Journal of the College of Languages

Alice Walker (1944) ranks among the greatest American writers of the twentieth century. Through her novels Meridian and the color Purple, Alice outlines many issues concerning the effect of authoritarian thinking upon its often innocent victims, and the possibility of meaningful, productive resistance. Walker's texts aim at giving a voice to those who have no voice especially those poor, rural black women who are robbed of power and the right to make decisions about their own lives by a range of forces standing against them. These texts also aim at clarifying how Walker's female protagonists, Meridian and Celia try to free themselves from oppression, misery , fear and underestimation by men in the Patriarchal society.
Walker's heroines nevertheless articulate clear visions not just of the wrongs they face, but also of the hope and strength that cannot be quenched within them. In 1976, walker's second novel, Meridian, was published . The novel dealt with activist workers in the South during the civil rights movement, and closely paralleled some of Walker's own experiences. In 1982, Walker published what has become her best-known work, the color Purple. The novel follows a young troubled black woman fighting her way through not just racist white culture but patriarchal black culture as well.

This study deals with biblical texts resistance by expressed some Jewish writers and philosophers who were influenced by the ideas of European philosophers, and the ideas of the Enlightenment. Jews were living in isolation, and under the control of the Rabbinate (rabbis) had total control.
Religious Scholars have been working since a long time to instill ideas in the minds of Jews as being the chosen people, and that they are distinguished and superior to humans. So they relied on verses from Torah, and interpreted tham according to what serves their ideas and approaches. It was the Jewish leadership, however, the Religious scholars for centuries managed to consolidate in the Jews mind these ideas that have no connection with reality, being logical and unserious. The idea of subordination of nations to them and work for their own pleasure that considered earnestness ideas that believe in the Bible's verse that says, for example: (Esau, a man who knows hunting and field, Jacob dwelt in tents) (Genesis 24.27 (
After the advent of the Enlightenment and the spread between the Jewish community and the bleating of Modern Hebrew literature, which contained the principles of the Enlightenment, writers fought to criticize the Jewish tradition and to confront religious movements and religious Jews. Many of them tried to make changes in life and raise the slogan of assimilation. Despite sanctity of religious texts by Jews, the educated writers criticized and refused them due to the lack of seriousness and reality, and that's because of the situation of Jews poverty and similar surrounding circumstances. Therefore, some of the writers refused the ideas that considered the reason that made them unable to achieve their aims, and objected strongly and criticized them sarcastically, to provoke the Jewish people to work seriously and rely on the authority of reason and reject the religious authority, and free people from the old-fashioned ideas.

After the announcement of the Constitutional Movement, Iranian writers found the appropriate opportunity to struggle freely and clearly by pen. Hence , journals, newspapers increased and spread of dozens in Iranian cities . However , journalist prose could not alone satisfy the desire of freedom preachers to highlight their political and social feelings, and as such they had employed other types of prose like cynical criticism . With the emergence of the Constitutional Movement cynical Literature became in the public gaze. This prose was written in the Iranian vernacular, and it contributed to building the ordinary language of the various popular classes employs phrases , terminology and proverbs which are acceptable by people . This trend guided the well known scholar Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda and many Liberal writers . Dhkhadda wrote in the newspaper (Photos of Israfil) critical sketches in a simple Farsi prose with slang concise and eloquent words and phrases . He used to conclude his sketches with the signing of his writings (Dhkho) (the vernacular form of Dhkhadda) and publish his writings under the title (Jrnd and Bernd) . Dhkhadda won a senior position in the literature of the constitutional Revolution .

After the announcement of the Constitutional Movement, Iranian writers found the appropriate opportunity to struggle freely and clearly by pen. Hence , journals, newspapers increased and spread of dozens in Iranian cities . However , journalist prose could not alone satisfy the desire of freedom preachers to highlight their political and social feelings, and as such they had employed other types of prose like cynical criticism . With the emergence of the Constitutional Movement cynical Literature became in the public gaze. This prose was written in the Iranian vernacular, and it contributed to building the ordinary language of the various popular classes employs phrases , terminology and proverbs which are acceptable by people . This trend guided the well known scholar Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda and many Liberal writers . Dhkhadda wrote in the newspaper (Photos of Israfil) critical sketches in a simple Farsi prose with slang concise and eloquent words and phrases . He used to conclude his sketches with the signing of his writings (Dhkho) (the vernacular form of Dhkhadda) and publish his writings under the title (Jrnd and Bernd) . Dhkhadda won a senior position in the literature of the constitutional Revolution .

