought and culture of the Persians, as it spoke about their culture, social classes, holidays, and the religions that were prevalent among them. The Safavid shahs had an important role in spreading the Shahnameh through persistence. By reading it during battles and in the cafes that spread in that period, and by inviting painters to draw the Shahnameh and distribute it to other kingdoms

The city of Babylon is rich in archaeological, heritage, religious and cultural sites and cities dating back thousands of years, as it carries with it many urban treasures, some of which are still full and others have disappeared due to multiple factors (intentional or unintentional) and there are sites that have not been discovered so far and the words of prospectors and foreign researchers about Iraq in general: Whenever you dig one meter in the land of Mesopotamia, you find traces; Yes, through your wanderings in the old areas of the city of Hilla, you see a lot of ornamental houses have been built From the proud bricks of Babylon and when one of the houses is destroyed in Ancient cities you find a lot of proud bricks sealed with Babylonian Sumerian writings, and when you stand near the Bailey Bridge, you find
a lot of proud bricks and crushed jars colored and not colored, the heart squeezes on our lost and looted heritage; Among them: the archaeological city of (Borsiba) that you visit and find yourself in the world of Evat It is one of the ancient cities of Babylon, which dates back to the third dynasty of your, it is called (Peres) or (Press) or (Pierce Nimrod), and it has the place of the birth of Abraham Al-Khalil (peace be upon him), the place of burning Abraham, peace be upon him, and large adjacent rocks.
One of the cities that differed many scholars in naming is Press or Nars, which was newspaper in ancient times, and although there are references to this city (Nars), which was famous for clothing and industries Various including the manufacture of cheese, shoes and others, historians pointed to it and its location near Babylon on the Wanrs River named after a village that was descended by Dahhak Purasp in Babylon and this river is attributed to it and is called by it. Nars and Narsa : One of the names of the Arabs. And the dress Narsi: hit of clothes, and the people of Iraq hit the butter Balnarsian for example for what is desirable" and the people of Iraq until these days: (kneading dates with free fat, which is one of the distinctive dishes). Al-Astrabadi said: In the margin of his book Nahj al-Maqal fi Achieving the Conditions of Men, vol. 4, p. 111, Bersi Al-Narsi is a village in Iraq, including Al-Narsi clothes.

The weapon of psychological warfare is considered one of the most important weapons that man has used throughout his human journey. It is the weapon that man has not abandoned in all his wars and conflicts, even though he has abandoned many physical weapons due to the development of the manufacture of these weapons in terms of manufacturing materials, technologies and modernizations that... It is intervened on from time to time, while the weapon of psychological warfare has maintained its importance in wars. This is only because of man’s awareness of the importance of this weapon and its ability to defeat the enemy, sometimes even before the military war begins.
The Akkadian state, as one of the oldest states that established its ruling system over a wide area and vast lands, is one of the oldest states that realized the importance of using the weapon of psychological warfare in order to instill fear and horror in the hearts of its enemies and force them to surrender and submit, and it is not strange for the people of Mesopotamia who had a foothold. The first to advance the ladder of human civilization is that they are the builders and builders of civilization. Their cultural discoveries were not limited to civil and peaceful issues, but rather went beyond it to the military aspects in terms of systems, plans, armament, and military organization from which most other countries took, the most
important of which are methods of psychological dealing, influencing the enemy’s morale, and breaking his will in order to Winning the outcome of the war.

Rome's priestly system was renowned for its extreme organization and perfection. Since the ancient Roman society was believed to be highly religious, the priests in this category—the priests—represent the means of communication between the common people and the gods. In public prayers, however, one of the four priestly colleges or sects—Pontifices, Augur, Quindecimviri sacris faciundis, and Epulones—performed the role of the priest. These colleges were overseen by the High Priest, who was selected by the Centenary Assembly in Rome. Since they might enroll and withdraw at any time, all Rome residents were eligible to join these universities. It should be mentioned that the state employed these institutions as one of its instruments to further political or religious objectives. The Sali priests belonged to one of the sects that was in charge of performing additional duties and responsibilities in addition to those colleges.

England, by virtue of its geographical location - which makes it isolated from the European continent from a natural standpoint and gives it a distance from its wars, and its historical development and gradual reforms, as well as the nature of the English individual and his temperament inclined to love and adore democratic life - constituted the precedence among the countries of the European continent in establishing parliamentary constitutions, which Its political and social life was codified according to it, and its society has witnessed democratic life since the year 1215 AD, when the knights and barons forced King John I to issue the Great Covenant “Macna Carta”, thus laying the foundation for constitutional life, which trimmed the nails of the absolute king’s powers for the first time in the history of England.

The research talks about the Prime Minister's Macdonald position on the rebellion in the Northwest Provinces, especially after MacDonald's attempt to expand the Dominion of Canada to include those areas that were inhabited by Indians and Mets, descendants of Scottish and French Catholic fishermen, white fur traders and Indian mothers, who formed the Red River settlement. The research addressed the goals of the MacDonald government From the expansion in those areas, as well as its procedures, and the attitude of the population towards those measures, and finally how the government dealt with the rebellion and whether it succeeded in that.

Thanks to her soft diplomacy and advocacy, she was widely recognized by the major cossets of the New Gulf, and in particular, in bridging the vision between Iran and the United States, which enhanced her reputation and contribution as a partnership maker. To fully understand Omani mediation practices in the region, its mediations must be placed in the context of the Sultanate's broader foreign policy, and all the mediations we know must be compiled in one place in order to develop a better understanding and approach. Ultimately, the brokerage agency for traders was empowered by the Sultanate's foreign policy. This was not an inevitable outcome. Over the course of the Qaboos era, Oman began to become an “axis state”, where the practice of mediation became an important tool in the remaining major deficit in maintaining Oman’s foreign policy, and thus ultimately controlling and strengthening the Sultanate and its security.