Journal of Techniques

In this study unsaturated polyester(UPS) was used as a matrix for composite materials with coconut shell Particulates as a reinforcement martials. Two kinds of Particle size (53-63 )and(10-20 )were used with weight percentages (10%,20%and 30%)for both.
The composite materials were estimated according to their mechanical properties included (impact strength, elastic modulus, compressive strength and of Brinell hardness) and thermal conductivity.
This study showed on improvements in mechanical properties of particulate composites compared with UPS resin. The effect of each weight percentage and particle size of filler on the mechanical and thermal properties was investigated.

This research aims to use mathematical and statistical methods to determinate an economical Periods of Preventive maintenance to machinery of Technical Institute of Babylon. It's known, that cost of maintenance at the beginning of use any machine is less from revenue then the cost gradually increases with age of machine and may be increases with rates exceed economical revenue of machinery. Thus, an optimal period for maintenance must be determined specially preventive maintenance to decrease the cost maintenance from one side and increases the age of machine on the other hand.
This research deals with controlling the stoppage to machinery in the turning workshop for six months after total annual maintenance and calculates the percentage of number of stoppages at the end of every month and cost of total maintenance that it depended in an optimal decision to determinate an optimal period of preventive maintenance.

This study was carried out to improving the combustion process, This was achieved by studying the effect of some operation variable such as type of fuel, air/fuel ratio and engine speed on engine performance. In this study, there are two set text, the first was studied the effect change Cetane number of fuel on the engine performance on the variable speed approximately between (1500-3000 rpm) and constant air/fuel ratio, Its observed that increasing Cetane number (55) to (60) increasing the result of brake power to (1.7%) percent, which it varies directly with engine speed. So increasing thermal efficiency in (4%) and appeared improvement in specific fuel consumption (0.24%), so the temperature of exhaust gases to reach (15oC).The second set of text included the engine performance at a constant speed (2000,2500,3000 rpm)on the air/fuel ratio changing included the rich and the weak of fuel with different fuel Cetane index, was appeared improvement on specific fuel consumption (0.6%) when increasing air/fuel from(A/F=16:1-18:1) to reach the right mixing, In addition to that, air to fuel ratio is considered as the main factor which influence the combustion process and consequently affect the engine performance.

The purpose of the research was to identify the behavior of the drivers at a major signalized intersection in Mosul city by analyzing the factors that affecting a driver decision in passing or stopping during yellow time. Random samples have been selected that flow freely during yellow time period ,the data includes recording vehicle spot speed ,distance of vehicle from stop line , time needed to reach the stop line , and reporting the decision of the driver (acceptance or rejection) to pass the intersection .The research suggests a factor called ( effective time ) as a parameter that can be used as criterion in determining the driver decision .40% of drivers changed their behavior by increasing their running speed during yellow time . 20% of drivers passed the intersection even though yellow time and the (all red ) period of the approach was over .

In order to improve the mechanical properties for juss mortar, two types of plants fibers have been added; reed and a coconuts skin fibers to several number of juss mortar mixes according to defined addition ratios to conduct compressive ,tensile and flexural strength .
Addition ratios (0.5,1,2,3,4,5)% by weight of juss were added to a number of juss mortar mixes by using fibers of a different lengths from (10 - 50)mm of (2)mm diameter of reed and (1)mm of a coconuts fibers.
Samples number of juss mortar reinforced by fibers were (150) samples for compressive test (cubes) and (150) samples for tension test and (90) samples for flexural strength test (prisms) .
Also samples for reference juss mortar were made to be tested for compressive, tension and flexural strength.
Results showed improvements in mechanical properties for juss mortar reinforced by these fibers with increasing of addition ratios together with fiber length up to (3%) and length of ( 40 mm ) for reeds and up to (4%) with fiber length of( 30 mm ) for a coconuts fiber.
Increasing value of mechanical properties for juss mortar reinforced by these fibers gives good indication ; to be used for many building purpose such as gypsum panels and juss blocks.

The study presidents a description for the water treatment in Kirkuk water supply scheme. The study aimed to evaluate the water treatment through comparing the characteristics of WHO and the Iraqi drinking water standards. The study showed that Kirkuk water supply scheme has a good efficiency for turbidity and suspended solids removal no hardness, ions or dissolved salts removals were achieved because there are no units for removal these materials. The results showed that some characteristics for raw water were within standard

This research included determining the characteristics of different types of cement and comparing between them, by performing the chemical and physical testes on Muthanna Iraqi cement and many types of imported cement such as Kuwaiti, Ukrainei, Indian and Shariqa cement.