The present study aims at empirically investigating the effect of vocabulary learning strategies on Iraqi intermediate school students’vocabulary performance and reading comprehension. The population of the present study includes all the 1st year male students of Al-Wark’a intermediate school of Al-Risafa 1/ General Directorate of Education for the first course of the academic year (2015-2016). To achieve the aim of the study ,a pre-test and post-test after (5) weeks of experiment are administrated .The sample of the present study consists of (100) subjects :(50) students as an experimental group and other (50) students as a control group . The subjects of both groups are equalized in these variables :pre-test, age, parents’ level of education , etc. After conducting the experiment , an achievement post- test has been applied to the two groups in order to find out the effect of teaching English vocabulary learning strategies on the sample’s vocabulary performance and reading comprehension .The results reveal that there are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in their achievement in vocabulary and reading comprehension, in favour of the experiment group. In the light of the study results, conclusions, recommendations ,and suggestions for further studies are put forward.

Language is a means of communication among the human beings. Every language that distinguish them from others. However, there is language common that is common of all human beings without discrimination and expression of ideas. Perhaps it is more honest that the usual language.
The research is divided into a preface which speaks about the meaning of body language. Then we speak about body gestures like the eyes, hand, the tongue the heart reaching up the conclusion in which we found that the body language is one of the terms included in the Holy Quran, which has original roots. But this term is recently common and spread in the present time. Most of those who tackle it were westerners. Sometime it took the role of the spoken language and mostly it is more honest. Each gesture has an independent message that is conveyed to the receiver. The volume of Ibn Al-Jayab includes in its parts many examples of body language.

My research dealt with the phenomenon of repeated translation. First Section deals with identifying repeated translation from both linguistic and terminological sides . Section two display the reasons and factors that stand behind this phenomenon while section three sheds light on the positive and negative sides of the phenomenon understudy and in the last section , the researcher sets several recommendations which lead to prevent the widespread of repeated translation phenomenon . The results of this research show that the translator should be precise ,honest, skillful and has a high scientific morality in order not to let his mistakes be a reason for other translators to translate the same book another time ;Each state should join at least one of the international organizations which defend the publishing and author rights and that if one of the scientists gains one of innovation prices , this will consider one of the most important reasons that stands behind the appearance of this phenomenon . that's why we see the translators repeat the translation of translated books in order to gain money and fame .
این بحث که با عنوان (ترجمه های تکراری وعوامل ظهور آن ) پدیدهء ترجمه های تکراری را از جنبه های متعدد مورد بحث وبررسی قرار داده است, واز چهار مبحث تشکیل شده است, به ترتيب زیر است:
مبحث يكم واژهء تكرار را ىر اصطلاح ولغت مورد تعریف قرار داده است. ومبحث دوم به اسباب وعواملی که باعث بوجود آوردن آن پدیده اختصاص شده است. در مبحث سوم پژوهشگر تا حد امکان جنبه هاى مثبت ومنفي پدیدهء ترجمه های تکراری را بیان نمود. در پایان وضمن مبحث چهارم پژوهشگر پیشنهادهائی متعددی را برای جلوگیری پدیدهء ترجمه های تکراری را ایراد نمود.

