Journal of Arabic Language and Literature

the cultural studies have revealed a green horizon over the past three decades of the twentieth century which is the (Ecological Criticism). The (Environment) topic is one of the preferred topics of intellectual and imaginative literary creativity. It is the tangible and the abstract of all living creatures and other objects. The cultural and ecological studies is not limited by the mere ecological (The scientific study of earth and what is on it) but extends to other ecological studies such as (Philosophy, History, Psychology, Sociology, Linguistics, Literature and criticism) and other sciences and forms of knowledge.
The view of the ecological criticism is considered late if compared with the ecological literary studies (creative writing that sustains the environment). Critical studies that seeks revealing the human attitude towards other ecological phenomenon and it negative or positive representations never emerged as a complete theory until later in the 20th century. It appeared after the emergence of different currents of knowledge and the appearance of various philosophies of wider and universal understanding.
The current study is based on three major axes. The first axis tackled:
(Ecology and its presence in sciences and studies). The second included:
(An Ecological Literature Reading and its Roots), whereas the third included:
(Ecological Criticism: New Horizons in Contemporary Criticism) in details.

The research included the life and methodology of Mr. Ali Mohamed Mohamed Taqi Bahr al-Ulum, which was characterized by a mindset of intelligence, accuracy and patience on research, collection and investigation, and the balance between opinions, and the arguments of the evidence to prove an opinion, and was not a fanatic of the doctrine of grammar or scientific figure, but was One of the people of the election and selection, as he chooses from the schools of thought and what he finds closer to the right, his approval of the work and a manifestation of his scientific personality that characterized him. Mr. Ali Bahr Al-Uloum Al-Tabtabaei broadcast his grammatical views in his explanation, which were represented by hearing, measurement and unanimity, as well as methodological assets including interpretation, appreciation and bug. Some of them, and exhibited from each other, recalling many books quoted by his article, typing the sources it's between the readings.

Al Sayyab, as a pioneer of modern Arabic poetry, employed experimental techniques. Appropriation of myths is considered to be one of the most important of these techniques. He can be considered as harbingering the stylistically innovative use of myths for different purposes in Arabic literature. “Adonis” is considered to be the most prominent myth that has found its way from English literature into Arabic literature. Al Sayyab was acquainted with English literature and in several occasions mentioned his interest in Shelley’s poetry. In this article we investigate the impact of Shelley’s poetry on Al Sayyab's poetry and his appropriation of the myth of Adonais as a highly significant example of mythic appropriations in Arabic literature. The significance of this study lies in the role of comparative literature in creating national consciousness and defining our boundaries of cultural heritage. Many researches have been done on the sources of this myth; however, apart from a few passing references, Shelley’s poem “Adonis” has not been covered in these researches. This essay will hopefully enhance our understanding of Al Sayyab’s poetry. The article has been written in line with the French school of comparative literature. By finding the common denominators like images, motives, and some other aspects, we try to shed light on Al Sayyab’s poems in relation to Shelley's “Adonis

Despite more than two centuries of comparative studies in European countries, especially in France and then the United States of America,This literary branch still poses questions and raises problems and provokes the researcher and critic in the domain of literature for further research and study in this domain Because it has not yet matured and is not completed.
We were stopped by literary schools Which dealt with comparative literature studding to review and show the strengths and weaknesses and Looking for the reasons for this on the one hand and appealing solutions and prospects on the other To bring comparative literature to a more mature, dynamic and effective domain. Therefore, we chose to address the most important schools in the literary scene. Therefore, we chose to deal with the most important schools in the literary arena, namely the French, American and Slavic school analysis and criticism, then put forward proposals to overcome obstacles, appealing the best prospects for this literature

Artistic imaging is one of the most common research areas in
literary criticism. In this regard, Arabic poetry have made researchers great efforts to research the imagery. Imagery researching is of great interest because, on the one hand, it is a tool for the poet to express his or her artistic words and on the other hand it is a criterion to evaluate the artistic and individual skill of the poet. Since Vaeli’s poems have been significantly studied by the literary circles and the critics, these poems are of great value in literature because of its beautiful descriptions and artistic imageries. The research aims to study the artistic imagery in Vaeli’s poems through examining the four figures of speech including simile, metaphor, irony and allusion because the figures of speech represent the most important elements of beauty in poetry and include rich artistic fantasy, accurate images and superior skills in structure.