The percentages of main compounds (C3A, C4AF, C2S, C3S ) in cement and the percentages of, chemical oxides (SiO2, AL2O3, Fe2O3 , CaO , MgO , SO3 ) loss on ignition and free lime were evaluated. Also the ratios of alumina modulus (AM) ,silica modulus (SM) and lime saturation modulus have been calculated. In addition, percentages of fineness, soundness, compressive strength and setting of cement have been specified. It was found that the setting of Iraqi and Kuwaiti cement beginning by (C2S, C3S) compounds while the other types by (C3A) compound.

A reduction in the alumina modules of Iraqi, Kuwaiti and Indian cement were noticed, while modules of silica and lime saturation in all types of cement were corresponding with the standard specification. It was also found that all physical characteristics of cement such as fineness, soundness, compressive strength and setting have been with in the limits specified by this standard

This research deals with the dry wear behavior of alloy SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel that is quenched in water in the range of ( 1323-1573 ºK ) under dry sliding conditions on a disc of ( 446 Kg/mm2 ) hardness with different applied loads ( 5N,10N ) respectively for a different time periods from ( 30 min – 4 hrs ).
The results shows that wear resistance of this alloy increases as heat treatment temperature increased from ( 1323 ºK ) to ( 1573 ºK ) for both applied loads (5N & 10N ) but is bigger for ( 5N ) load.
This increase in wear resistance is related to the change of metallurgical structure of alloy from ( 50% ferrite : 50% austenite ) at ( 1323 ºK ) treatment temperature to ( 90% ferrite ) at treatment temperature of ( 1573 ºK ), the results indicates that grain growth due to heat treatment has no effect on the wear resistance.

Pollution energy is the driving force to transport heavy elements out of short stack due to pressure difference. Energy must be rifle from burning asphalt material to overcome the activity of toxic particles and redeployment in multi directions. Obstruction thermal absorption spectrum device used to rifle energy which formed from metallic wires rounded by polymeric materials with excellent absorption properties .This device help to disengage,division,and dropping toxic particles at short distances from stack base to protect medium against damages .Soil, Chemical and biological tests are carried out in laboratories of baghdad and babylon environmental offices. The comparisons with the high limit of (WHO) and others are carried out.

The private hospitals are integral and important part of public health services in Iraq, however, if not all suffer from problems of design and clear operational and random spaces in the selection of areas and the functional relationships because there is no basis to design and clear, leading to low efficiency in operation and performance of the hospital.
The research aims to find the design principles of the wards and halls of birth in the private hospitals in Iraq would take into account the achievement of functional relations correctly and efficiently within the environmental and aesthetic considerations of encouraging the patient, and references to improve the services they provide.
To achieve the aim of the research was a survey of a number of private hospitals and the study surveys conducted by the Ministry of Health and study the requirements of the wards and halls of birth to reach the design principles included deportation and areas suitable for events and the number of beds in the wards and halls of birth, and the adoption of single room with a bed and a single mother and a bed for the child and place of the person accompanying an area (14m2) minimum requirements of the room suitable for events, and a hall birth bed area (21m2) at a minimum, and to propose alternatives to the four patient rooms and six forms of planning of the wards and halls of birth and recommend their application by selecting the most appropriate and according to the particular design.

The response of structure to internal sound in an enclosure has received a considerable attention from designers because of the induced stresses in the structure from acoustic excitation. The main aim of this research was to investigate the modal interaction between structural modes and acoustical modes using different coupled configurations and evaluation of the response of the structure theoretically and experimentally. Another objective was to investigate the effect of damping, thickness, material properties, boundary condition on the radiation efficiency.
The analysis involved the prediction of energy transfer between acoustic and the structural systems employing the well known coupled oscillatory theory.
A system consists of a flexible rectangular (simply supported and simply clamped) panel, which forms one wall of rigid rectangular box, is analyzed analytically. The acoustic space is excited by a random source and the results of averaged radiation efficiency from the panel were predicted in different 1/3 octave frequency bands. Acceptable agreement between experimental and theoretical results is observed from the model of panel cavity.
The results of this work show that the radiation efficiency, increases with increasing the thickness of the panel, and decreases with increasing the damping of the structure and acoustic space. The results also show that the radiation efficiency of brittle material is higher than that of ductile material; it is observed that the boundary condition of the structure has a great effect on the radiation efficiency. The response of the simply clamped panel is higher than that of simply supported panel.

