AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

This research dealt with ( the Concept of partial implementation of the contractual obligation ) , and the research was comparative between the Iraqi, Egyptian, and French civil law on the one hand, and the English law on the other hand.
The debtor's contractual mistake takes many forms. Either the debtor refrains from performing his obligation, or performs his obligation late, or performs his obligation partially. Partial implementation is of two types: either part or some of the contractual obligations are implemented, or these obligations are implemented in an incorrect manner, defective and contrary to the contractual terms and specifications, and there are those who add to partial implementation the case of delay in implementation that takes place after the due date, however, we do not see that late implementation is considered a type of partial implementation unless this delayed implementation is incomplete or defective, then this late implementation comes into play within the form of partial implementation due to a deficiency or defect in late implementation.
Partial implementation is achieved by the mere deficiency or defect in implementation, regardless of the seriousness or non-significant of the unexecuted part or non-compliance with the contract. Hence, this rule is not absolute, and implementation is not considered partial unless the deficiency or defect in implementation is not permissible by law or agreement. So, if the deficiency or defect in implementation is permissible within the limits of a certain percentage, then at this percentage the implementation is not considered partial implementation.
At the conclusion of this research, we reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the general rules are insufficient to confront the situation of partial implementation and insufficient to maintain the stability and continuation of contracts, and that it is conceivable that the obligation will be partially implemented, either by implementing part of the subject of the obligation or implementing the obligation in a defective manner that violates the contractual terms and specifications. The Iraqi legislator did not regulate partial implementation with a general rule. All we found were legal applications in the sale, lease, and contract contracts that referred to partial implementation. The debtor who partially implemented his obligation cannot force the creditor to accept partial implementation if the debt is immediate and not due.
As for the suggestions, we propose to the legislator of the Iraqi civil law to regulate all forms of contractual error in the civil law with a general rule instead

of regulating the form of non-performance or late implementation and instead of limiting the applications of partial implementation in the contract of sale, lease and bid without any general rule. We also suggest that the legislator regulate the right of the creditor to refuse partial implementation and not force him to accept this partial implementation, either the implementation of the obligation is immediate or deferred.

The purpose of employing the right of ownership as a guarantee in the contract of sale, aims to keep the seller owner of the place of the contract until he gets the price, the seller was not satisfied with traditional insurances including the privilege provided, where he reached that the more he found his right linked to the place of the contract, the more he became safe in obtaining the price, retaining ownership as an agreement guarantee in the sale of credit arranges effects between the parties to the contract, it constitutes a guarantee for the debtor as he keeps him the owner of the sale until the price is met, this guarantee can the seller When the buyer fails to implement his obligations or insolvency, from the recovery of the money subject to the contract being still the owner of it, so this guarantee makes the sale between two people, the seller who retains the ownership, and the buyer who possesses it, and this disposition leads to important legal issues, such as determining the legal status of the contractors during the warranty period, and the authorities owned by the parties, the buyer's possession of the money makes him appear as the owner of the sale, and this possession may result from material and legal actions under which rights for others on the sale result.

The new plant variety is every creative work made by the owner of the intellectual property who is called the breeder or variety holder. The variety must be new, has characteristics that distinguish it from other varieties, has distinction, uniformity and stability and represents the breeder's ideas.
After the availability of these previous objective conditions and formal conditions (testing the new plant variety and naming and submitting an "application for ristration of the new plant variety", the variety holder will acquire the category of breeder and will be granted the variety registration certificate.
Therefore, the breeder is the one who has experience and skills and works to develop and improve plant varieties by using different techniques, such as hybridization, selection, genetic engineering methods, and others to develop a new plant varity. Thus, he has the exclusive control over the new plant varety, has the right toconduct all other legal actions, has many obligtions such as commitment to compulsory licensing, paying legal fees and commitment to presrvation of the new plant variety, where he is committed to preserving the qualities and characteristics of the protected plant variety for many reasons, including providing sufficient quantities of food according to the market need, especially the main plant varieties that are an important source of nutrition and constitute essential dishes such as wheat, rice, tea, some varieties of legumes and types of vegetables.
The breeder may be committed to preserving "the new plant varety" not with the intention of providing it nutritionally, but therapeutically for using in the production of many medicines, as many medicines and drugs are of a plant origin because of its divine features and old physicians relied on them in medicine and founded the science of plant-produced medicine.
This is necessarily based on the care of the environment, as it is the repostory of plants and genetic resources that must be preserved in many wys, the most important of which is that specialists and breeders deposit the discovered plant varieties in banks specially established for this purpose, which is preservation, which is an obligation that falls on them in order to preserve the varieties and genetic resources.
Thus, the study will be divded into two topics: the first topic is to define the breeder's commitment to preserving the new plant variety and the second topicdeals with the resons for preserving the new plant variety.