A paper submitted by the Many famous works of German literature had been selected and a detail for the work events with analysis the way of revenge, its reasons & incentives had been narrated.
1. The visit of the old lady is a play, written by Friedrich Durrenmatt. The old lady revenges from her previous lover who denies the sonships of their daughter and his claim has been gained against her throughout faked witnesses that violated her honor. When the poor woman had married from on of the rich people and got inheritance, she returned to the city and revenging from any one who hurt her, the first one is her previous lover.
2. The Lost Honor for Katrina Blum )) is a novel written by Heinrich Böll. He portrays to us; the soft girl is Katrina; it is a peaceful girl working as housekeeper, acquainting & falling in love of a yang man in one of the parties. This young man was chased, wanted by the police and justice, Katrina spent the night with her lover and was surprised by a strong intrusion of her apartment by the police. The investigation has been verified & the yellow journalism, ruined her; pretending that she had a relationship with the terrorists. Bad news has been reported about her; leading to the increasing of the paper's purchase. However, this led to Katrina's mother's death. So, Katrina had to revenge and killed the journalist who dishonored ruined her.

3. Effi Briest) is a novel written by Theodor Fontana. The heroin; is a young woman ''being affected by her mother'' married from duke who is older than her by 21 years. The duke was always busy in formal trips, leaving the young woman ( Eife) alone by herself in the house , no one talks to her. Therefore, she was forced to meet one of her ex- husband's friends and love affair has been started. The duke finds out this relationship by accidentally, challenging his wife's lover, fighting , killing him by angrily, The Duke prevented his wife to see her daughter and left her alone, till her death,
4. Unexpected Return) is a play written by Botho Strauß; the husband found out that his wife is a pregnant by his friend. His friend raped, attempted to kill her by wrapping her in carpet of house. He escaped, leaving her in her bloody shape. She was saved & aborted by her husband. In return to that, he forced her to be a housewife serving him his beloved. Not only this, but he also observed her for twenty years above the mountain. The husband explained the way of revenge from his wife to his friend who unexpectedly returned to the crime scene when he lost his way.

5. Emilia Galotti) is a play written by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, it is about a pretty woman ; she accidentally met the price who immediately loved in a mass . The prince wanted to get her by all means in spite of being engaged to the prince asked one his men to set up Emalia's fiancé and killing him & kidnapping her to the prince palace. When Emilia's father recognized what had happened to his daughter; the duke headed to this palace, carrying a dagger along with him that had been given him by the ex- sweetheart of the prince, she indented that the duke would kill the prince in revenge. But this dagger inserted in Emilia's heart that she realized that there is no way to escape. She asked her father to stab her in order to keep her honor.
Throughout; my paper of selected works that I dealt with ( the theme of revenge ), the bottom line was sad for the revenge and he had been led to dark destiny or destroying what around him to be killer and to be joyful in the murdering people .
Thus, this is a destiny of every one thinking to kill. If the revenge gives up his wanton plans; the crises, problem would be solved that he suffered gradually. But the spirit of revenge; blind the eyes to open his eyes later & every thing had been lost.

This research paper aims studying the topics and ideas which ancient Iraqi literature in its poetic and prosaic and other arts in comparison with its counterpart in the ancient poetry of the Arab during in the Pre-Islamic era. I have observed importance of study of these counterparts while reading many of the literary texts of the two literatures. A valuable reference by the late professor Dr. Abdul-Jabbar Al-Mutalabi in which he affirmed that the ancient Arab poem remained habiting other worlds that are not free of the remnant of long-established fears and rituals. This research is an attempt to reveal the similar themes in the two literatures whether in the views, ideas of artistic like the wild pull and the wild cow, stories if immortality, travel of knowledge seeking in addition to themes that formed a common feature between the ancient Iraqi literature and pre-Islamic poetry. The link between these two literatures is rampant with examples. The research is divided into two aspects: the first cares for the important intellectual and life themes and other purpose, the second is concerned with the descriptions of the counterpart in the literatures.

The present paper deals with (Suffixes of Name Cases in Namiq Kamal's Tales). It also presents information about Kamal's biography, trying to provide enough information about him. The paper provides information about suffixes of name cases, and then, it tackles these suffixes in Kamal's Tales.
The Era of Organization is regarded as one of the most important ones during the 19th C. Ever since a new concept which meets the needs of modern art and literature was born. New words and terms appeared. These were behind the modernization and innovation of the literary and lingual development. The ideas, words, terms and beliefs that can be seen in Kamal's correspondence are not regarded as modern, the best part of them are used in daily conversations, others can be found in dictionaries. There are only few lexical items which were not in use by then. They relate to the modern new ideas.
Suffixes of name cases are regarded very important part of the Trukish grammaras they are used in the daily conversations performed by the public. This is why they have an extreme importance in Turkish grammar and were taken into consideratiuon by the writers whether in linguistics or in literature.