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) have been prepared by mixing equimolares of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and barium carbonate .Identification of the calcined powder achieved by using X-ray diffraction technique to know the purity of the powder and the crystal phase. Sintering is done at different temperature (11000C,12000C,13000C) .The best sintering temperature is 13000C ,it gives the higher bulk density (5.36g/cm3) , minimum percentage porosity (6%) ,and maximum linear shrinkage (18%).
The prepared barium titanate doped with different ratios of rare earth oxides
{Strontium oxide (SrO)and Europium oxide(Eu2O3)} .
It appears that the addition of these oxides in ratio of (0.3%) gives an increase in density to reach a maximum value of (5.56g/cm3 for SrO and 5.53 g/cm3 for Eu2O3 ), and reduction in porosity to reach a minimum value of (5% for SrO and 4.5% for Eu2O3 ) .
The oxide addition leads to increase the dielectric constant to reach a maximum value (2775.3 for Eu2O3 and 3867.5 for SrO ) ,then decreases with increasing the oxides concentration at temperature (300C) and frequency 1kHz.
Addition of (SrO) and (Eu2O3) at ratio 0.3% leads to decreasing the electrical resistivity to reach a minimum value (0.78*1010 ) for Eu2O3 and 0.69*1010 for SrO then increased with increasing the oxide concentration at 300C.

(Epoxy – phenol) blend system was prepared and studied before and after reinforcing with glass fiber (woven roven Oo-90o direction).
The samples immersed in distilled water for equal time at constant temperature (± 18 Co).
The Brinell hardness of the system was measured before and after immersion in distilled water.
The results show that the Brinell hardness decreased after immersion in distilled water for blend samples with and without reinforcing with glass fibers. While the Brinell hardness increased after immersion in distilled water for epoxy samples with and without reinforcing with glass fibers. The diffusion coefficient was calculated for all samples after immersion, and it was obvious the sample (5) (Epoxy 80% - phenol 20% + glass fibers) has maximum diffusion coefficient (minimum absorption resistance) in comparing with other samples.

The present work is mainly concerned with study the performance of epoxy resin which blended with poly (vinyl butyral) in order to be used as adhesive for aluminum metal. A different weight ratios of poly (vinyl butyral) was blended with epoxy resin (10-90 wt %) and these blends were cured at different conditions; time (10-60) minutes and temperature (100-200 Co), different mechanical properties (shear stress, elongation and peeling stress) were carried out on the prepared samples.
Box – Wilson design method was adopted to find useful relationships between the three variables [(weight ratios and curing conditions (time & temperature)] with mechanical properties shear stress, elongation and peeling stress , it was found that the best adhesive properties of the prepared sample (i.e. best mechanical properties) obtained with the weight ratio of (40) wt% epoxy resin and (60) wt% poly (vinyl butyral) while the best curing condition obtained at a temperature of 160 Co for (30) min.

A new developed formula for the shear deformation coefficient is successfully displayed in this work. The new expression is the more accurate one among all previous types in the dynamic analysis field of homogeneous isotropic beams and plates. The formalization of the new expression is based on the partial equating of the recent exact 3-dimensional frequency equation of rectangular plate with the correspondent approximate equation of the first-order shear plate theory of Mindlin. The modified shear coefficient is verified numerically with some typical examples of uniform free plates and bars oscillating in flexural shear modes. The data comparison of the theoretical resonant frequencies, using variety of familiar shear coefficients in literature, with the exact and experiment frequency values show, with out doubts, the excellent-standing of the new shear coefficient comparing with all other formulae till the appearance time of this paper

This research study the isomorphism problem of two simple planar graphs which they have the same number of vertices and edges, we used the permutations algorithm which generates a permutation from known permutation. In this paper a program in (Mat Lab) has been constructed to compare two graphs by generating all permutations of the vertices of the first graph and finding the adjacency matrix of it in each permutation then compare it with the adjacency matrix of the second graph . Finally the result discuses whether the two graphs are isomorphic or not

This research aims to employ the ability of Remote Sensing & GIS (Geographical Information system) techniques to classify Durbndikan soil basin in the northern of Iraq (Kurdistan region), The importance of this research is the ability of using the digital geotechnical map in the hydrological work such as find surface run-off ,The research done through many stages the first stage is a maps collection (topographic map, satellite image) for study area , second stage is a site visit for collect soil sample and using radiometer device in field to record the spectral reflectance to recognize different soil type by their reflectance, The third stage is a laboratory test stage (liquid limit ,plastic limit, moisture content ,sieve analysis and hydrometer test) are used for unified soil classification , final stage is input data stage through ERDAS 8.4 program to obtain geotechnical map for the all basin, The map shows there are ( five )main types of soil in Durbundikan basin (Inorganic silts, clayey sands, silty sands ,silty soil, inorganic clay) and that each type is a heavily represented in the region.

