Journal of University of Babylon

The present study is in the field of Critical Discourse Analysis. It tries to offer a critique of the socio-cognitive approach of Van Dijk to CDA which is based on a number of bases among which polarization is one. A number of shortcomings have been recognized in CDA in general and the ideological square adopted by van Dijk in specific. These shortcomings make the points of criticism on which light needs to be shed by the present study. Confusing equality with justice, circularity and ideological orientation make the major points referred to above. Some theoretical modifications supported by a practical application have been offered as an attempt to offer a new perspective for the ideological square in CDA as adopted by van Dijk .

This research seeks to look closely at the poetry of Mr. Al-Himyari in search of the aesthetic aspects left by the science of the beautiful on the poetic text, by highlighting two important elements of its elements, namely (alliteration and counterpoint) that left a clear aesthetic impact in shaping the internal rhythmic structure of the poetry of Mr. Al-Himyari This beautiful effect has contributed to the creation of musical tones that serve the meaning intended to be communicated to the recipient on the one hand, and to strengthen it on the other hand.

The novelist employs time in all its formations. So he acts, and intervenes in the system of arranging the events of the story when he transfers them to his fictional work, and thus cancels the sequence and arrangement that the facts were subjected to in the story, and in this behavior he intends to use the temporal paradoxes resulting from breaking the linear course of events, which are two techniques: retrieval and anticipation.
Hence, this study entitled “Narration between Retrieval and Anticipation” in the novel (Eighty Years Waiting for Death) by the Saudi writer Abdul Majeed Al-Fayyad seeks to reveal the temporal structure through the techniques of retrieval and anticipation, with the aim of answering the research problem, which lies in the following two questions:
What are the modern techniques used by the writer in the novel?
How did the writer employ the technique of temporal paradoxes in this novel?
To achieve the goal of the research, the study relied on the descriptive analytical approach based on induction and analysis in describing the temporal structure in the
selected.

The present study attempts to tackle problems of EFL/ESL learners’ listening and speaking comprehension, in addition to the theoretical background of their obstacles. For this purpose, qualitative and quantitative methods have been conducted to get the response of the listening speaking questionnaire (LSQ) as a tool of data collection. Accordingly, forty (40) students participated in this study at the University of Sulaimani. Their responses show that many (up to %80) of the participants face difficulties in listening and speaking comprehension. The data is analyzed via the SPSS program and a conclusion has been drawn. Most of their challenges are internally related to their shyness as well as some external impacts belonging to both device and teacher guide with curriculum design. Accordingly, some recommendations have been given to overcome the obstacles.

Theater is considered a comprehensive art, and therefore it seeks to benefit from everything new and discovered in other fields. Paradigma, as a scientific term, is based on demolition and construction, but this is not done arbitrarily, but rather with laws and regulations in which one thing is replaced by another that is more acceptable, and this is reflected in the theater as well, as the theatrical discourse that does not meet the needs of today becomes a traditional system, and therefore the revolution against it becomes a paradigma A new one that includes letters of presenting a new play, so the research contained four chapters. As well as the importance of research and the need and limits of research (temporal, spatial and objective) in addition to the terminological and procedural definitions. As for the second chapte, it included the theoretical framework, which contained three sections: the first section included the conceptual formation of the term, the second section included the paradigmatic transformations in technology systems, and the third topic came: the paradigma in global theatrical experiences. As for the third chapter, it contained the research community and its sample, which was represented by the play Amal by director Jawad Al-Asadi, as well as the research tool and research methodology. The fourth chapter contained the results and conclusions, and the research concluded with a list of sources and references.

The study aimed to identify the impact of the rate of follow-up and use of electronic games on children between the ages of (6-15) years from the mothers’ point of view to find out some of its negative and positive aspects. This study is a descriptive study which used the survey method through a sample of mothers by answering a questionnaire containing 17 questions that aims to describe the impact of the use of electronic games on children in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. It relied on the media survey method through a sample of the mothers' audience, to know how their children use electronic games, and the effects achieved by them from following these games and their impact on their academic achievement, and among the most important results of the study: The results of the study are consistent with the findings of previous studies in terms of clear psychological and academic change for children. The males showed frequent usage for mobile devices and PlayStation in close proportions while females tend to use mobile phones more than males and do not tend to use PlayStation. However, neither gender tends to use Xbox. The males are the most persistent in sitting on different electronic games. They prefer to use adventure and action games and then educational games, so the negative impact towards dealing violently and delaying their academic achievement was higher than that of females. Females preferred adventure games, educational games, then puzzles. They do not persist in sitting on different devices as much as males do, so the percentage of dealing with others more violent and the delay in academic achievement is less. Males prefer to use horror games compared to females. The results generally indicate that playing games negatively affects children in dealing with others violently and a steep decrease in their school achievement, and males were more affected than females. There is a convergence in the proportions of positive effects between males and females towards attaching electronic games to their daily lives, and the negative effects were higher than the positive ones.