The present paper deals with (Suffixes of Name Cases in Namiq Kamal's Tales). It also presents information about Kamal's biography, trying to provide enough information about him. The paper provides information about suffixes of name cases, and then, it tackles these suffixes in Kamal's Tales.
The Era of Organization is regarded as one of the most important ones during the 19th C. Ever since a new concept which meets the needs of modern art and literature was born. New words and terms appeared. These were behind the modernization and innovation of the literary and lingual development. The ideas, words, terms and beliefs that can be seen in Kamal's correspondence are not regarded as modern, the best part of them are used in daily conversations, others can be found in dictionaries. There are only few lexical items which were not in use by then. They relate to the modern new ideas.
Suffixes of name cases are regarded very important part of the Trukish grammaras they are used in the daily conversations performed by the public. This is why they have an extreme importance in Turkish grammar and were taken into consideratiuon by the writers whether in linguistics or in literature.

Considering the importance of researches in the area of comparing different languages and its impact on discovering languages links, the present study examines Arabic prepositions (Harf Jar) and Persian preposition in the place of one of the most important element of grammar in two languages based on the studies conducted by the grammar researchers of Arabic and Persian languages, in order to make the 2 languages’ differences, similarities and their impact on each other more obvious.
One of the most important discovery of this study is that, it indicates that each prepositions has a primary meaning with two or more implications, so using each one of these prepositions in another place is almost impossible.

با توجه به اهميت پژوهشهاي مبتني بر مقايسه ي زبان هاي گوناگون و تأثير بسزاي آن در کشف حلقه هاي ارتباطي زبان ها، پژوهش حاضر با تکيه بر مطالعات دستورپژوهان دو زبان عربي و فارسي، به بررسي حرفجر"باء" عربيوحرفاضافهي"به" فارسي در جايگاه يکي از مهم ترين ارکان دستوري هر دو زبان مي پردازد تا بدين وسيله، وجوه افتراق و اشتراک و اثرپذيري اين دو زبان، آشکارتر گردد.

از مهم ترين دستاورد پژوهش حاضر اين است که بيان مي دارد هر يک از اين دوحرف، داراي يک معناي اصلي و يک يا چند معاني فرعي مي باشند که هر کدام از اين دوحرف، در افاده ي معاني فرعي خود، در قالب معناي اصليشان مي آيند، از اين رو به کار بردن هر يک از اين دو حرف در جايگاه ديگري، تقريبا غير ممکن به نظر مي رسد.

Turkman literature is regarded as a branch of the general Turkish literarure. The title Turman literature began to be used after 1918, and this remained under the influence of classical Turkishliterature till the beginning of the twentieth century. The best poets who repreesented this type are Hijri Dada, Khidir Lütfi, Mohammad Sadiq, Othman Mathloom and others…
In this study I followed the method of Professor Doctor Mohammad Kaplan (Ph.D) and Professor Doctor Nurullah Çetin(Ph.D) in analysing the poetical design. In this study I tried to analyse the poem entitled Taliim (My Fate) by the poet Khidir Lütfi and the poet Othman mathloom who wrote a poem with the sam title. It is difficult to pass judgements against our poets and accuse them of pessimism because their poems are in large number and they are in various types. They are educated poets and thinkers and we cannot neglect the hope and optimism that accompany the aspects of pessimism in their poems.
If we carefully look at the literary fekts of the Turkman poets before 1818 we find that they tackled many various subjects in their poems.However the phenomenon of pessimism in Turkman poets cam as a resulf of the political and social conditions and the intellectual limitations imposed on them. Therefore, fınding this pessimism attitude cam as a reaction to the unjust politıcal condition whichdenied them their cultural, social and political rights. So, the Turkman poets expressed the tragedy their nation in a mtaphoric way in their pessimistic poems.