The modern cellular networks are always endeavoring continuously to present multi services, like internet service, multimedia, file transfer, download etc, in addition to providing high quality voice for customers. All these services need a high data rate coverage. Therefore, interest has focused on increasing the coverage area to enhance the performance of networks. In this paper, we present employment of the Digital Relay to increase the coverage ratio of cell, through covering the areas that are not covered by Base station (BS), these areas are known as coverage holes (dead spots), which are studied in accurate form. This paper includes how to determine the position and angle of the coverage holes, which depend on analysis of the results of propagation Model and Signal to interference ratios. Therefore, we propose to put relays in these areas (coverage holes) with distance equal to fifth of cell radius between this position and the edge of cell. Also in this paper, the optimum number of Digital Relay is determined for each cell and the optimum transmitted power from Base station and Digital Relay to avoid the interference problem. The simulation system in this paper focuses on the handoff process between Base Station and Digital Relay, the results show that the proposed position gives suitable period to execute the handoff process without blocking the calls. The results show when the cluster size of system consists of seven cells high enhancement in performance of cellular networks which apply the Digital Relay. Where the enhancement ratios when comparison the cellular networks that applying Digital Relay technique with conven-tional cellular networks 33.16% in the blocking probability and 18% in the number of users. When the cluster size of system consists of thirteen cells, the enhancement ratios is 34.18% in the blocking probability and 18% in the number of users.

Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuable information in a large database and mining rocks for a vein of valuable ore. The term data mining is actually misnomer, since mining for gold in rocks is usually called “gold mining” and not “rock mining”, thus by analogy, data mining should have been called “knowledge mining” instead. The more general terms such as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) describe a more complete process.
This research concentrates on one particular aspect to extract the association rules from multidimensional databases by the following:
It is proposed to deal with multidimensional database to extract the association rules that is done by dividing the multidimensional database into two databases the first one consists of TIDs and the items, while the second one consists of TIDs and dimensions. Then extracting the frequent itemsets for each one separately, the frequent itemsets for the first one is extracted by the traditional apriori algorithm but for the second one a new algorithm has been proposed for that purpose. The two obtained sets will be combined into one set. Finally applying the association rules generation algorithm to get the final rules of the multidimensional database.
Keywords: multidimensional database, association rules algorithm

In this paper, fuzzy brake controller is proposed. It is built by using the theory of fuzzy sets. The rules base of this controller are based on the previous knowledge and experiences in vehicle field.
The working of controller reduces the vehicle velocity to achieve the safe distance in front between the vehicle and anther vehicle that traveling in front of it .So the controller prevents the slip in the tires during braking.
The velocity error and distance error are used as inputs and brake force as control action output for the controller.
The simulations of fuzzy controller with nonlinear brake vehicle model give acceptable responses for different ca

This research included the effect of biological fouling on the efficiency of open recirculating cooling water system in medical city hospital of Baghdad . It showed the relation between fouling deposit and conductive heat transfer resistance .
The fouling deposits caues serious problems such as scales and corrosion , (( Utilizing Vials)) method used to determine the quantity of microbiological growth . Sodium hypochlorite (Naocl) used as chemical treatment to control biological fouling growth in this system . It is found that 0.1- 0.2 PPm is the optimum concentration used to control bacterial growth at pH rang 6.5-7.5.
Other sources of chlorine is calcium hypochlorite Ca(Ocl)2

In this paper, neural controller is proposed to control on the vehicle lateral position. The structure of the controller used consists of modified Elman recurrent neural networks that learned on-line by using genetic algorithm teachings. Using of both right and left braking forces simultaneously has automatically kept the vehicle in the correct path when the vehicle is going through an emergency situations. Therefore, it is used as feedback neural controller that is learned on-line in order to control the transient state output of the system by minimizing the error between the actual output of the system and the model reference output. The evolutionary techniques based on this algorithm are employed for the model-reference adaptive control scheme for this system. The variations of the vehicle parameters are addressed in controller. Computer simulation results, using a nonlinear vehicle model are included, and show the feasibility of the proposed controller.