The Nahj Al- Balagha has a unique literary feature for relationship between its ideas and style. Paying attention to the words and high harmony between sounds and letters in Nahj Ol- Balagha is not for importance of words without the concept, because the words are influencing tools used to displaying the intended meaning.
This research aims to demonstrate the features of the rhythmic structure and its semantic consequence in Nahj Al- Balagha through the study of the different types of rhythm and their functions in sermon number 111 of Nahj Al- Balagha, because of the effectiveness of sounds and letters in the meaning of text and its psychological impact in receiver.
The most important of this research indicate the sermon is characterized by rhythmic diversification that is consistent with the meaning of the content. Also, there is equivalence in the rhythm of the sermon in explaining the reality of the world. The repetition especially repetition of the phonic units in rhyme and alliteration is one of the important elements to enrich this beautiful rhythm. The reiteration harmonized with rhythmic symmetry, which was dominant to the rhythmic structure of the sermon to create the beautiful relationship between the rhythm and form of sermon and clarity meaning of it.

Resistance poetry is considered a great manifestation of confronting all forms of colonialism and tyranny and one of the broadest poetic doors that arouse peoples' motivation against the unjust and at the same time inspires them with hope and vitality and pushes them towards a glorious future that fulfills their vaunted hopes. Resistance poets often use their heartfelt feelings and revealing experiences as their love for their lost homeland, mixing the words of struggle, struggle, blood, imprisonment, deprivation, exile, and displacement with words from the lexicon of love, homesickness and identity, and on the other hand, they are enthusiastic about their dignity and urge people to struggle for their dignity. Based on this, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra is a resistance Palestinian poet who is one of the most prominent poets of the fifties in the modern Arab poetry movement. In its poetic contents it still needs discussion and analysis. This article aims to study the manifestations of harmony between love and resistance in Jabra Ibrahim Jabra's poetry and is in the process of clarifying its position in resistant poetry according to the descriptive-analytical method. Between love and resistance in expressing the homeland, women and exile, citing myths, but the nation plays a major role in his poetry and this issue has an active presence in his poetry and his relationship with him is not fleeting. The Creator knows her

There is a theory that says that the story originated in the contemporary era, but we try in this article to prove that the features of the story existed even in the poetry of the pre-Islamic era. , And the main reason for choosing this topic is that pre-Islamic poets included in their poems certain stories that I tried as hard as possible to indicate the suitability of these stories and the purpose foreseen from the coming. In it, I divided the research into two chapters, in addition to the introduction in which I talked about the meaning of the story, language and term, by looking at linguistic dictionaries and literary books. The word also appeared in different forms in the Holy Qur’an in the sense of telling about something. She talked about the poetry story in the pre-Islamic era when its poets were dealing with various topics as a story that draws its dimensions in the mind. Their poem is that it is an integrated storytelling structure that includes all the components of the story, including events, people, time and place, as well as what the poet adds from his fertile imagination. Poets take from the supernatural tales and individual works that are heroic so they try to include them in and his life, the reason for his acceptance of the genius, as well as his application in poets, then examples of his poems which include stories in which dimensions include stories through which he tried to highlight his poetic ability in photographing certain events to reach the goal of the poem, which is often in displaying praise and describing his means of movement, that is, the late prepared by the poet Al-Fayafi passes through it, enduring the great hardships, hardships

This research study Intentional mental representation of the world, How representation of its things are, and analyzes the structure of intentional linguistic representation according to epistemological approach. The epistemological approach of this research connects two fields: Intentionality and Hermeneutics or two actions in the mind philosophy: consciousness and intention. The research approach focuses on three tracks: Theory of Intentional epistemology, Theory of Intentional linguistic act, and Theory of Intentional hermeneutics, as a three connected circles