It is Surprising that speech feature does not stop even with silence, whether this silence is a disable of the speech device or illness which makes man unable to speak ; and stranger than this, that man does not stop talking even while sleeping in dreams and the analects within even though , they are mostly silent.
So, it becomes inevitable to offer a linguistic theme calls to communicate, as long as there are people communicating.
Because novel is another vision of life, it is necessary to bring out people, so you give the communication its meaning particularly reading communication, and all its claims of open interpretations presented by the character , declared or hidden, so, the reader would receive these interpretations to think about consequences

Международные контакты обусловили интерес к изучению основной формы общения – диалога. Форма диалога в каждом из контактирующих в процессе общения языков должна быть рассмотрена в разных аспектах – не только лингвистическом, но и социолингвистическом и этическом. Это объясняется тем, что в речевой коммуникации необходима как адекватность выражения мысли, так и соблюдение традиционно установленных норм речевого этикета.
В публикуемых диалогах, бесседах, докладах, выступлениях, лекциях в первую очередь привлекают внимание принятые в разных языках системы обращения, свойственные им сходства и отличия, традиционное и новое.

Beside the kinds of sentences and members of sentences, there are fields of sentences in German also. Under the title search (center field in German and Arabic) understand that research is comparative research between German und Arabic. The research was devoted to center field and the search for the corresponding Arabic und is there anything that resembles this field in Arab. This research has includeed the following important questions:
• What is the sentence in German and Arabic?
• How to build a sentence in German and Arabic?
• Are there any types of sentences and what are the?
• What are the members of sentence?
• Have members of sentence a specific location in a sentence?
• What is the German fields in sentence?
• How do you determine fields?
• What is the center-field?
This research consists of two parts:
The first part deals with German. And the second part deals with Arabic.

Is a day or series of days celebrated by Jews for religious or worldly important event in Jewish history as an occasion in Hebrew is called Eid יום טוב good day or good or חג תענית celebrate the festival or celebration. Most of the Jewish holidays are of a religious nature, and there is a worldly character with festivals such as the Festival of Lights חג החנוכה the holiday of Purim and the holidays, although a religious appearance, but she celebration in mundane aspects of the history and traditions of the Jewish occasions. Mass over the holidays when Jews are those mentioned in the Bible in my Leviticus and Deuteronomy. And some holidays established by rabbis in the vicinity of the ancient period of Jewish history, and the modern holiday was established in the modern era.

Hyperbole is an obvious and intentional exaggeration in the sense that it takes things to such an extreme that the audience goes too far and then pulls itself back to a more reasonable position, i.e. it is an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally. This paper focuses on the formal and functional perspectives in the analysis of hyperbole which American candidates produce in their speeches in electoral campaigns, for it is hypothesized that candidates in their electoral campaigns use hyperbolic expressions excessively to persuade voters of the objectives of their electoral campaign programs. Hence, it aims to analyze hyperbole in context to determine the range of pragmatic functions that this figure fulfills and to present a formal analysis of hyperbole to demonstrate which formal realizations employed with a hyperbolic function are more or less likely to serve the persuasive aspect of hyperbole. To achieve these aims, three campaign speeches by Barack Obama from the 2012 Presidential Election, chosen at random from the American Presidency Project, were analyzed, and the occurrences of hyperbolic expressions identified. The frequency findings, in terms of the formal analysis, reveal that the exaggerated content found in single words is the type which represents the most common realization of hyperbole in Obama's speeches. In terms of the functional analysis, the results reveal that emphasis and evaluation appear to be the most prominent functions suggesting that the intended impression on voters is only constructed through the combined effects of these two devices.

Although the term' tautology' predicts negative connotation, it is often employed by poets and lyric writers to communicate more implied meanings. Through the use of tautological expressions, they exchange ideas, give more possibilities to readers to detect the meaning behind the tautological words and thus suggest details not openly communicated in the poem. Ten American song lyrics and ten American poems have been selected to be the data for the study. Data analysis is conducted on the basis of three steps:(i) identifying the type of tautology used ,(ii) detecting the syntactic realization of the tautology and (iii) finding the functions of the use of tautology in these lyrics and poems. The study concludes that song lyrics and poems manipulate various types of tautologies in order to convey various types of meaning and to serve various functions with reference to their contexts. These functions are concerned with the eloquence and expressiveness of these lyrics and poems, including emphasizing a point , specifying attitudes , eliciting facts , and communicating the need to accept or resign oneself to something.

