Journal of The Iraqi University

Abstract:
The Quranic Dictionary represents a unique linguistic reference in the history of the Arabic language, as it includes the vocabulary and expressions used in the Quranic text. With the revelation of the Holy Quran, the Arabic language became a sacred tool that had a profound impact on Islamic culture and sciences. The historical development of the Quranic dictionary indicates the transformations in the understanding and use of Quranic words and vocabulary throughout the ages, and how they were affected by the cultural and social contexts in which they originated.
Before Islam, the Arabic language was spoken among tribes and was rich in vocabulary that reflected their living environment and social patterns. With the revelation of the Quran, a major transformation occurred as many vocabulary words were redirected to new uses that carried deep religious and spiritual meanings. Over the ages, this vocabulary was studied and analyzed by linguists and interpreters, with the development of specialized dictionaries that explain the meanings of Quranic words and their linguistic connotations.
The development of the Quranic dictionary does not stop at the original meanings of the words, but also includes the linguistic and rhetorical explanations added by interpreters, which made the Quranic text more widely understood and became a basic reference in linguistic studies throughout history.
Keywords:(Quranic dictionary, strange hadith, Arabic language, Holy Quran).

Abstract
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the most honorable of prophets and messengers. This research, titled \\\\\\\\"The Statements of Abu Tahir Al-Noubaghi in the Uthmanic Script from the Book of Hijāʼu Almuṣḥafi by Al-Khwarizmi,\\\\\\\\" addresses what Al-Khwarizmi transmitted from him regarding Hijāʼu Almuṣḥafi, through collection and study Due to the esteemed status and high regard of Abu Tahir al-Nubaghi, as one of the teachers of al-Khwarizmi, the author of the book Hijāʼu Almuṣḥafi ,who frequently cited him in his work, and given the lack of any studies that have examined this noble science or any of his works, this study was conducted to introduce him, gather his statements, and analyze them This was done using an inductive analytical method, by tracing his statements in the book, collecting them, and then conducting an analytical study.I introduced this with a section to define Abu Tahir Al-Noubaghi and the Book of Hijāʼu Almuṣḥafi. I concluded with several findings, including: The biographical and class books overlooked mentioning Abu Tahir Al-Noubaghi, and all that is mentioned about him, as far as I have found, is what his student Al-Khwarizmi mentioned in the introduction to his book \\\\\\\\"Al-Targhib,\\\\\\\\" when mentioning his teachers in the third chapter of the book. Al-Noubaghi\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s statements in the Uthmanic script in the Book of Hijāʼu Almuṣḥafi amounted to thirty-nine statements across fifteen surahs of the Quran. Al-Noubaghi is considered one of the pioneers of the Eastern school, which was characterized by unique phenomena in script. The number of instances where Al-Noubaghi disagreed with what was agreed upon by the authors of the Quranic scripts is only five instances, and he agreed with them in the rest.Keywords :Abu Tahir, Al-Noubaghi, Script, Hijāʼu Almuṣḥafi, Al-Khwarizmi

Conclusion:
This research aims to study the evidence of juristic discretion according to Maliki and their interpretation of the term, its authenticity, and its uses, with an inductive reasoning of their applied experience in different chapters of jurisprudence as evidence from which legal rulings are derived. The research was limited to their doctrine without addressing other doctrines. The research concluded that its meaning, according to them, is the license, and the sent interest, and there is a dependence on the text, consensus, or working with the rule of removing hardships. I have adopted the inductive, descriptive and deductive method.
Keywords: Juristic Discretion, Hidden Analogy, Obvious Analogy,

The word “halal and good” was mentioned and repeated in the Qur’an as a description, specification, clarification, division, and investigation. Sometimes it is used to describe speech, sometimes it is used to describe food, and sometimes it is used to describe the rulings brought by the prophets. This is the reason behind my research into the word “good” and its connotations and its effect on the statement and legal ruling, and consequently arriving at the fundamentalist conclusion.. the concept of halal al-tayeb

Summary:
Topic Introduction: The research addresses a type of rulings that deviate from the norm as exceptions, not for the purpose of facilitation, but for other objectives related to that exceptional ruling and its implications, as well as the obligated individual associated with that exceptional ruling. These rulings are present in every chapter of Islamic jurisprudence. It is known that the principles of jurisprudence guide the movement of jurisprudence and the jurist in deriving the legal ruling; they are indeed the basis and measure that regulates the rhythm of the derivation process. However, we find that the books of principles have not dedicated a separate topic for this type of rulings, as is the case with licenses, which are also exceptional rulings aimed at alleviation and facilitation.Study Objective: To prove that these rulings hold significance and status among the general rulings of Sharia, and that they have purposes, wisdom, and goals in establishing the religion in its best form, and that they impact the lives of the obligated individuals and their happiness in both worlds.Study Problem: To demonstrate that this type of rulings differs in its exceptional nature from licenses, and that each has its defined scope, differing in their subject matter. Furthermore, the rulings under investigation also differ from specification, even though those who established the principles have placed them as if they belong to the same category.Keywords: (principles, jurisprudence, rulings, exceptional, facilitation, purpose, acts of worship).