The play is a creative, cultural, open-format product that can be interpreted and modified to reveal a source of intellectual beauty from the formation of dramatic structures and their contradiction according to philosophical questions, problems and paradoxes that require scientific and cognitive investigation through the mechanisms of perception and activating the active mental structures of the recipient in finding a regular pattern of semantic, functional and intellectual systems. It includes theatrical texts consecutive and sequential images of images that the recipient stands at to realize their intellectual essence and decipher their semantic systems that may fluctuate between congruence and contrast, which are organized according to the perceptual geometry of the recipient.
The research relied on the processes of reception by containing the theatrical texts and realizing its intellectual images by adopting the Gestalt theory as it is scientifically, educationally and psychologically based in interrogating and recognizing the articulations of theatrical texts despite being reading and not visual.
The process of receiving reading theatrical texts makes the recipient an essential focus in understanding the philosophical,، intellectual and aesthetic frameworks.
The aim of the research is to identify the geometry of the Gestalt image in the theatrical text. The research community was determined from (2010-2019) and the second chapter included two sections, the first specialized in studying the Gestalt perceptual theory (pillars - laws), and the second section specialized in geometry of the Gestalt image in the global theatrical text.
The third chapter included the research community, which included the research community, which included ten plays. A potter's reality play was chosen as a research sample for the purposes of analysis and extraction of results. Which was included in the fourth chapter, and the most important results:
1- The images of perception were represented in the metaphysics of existential rejection and realistic rebellion.
2- The images of social isolation and self-defeat were revealed in order to obtain individual freedom.
3- The contradiction of the dramatic and conflicting situation between psychological stability and the dream of change through the transition of internal self-conflicts to external ones، represented in the struggle of reality and illusion، and the struggle of self and life.

The environmental changes in the Arctic region, such as those associated with climate changes, contributed to the emergence of a group of political, economic and military developments that resulted in a strategic competition between major countries, especially Russia and the United States of America, for control of the region through unprecedented moves, the most prominent of which was the militarization of the region and competition for the acquisition of new lands. In the Arctic region, therefore, the descriptive analytical method was used to show the importance of the region because of its geostrategic elements in terms of the importance of the geographical location, which will contribute to the existence of new sea passages for navigation and international trade between the Far East, Western Europe, and East America in order to avoid the Suez Canal route. The natural resources stored inside the seabed, and the force analysis approach was also adopted to clarify the possibility of competitors in the region, especially after the military presence by Moscow and Washington, as well as the emergence of international alliances, which in turn may lead the region to environmental, political and military risks and future conflicts.

The right to education is one of the basic rights that states are keen to guarantee in their constitutions, and even allocate separate laws for it in their national legislation. Therefore, researching the legal framework for this right requires studying the constitutions of a number of countries that have guaranteed education, in addition to studying the national legislation that organized it. With allocating a detailed study of what was stated in the successive Iraqi constitutions, and how to study it in legislation related to education, so the care that states give to that right stems from its importance and its great role in reforming the individual and society, and through it the states work to adopt their political, social, economic and cultural philosophy, that The right to education is a cornerstone of the progress and development of states, so it seeks through its national legislation to immunize and protect it under a legal framework that adopts legal mechanisms to ensure the enjoyment of all citizens without discrimination. legislation and in accordance with international conventions that stipulate this right, but it still suffers from not providing it equally to all, and many are still deprived of it. In the study of this research, we will depend on the analytical approach based on the study of the legal texts contained in the various constitutions and legislation. A citizen fit to serve his country, and each according to the nature of the constitutional system that the state adopts. Therefore, the Iraqi legislator was called to legislate the Child Protection Law and include it in the right to education as it is the first and basic building block in the development of the child and building his personality.