The story is considered one of the richest and most complete literary genres that can experience exquisite narrative dimensions. Science fiction stories as a literary genre based on an imaginative alternative to the reader’s environment, are beloved stories among children and adults. They have been popular since they spread in the world and the reason for this, due to the human love to explore the unknown world in the search for strange things. This kind of story imposes new standards in the narrative structure which doubles our urgent need to study these structural paradoxes, to understand the story and taste its aesthetics. These stories usually take outer space and other planets as their stage. So the place has an important role to play in such stories. This study, after explaining the concepts of science fiction literature, analyzes the story of "The Call of the Red Planet" by Lena Kilani as a successful model for science fiction stories, according to the descriptive and analytical approach, and on the basis of the aesthetic of the narrative place in it.
places like the galaxy and Mars. Although the place, sometimes, appears without a fixed and specific geography, it has played a constructive role in picturing the narrative frame. In this story dominance of the place and its control over the personalities emerge. Which enhances the values of loyalty to the homeland and the idea of belonging to the planet

This research starts from a fundamental question: How was the method of mockery in the Holy Qur’an used to mislead people and drive them away from the message of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)? Is there a difference between them in terms of the strength of the installation and its weakness? And its efficacy as a double-edged sword can be lifted from the scorner of seriousness and deal with it as if it were something to be distracted by.
The research came in analyzing the structures، these sentences used in the context of the mockery that the Messenger Muhammad (PBUH) had faced from the polytheists، the Jews، and the hypocrites

In our time, everything has become related to electronic development in all its readable and audible and visual methods. as it depends entirely on modern technology, with its enormous potentials such as searching for information, electronic publishing, Lexical analysis, and mechanical translation,and these all depends in turn on the computer and its technologies. and its software that invaded all fields and all disciplines. One of the most important specific means to help achieve these goals is to use electronic dictionaries with their different applications and levels.The development of electronic dictionaries began with the development and spread of computers and means of communication, and many types of these separate dictionaries appeared in the form of monolingual or multilingual translators, explaining the meanings of the vocabulary. Also, many and varied programs appeared that carry many traditional heritage dictionaries in the form of electronic texts that facilitate obtaining The information, in addition to its ease of transfer and use. the encyclopedic or analytical aspects. That is the case in many international dictionaries written in other languages, such as English or French, etc. ... not to mention a classification of the prevalence of the use of entrances on the geographical horizontal level, "colloquial dialect", which helps to know the vocabulary actually spoken at the street level, which is considered the folklore of nations and their heritage

The modern lexical industry has a similar affair to the old lexical, with all its joints, in terms of the lexical unit, with its main and sub-entrances, and the arrangement, explanation or definition it has. Not to mention the linguistic phenomena intervening in the phrasalisms of lexical material presented in derivative generation systems, and the meaning changes according to these systems.
, a historical linguistic study that is not devoid of investigation and tracing of the lexical units, and the positive or negative development that occurred to them in its lexicon, which was built by the Divan of Al-Mutanabbi with its monitoring of used and contemporary Arabic. Then the author’s references are almost unique to this milieu, and his counterpart is scarce. Especially among his contemporaries - according to my knowledge - for the fruit gained from all of this is to show the modern lexical image recorded by the pens of a generation that has moved away - for a time not in thought, or in performance - from the first generation who preserved and maintained the Arabic language.
And after ... God - Almighty - I ask that he accept this search purely for his honorable sake - thanks to him and his generosity - and that he is the most generous, responsible, and the best one who responds.

The objective and intangible structuralism of the Qur’an is one of the modern branches of Qur’anic research, and it has a strong relationship with the location of verses in the suras and the structure of the Qur’anic vocabulary.
The necessity of researching the structure of (the pious) in the Qur’an because of the interest of Qur’anic researchers to formative and objective commentary and interpretation.
This research - the constructivism of the pious - can take an amazing step to pay special attention to the rest of the Qur’anic subjects.
The pious constructivism answers this question:
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