The crime of forced marriage is considered a serious crime, as it deprives a male or female of the freedom to choose a wife, and it contradicts divine and man-made legislation that emphasizes freedom of choice and authorizes the person wishing to be married to choose his life partner freely and without any pressure, coercion or threat. This crime is achieved by coercion and this is done. By using coercive means that force the male or female to agree to the marriage contract against his will. If his will was free, he would not have agreed to the marriage. This crime is a crime of harm and requires that the person forced to marry suffer material harm, whether physical or psychological, as a result of the coercion that occurred.

Commissions of inquiry and international fact-finding missions have become a major tool for the United Nations to confront violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, including international crimes. This requires us to engage in research into them, defining their definition, the body responsible for establishing them, their powers and powers, as well as the impact they have.
Keywords (investigation committees, fact-finding committees, the United Nations, the jurisdiction of investigation committees, the impact of their establishment, the authority responsible for establishing them).

The Mudaraba contract is a contract concluded between two people according to which one of them pays money to the other to work with it, provided that the profit is between them. The first is called (the merchant, the owner, or the owner of the money, or the like) and the second is called (the worker, the speculator, or the like). It is a contract that inevitably requires... Participation in profits, according to a common share such as a quarter, third, half, or the like. It is a contract permissible by both parties, each of them may cancel it, and it ends with the death of both the owner and the worker. It has received clear attention and precise detail in Islamic jurisprudence, and despite this, the Iraqi legislator has not regulated it independently

The objection to the default judgment is a normal way open to the absent opponent to challenge the default judgment against him, And if the purpose of this appeal in the field of civil judgments is to protect the personal side of the appellant, in order to satisfy his sense of justice, Its goal in the field of administrative rulings is mainly to preserve the public interest, This is done by enabling the administrative judge to become acquainted with the elements of the administrative dispute that he missed as a result of the absence of one of the parties to that dispute, which may result in changing the first judicial conviction regarding the assessment of the legality of the administration’s behavior, And achieving this goal, taking into account the nature of the procedures before the administrative judiciary, has led to the appeal in question enjoying a kind of privacy when it comes to administrative rulings in absentia, so that it distinguishes it from its civil field, The most important manifestation of this privacy is the narrowing of the scope of this appeal in its administrative field, through strictness in its conditions, as well as other aspects of privacy related to the provisions regulating this appeal. Taking into account the specificity of the Objecting a default administrative judgment prompted French and Lebanese legislators to regulate this challenge in the laws regulating the administrative judiciary, with provisions that took in to account that specificity in more than one aspect, without leaving that to the general rules contained in the laws of civil procedure, While the law of the Iraqi State Council came devoid of any organization for this appeal, it is sufficient to refer to the general rules contained in the Civil Procedure Law, which are not compatible in many of their parts with the specificity of the Objecting a default administrative judgment .

The phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption is a major obstacle to the provision of services and the fair distribution of wealth among members of society. This phenomenon had a negative impact on all aspects of administration and life, whether economic, social, cultural, or even the moral system, which requires the presence of effective and governing oversight bodies, which are represented by the agencies of the Integrity Commission, the offices of the General Inspectors, and the Federal Financial Supervision Bureau, as these agencies form the backbone of administrative oversight and independent bodies oversight, and the relationship between these agencies is a complementary relationship, in which each of them is complementary to the role of the other in the field of anti-financial and administrative corruption. The cancellation of one of these agencies, represented by the offices of general inspectors had a negative impact on the performance of the entire regulatory system and caused the occurrence of what is called

The aim of this research is to understand the legal, technical, and information security challenges and issues related to the implementation of electronic contracts in Iraq. The research also includes an analysis of the legal and legislative context of electronic contracts in Iraq, identifying relevant local laws and regulations, and shedding light on the economic and commercial impact of electronic contracts and how to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in business operations. Additionally, the research aims to provide guidance and awareness to individuals and companies on how to safely and legally execute electronic contracts in Iraq.
The analytical-descriptive methodology was used in this research to present the concepts and definitions related to the study.
The research findings indicate the existence of legal challenges related to the implementation of electronic contracts in Iraq. It is necessary to consider relevant local laws and regulations to ensure the legitimacy and reliability of the execution of these contracts. The legal context of electronic contracts in Iraq was reviewed, and the laws related to electronic signatures and recognition were analyzed. In addition, there are technical and security challenges related to the implementation of electronic contracts, such as cybersecurity and data protection.