Translation is the element which characterizes colleges and departments of languages and translation. These academic institutions are concerned in qualifying high quality staffs which carry out translation as profession at the state and society institutions.
Experts in translation believe that translation is an applied science depends heavily on the skills of the translator which he/ she acquire in the course of exercising it. Otherwise, translation remains restricted within the field of theories.
Press is a suitable application field for translation where translators find in press an area of mass spread enables them to show their talents and to widen their spread circle.
Hence, "Azzaman" paper, Iraq version, initiative started; dedicating a weekly page titled "Translations" to publish the translations done by the members of the teaching staffs of colleges and departments of translation at the Iraqi universities.
Any academic institution has a specified identity springs from its aims, mission and vision. Translation, in this respect, is the distinctive identity of colleges and departments of languages and translation.
In the light of this fact, translation is described as science and art at the same time. It requires skills and capabilities a translator cannot acquire them without exercising translation continuously to monitor his/ her performance level and responses to his/ her production. Thus, application field is a crucial criterion to evaluate translator capacity to apply the materials he/ she learnt.
The present paper attempts to analyze the content of "Translations" page of "Azzaman" daily, subjugate it to the scientific methodology in order to specify the nature of the subjects published there, the languages translated from 'Source' and the basic data concerning the translators.

The present paper addresses one of the most challenging topics in translation; namely legal translation in the framework of two different approaches; the classical (formal) and the more recent (functional). The latter approach is the outcome of the process of simplifying legal language known technically as Plain Language Movement. The advent of this movement dates back to the 1950s, in response to the widely-held complain about the awkwardness of the legal register. Within this framework, the salient features of legal language, at the various linguistic and textual levels, underwent reconsideration in favor of more publicly digested expressions. The paper then subjects two translations of a lease contract to analysis in the light of the formal/functional dichotomy. These two texts are taken from textbooks widely accredited to train students legal translation at the Iraqi universities. The analysis revealed that the translators did not adhere to one specific approach; rather they moved smoothly from one approach to another. This is a promising change in attitude towards the rather flexible approach, and departing from the rather static one. The paper finally suggests some guidelines for investing this new tendency in training translators who have been complaining about the rigorous nature of legal translation.

This study deals with the concepts of Colonialism and Civilization in Aimé Cesaire’s A Tempest. The concern of this study is to discuss how postcolonial writers are continually re-writing the Western canonical works as a reaction to the European cultural hegemony. The Western representations of the black are products of specific moments and developments in history and culture. A Tempest reflects a certain historical moment in the decolonization process.
A Tempest is analysed to reveal the counter literary strategy used by Aimé Cesaire, and to disclose the reasons why re-writing and writing back are considered as vital and inescapable tasks. Shakespeare’s The Tempest, which deals with the theme of colonialism as a mode of “discovering,” “rescuing,” and “civilizing” the colonized, has furthered the work of colonization by stereotyping and the colonized. A Tempest is an inversion to understand the action from Caliban’s point of view. In this play, Caliban is transformed from the image of the other created by the colonizer into a paradigm for a revolutionary new world identity.

This article investigates realism and social tradition that include the tragedy “Blood Wedding” of the Spanish writer Federico Garcia Lorca. Throughout these pages topics, actions, prayers and words that belong to the reality of Spain in general and throughout Andalusia where the events of the play occur are highlighted. In addition, social traditions that were contemporary to the Spanish playwright abounds throughout its text, are taken from the popular heritage.
Literally, this play, which was written by Lorca in 1931, is classified as Modern Tragedy, for the reason that incorporates the necessary elements of that tragedy: history, love, revenge, death, etc...
Although the tragedy whose national environment is Andalusia, it has reached a climax rank in the world literature, for exposing feelings and highlighting common consequences and very poignant questions of humanity.