The present research aims at The analysis of the content of (Mathematics book of the scientific branch and a book of mathematics of the literary branch) for the fifth grade of middle school according to higher-order thinking skills.Where the current research was determined by analyzing the content of mathematics books for the fifth grade middle school for the scientific and literary branches(as a sample for research),and to achieve the goal of the research and answer its questions, the researcher followed one of the methods of the descriptive research method represented by (the method of content analysis),and the preparation of a special content analysis card that has indicators acceptable from Validity and reliability(as a research tool)to analyze the content of the selected sample. The prepared analysis card was used to determine the degree of availability of the target axes for analysis, represented by high-ranking thinking skills: (observation, description, organization, critical questioning, open-ended problem solving, data analysis and modeling, formulation of predictions, analysis, synthesis, application, evaluation or indications thereof). Where the content analysis process was carried out according to specific steps and fixed rules. The researcher relied on calculating the sum of frequencies, calculating percentages, and the chi-square value of independence, for the purposes of statistical treatments and access to results. The final results of the content analysis process showed that the higher- order thinking skills adopted in the current research and the indicators indicating them were unbalanced in the content chapters of mathematics books for the fifth-grade middle school and for the two branches (scientific and literary). The indication of it in the content of the mathematics book for the fifth-grade middle school. The scientific branch and between the repetitions of high-ranking thinking skills and the indicators indicating them in the content of the mathematics book for the fifth-grade middle school-the literary branch. Some skills are not others, and this indicates that there is a deficiency in the representation of some high-ranking thinking skills, as they were not sufficiently taken into account when preparing the content of mathematics books for the middle school stage. Therefore, the researcher recommends the need to take into account the inclusion of all high-ranking thinking skills in a balanced manner when preparing curricula Mathematics books for all stages.

The current research aims to identify:
1. The ambiguous identity of university students.
2. Royal thinking among university students.
3.Statistically significant differences in the ambiguous identity according to "sex - specialization" among university students
4.Statistically significant differences in royal thinking according to "sex - specialization" among university students.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, it required the availability of two tools to measure each of the ambiguous identity and royal thinking, so the researcher adopted the scale to identify the ambiguous identity, and the scale to identify the royal thinking, and after verifying the psychometric properties of the two research scales and their paragraphs They were applied to the basic research sample of (377) male and female students from the university students, who were chosen according to the proportional random stratified method, and after analyzing the data statistically using the Statistical Bag for Social Sciences (SPSS), the results revealed the following:
University students have (ambiguous identity). There are statistically significant differences among university students according to the gender variable, and the result was in favor of males because they have an ambiguous identity, and according to the specialization variable (humanitarian, scientific). The result was in favor of the humanitarian specialization. And the interaction between (sex * specialty): There are no statistically significant differences. And university students do not use royal thinking. There are no statistically significant differences in royal thinking among university students according to the variable (gender and specialization), as well as there is no interaction with).

The current study aimed at investigating distance education barriers within Iraqi universities. The design of the study was quantitative in nature and for this purpose, 150 Iraqi university teachers and students participated in this study. The universities were from all around Iraq. The participants were both male and female. The students’ age ranged between 22 to 31, and the teachers’ age ranged between 35 to 45. They all had the same mother tongue which is Arabic, and all of them had experienced distance education during Covid 19. Data were gathered through an online questionnaire. After the administration of the questionnaire, the responses were codified by numerical values and then were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 24. Results suggested that the mean of all responses from both sides were over three, which indicated that, both teachers and students experienced certain barriers in distance learning education in Iraqi universities. The findings are discussed with regard to each barrier. The distance learning barriers were categorized as personal barriers, technical barriers, pedagogical barriers, organizational barriers and financial barriers.

The controversy over heritage and modernity is one of the most important concepts and issues in which modern and contemporary Arab thought is thinking about. Dialogue and controversy are still existing and continued since the end of the nineteenth century and the beginnings of the twentieth century and to the present day. All of this is for the purpose of constructing rational, enlightened modernity, and this will only be achieved by returning to the Arab -Islamic heritage again, criticizing its positions and sifting it with understanding and interpretation. The topic aims to see the concepts of calls for modernity and renewal by Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri and to identify its contents, intellectual backwardness, and the modern methods in criticism of heritage. This could open the door to criticizing what is not commensurate with our cognitive system, or accepting what was good and pouring into the service of the call and its divine contents.

The current research included (imaginary treatments of the animal form in contemporary ceramics) an attempt to study and understand the recipient of the concept of the imagined mental artistic image and how it works, implications, effects and treatments as a means of expression and intellectual and aesthetic communication. As the imaginary mental artistic image in animal forms established a clear thought, expression and creativity in the construction of the ceramic achievement, which requires us to indicate its value, importance and strength. Based on the nature of the study of the subject, the research was divided into four chapters, the first chapter of which included the problem of research, its importance, the need for it, and the aim of the research (imaginary treatments of the animal form in contemporary ceramics). The chapter was concerned with defining the most important search terms. As for the second chapter, it consisted of two sections, the first section included (regulatory treatments for the artistic image), while the second section included (imaginary treatments for the animal form in art), and the chapter ended with indicators of the theoretical framework and previous studies. The third chapter included the research procedures, as it included the framework of the research community, which amounted to (15) models, from which a sample was extracted in an intentional way, as it amounted to (3) sample models that covered the limits of the research by adopting the descriptive method for analyzing the research sample. The fourth chapter included the results, discussion, research conclusions, recommendations and proposals, which expressed ideas and contents based on the applications of the intellectual dimensions of pictorial treatments in contemporary ceramic animal forms.