This study presents an experimental investigation on the monotonic flexural behavior and ultimate capacity of reinforced concrete beams partially damaged and cracked in flexure due to applying a 58% of the predicted ultimate flexural load capacity, and then repaired by external strengthening with high strength CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) laminates bonded with epoxy resin to the tension face of concrete after doing all the appropriate preparations for the concrete adhesion substrate. Five rectangular reinforced concrete beams were tested to obtain the effect of amount of CFRP laminate on beams cracking behavior, concrete strains, ductility ratios, ultimate loads and failure modes. The results obtained from the adopted repairing and strengthening technique showed a significant effect of external high strength CFRP laminates on improving behavior and capacity of reinforced concrete beams. An increase by 15%- 33% in ultimate load capacities, for the CFRP strengthened beams, was observed over the control beam with conventional reinforcement. This gain in strength was accompanied by a reduction in ductility ratio by 18%- 28% for the CFRP strengthened beams compared with the control R.C. beam. Also, the crack patterns show enhanced performance in crack distribution and propagation for the strengthened beams over the control beam

The reaction of acetylacetone bis(thiosemicarbazone)-ATSCH2 and semicarbazone ligands (furfuraldehyde semicarbazone FSCH or 2-chlorobenzaldehyde semicarbazone-ClSCH or benzoin semicarbazone B-SCH) with zinc(II) and cadmium(II) salts in 1:1:1 molar ratio afforded complexes of formula [M(ATSCH2)(LH)]Xn (where M = Zn2+ or Cd2+, X = NO3- or Cl- or SO42-, LH = FSCH or CISCH or B-SCH, n = 1 or 2). The coordination of the thiosemicarbazone ligand seemed to occur via the two azomethine nitrogen and the two sulfur atoms, whereas, the coordination of the semicarbazone ligands seemed to occur via the azomethine nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygen atoms. The resulted complexes were characterized by metal ions analysis, relative molecular weights values, molar conductance values, infrared and electronic spectral data. Octahedral structures were suggested for the resulted complexes accordingly.

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of dezincification process of brass alloys which contains different percentages of zinc 5, 10, 20 & 30 % on the wearing resistance. Dezincification process was carried out in electrical furnace under a protective atmosphere at different temperatures750, 850 & 950 oC for different periods of time 10,20,40,80 &120 hrs. The weight loss was measured before and after dezincification process. A relationship has been achieved between the weight loss per unit area (ΔW/A) and the dezincification time at different temperatures and zinc concentration. The results show that the dezincification process is diffusion controlled. A mathematical relationship between zinc concentration and dezincification constant (D) was also achieved. It was found that the dezincification constant values are concentration and temperature dependent. Also the activation energy (Q) for dezincification process increases with increasing zinc concentration.

In this paper, the equations for the inverse and direct kinematics problems of a spatial parallel mechanism (revolute - revolute - revolute -spherical ) of six degrees of freedom with two actuated joints and four passive joints in each of three parallel branches have been studied .
The number of solutions of the inverse kinematics problem is shown to be not more than 64 ,and the solution of the direct kinematics problem has been shown to reducible to a 16th order polynomial .This implies that for a given set of actuated angles , this parallel mechanism can be assembled in at most 16 different configurations .Further numerical computations were performed to check the algebra and a numerical examples were solved to demonstrate the procedure .Finally a workspace analysis and visualization scheme is also presented

Soils containing gypsum as a cementing agent are affected considerably when subjected to change in water content. Flow through gypseous soil causes serious damage to the foundation built on such soils. This behavior of this soil exhibited significant changes upon addition of water, especially when the process was accompanied by a continuous flow of water. The addition of relatively small amount of bentonite (3-20%) can improve the performance of granular gepseous soils providing allow permeability and an enhanced mechanical stability. A laboratory investigation of leaching-collapse test behavior of compacted mixtures of soil-bentonite had been undertaken. The study showed that the value of permeability and solubility for treated gypseous soil with bentonite improved by (9-30%) than untreated samples for two different densities

Aluminum alloy type AISI 1080 was tested in 0.5N NaCl solution, using simple immersion test for 120 hr., at temperatures 293K, 313K, 323K, and 353k respectively. After immersion test the maximum pit depth was calculated at each test temperature. The results show that pit depth increases as the temperature of the solution increases.
The pit depth tend to increase rapidly starting from 293K (pit depth of 3 micron) up to 12 micron at 333K ,then steadily raise up to 15 micron at 353k. This may be related to temperature rise that causes change in oxide hydration also this temperature rise affect chloride ion absorption in the passive layer.
Corrosion rate in Mil Per Year (MPY) was also tested for the same alloy at the same solution concentration and temperatures. Results indicate corrosion rate decrease as the temperature increases. This is attributed to the increase in chemical reaction rate as the temperature rise, also it affect pit growth and nucleation. According to MPY results alloy AISI 1080 have excellent general corrosion resistance.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was also used to study the attacked alloy surfaces after immersion, in 0.5 NaCl solution at the above temperatures. Results reviled crystallographic nature of the attacked alloy surface.