Abstract
Islamic law, like other divine laws, came to preserve for humanity a set of objectives, called the objectives of Islamic law. Within the framework of preserving Islam in its civilizational and moral sense, transmitted and rational evidence from the Qur’an and Sunnah has been repeated to demonstrate the dignity of honor and chastity in Saudi society, and its importance in establishing a cohesive social structure that rejects pornography, immodesty, and homosexuality, and what preserves the chastity and purity of society. This research came to investigate the provisions of Islamic law and its judicial applications to limit the phenomenon of sexual harassment in Saudi society, especially with the spread of the use of social media and its misuse. We divided the research into an introduction, a preface, four chapters, a conclusion, and indexes. The introduction: includes: the importance of the topic and the reasons for choosing it, the research problem, the research objectives, previous studies, the research plan, and the preface: includes what is meant by sexual harassment, what is meant by Islamic law and judicial applications and the judicial system in the Kingdom, and the transmitted evidence related to sexual harassment. The first section: the reasons leading to sexual harassment and its forms. The second section: methods of proving sexual harassment in Islamic law and its punishment. The third section: the role of the Kingdom in combating sexual harassment. Then came the conclusion with the most important results and recommendations, and the research was followed by indexes.

Abstract
It is not hidden from the people of knowledge that the deviation in understanding the truth of faith is the first doctrinal defect that appeared in the ranks of the nation. This extremism and deviation began with the Khawarij, then the Murji'ah appeared in contrast to their statement, and the effects of their deviations in that issue continue to affect the writings and research of many of those affiliated with Islam. There is no protection from these deviations - God willing - except by adhering to the approach of the people of Islam in their understanding of the issues of faith. This study came, which dealt with an important issue of the issues of Islamic belief, which is the exception in faith. There was a disagreement among the scholars of the nation about the permissibility of the exception in faith or not. This disagreement is for those who have not been informed of its foundations, sources, and the statements that were mentioned in it and their discussion. The uninformed may slip into dangerous pitfalls that affect his faith and his path on the path of correct belief. This study came to explain the issue of exception in faith in an easy and concise manner, explaining that the issue of disagreement in it is formal, not real, and that both those who permit and those who forbid it are right because there is a basic common denominator in the issue agreed upon by both parties.

Abstract:
IVF refers to the process of artificial insemination, which is an advanced medical technique that involves fertilizing eggs with a large number of sperm outside the body in a laboratory in a special environment, then waiting for fertilization to occur and several embryos to form, and then transferring one or two of them.These embryos are transferred into the uterus to continue their development. ICSI is no different from in vitro fertilization (also known as test tube baby) except in the fertilization of the egg: in test tube baby we rely on the natural fertilization of the egg, even though this is done in a laboratory outside the body, but in ICSI the egg is fertilized by injecting the sperm into the egg under a special microscope and with the help of very precise tools and by doctors.Keywords: egg, sperm, artificial insemination, newborn.

Research Summary
Praise be to God who created man and taught him to speak, and may peace and blessings be upon the one to whom the Noble Qur’an was revealed in a clear Arabic language, a miracle and guidance for all creation.As for what follows:God\'s law governs all aspects of life, and therefore the actions of taxpayers cannot deviate from the scope of its rule in Islam. Jurists continue to pay great attention to new matters of jurisprudence, and make great efforts in research and editing. In modern times, many new issues have arisen, including the theft of human organs - both living and deceased - as a means of profit and collection. Living people were kidnapped in order to extract their organs and transplant them into those who needed them. Therefore, I decided to conduct research on this topic under the title (Theft of organs of the dead and its ruling in Islamic jurisprudence). The research was divided into three sections and a conclusion, where the concept of theft, organs, and death was defined in the first section, and the jurisprudential provisions for stealing the organs of the dead were addressed in the second section. In conclusion, the results I reached in this modest research were mentioned. Keyword: (theft, organs, dead, ruling, jurisprudence).

ABSTRACT
The defect of deviation from the goal is considered one of the most serious defects of the administrative decision, because it is linked to the structure of the source of the decision and the difficulty of proving it, which increases the burdens of the person harmed by the administrative decision. Administrative Decision. However, this defect does not deviate from one of two ideas: deviation from achieving the public interest, or deviation from the rule of allocating goals. Which is the focus of our research.The study aims to clarify the concept of deviation from authority, the extent of its danger to the rights and freedoms of individuals, explain the concept of the goal allocation rule, its justifications, and its relationship to the public interest, and address the forms of administrative deviation, the decision to deviate from the goal allocation rule, and how to prove this defect before the administrative judiciary, and on whom does the burden of proving it fall. And how difficult is that..The study aims to clarify the concept of deviation from authority, the extent of its danger to the rights and freedoms of individuals, explain the concept of the goal allocation rule, its justifications, and its relationship to the public interest, and address the forms of administrative deviation, the decision to deviate from the goal allocation rule, and how to prove this defect before the administrative judiciary, and on whom does the burden of proving it fall. And how difficult is that?The study also addressed the guarantees provided by the law to individuals in the event that the administration is proven to have deviated from the principle of legality in the decisions issued by it. These guarantees include canceling the administrative decision that deviates from its intended purpose, and compensating individuals for the damages that resulted from the deviant decision, because the decision harmed a legitimate right guaranteed by law

Summary-
-Islamic law is based on achieving interests and warding off harm from people. Sharia has established solid rules for balancing those interests and evils, and those evils and interests are only known by law. Sharia has not forbidden anything except that there is apparent corruption that causes harm to the five necessities. When studying the relationship between... Forbidden and corrupt It became clear to me the ruling on new and urgent issues depending on the extent of the corruption present in the actions themselves or in their symptoms or characteristics. Whenever an issue arises for us, we investigate its harms and the extent of those corruptions, and then we rule accordingly on the issue, prohibiting, detesting, or permissible

Summary
In this study entitled (The Multiple Meanings of Prepositions in Interpreting the Qur’anic Text in the Guide to the Differences in Opinions of Scholars), I decided to study the multiple meanings of prepositions in light of the differing opinions of grammarians and commentators. Because it is considered one of the chapters on the letters of meanings, and the importance of this topic lies in that it is a linguistic method that belongs to the linguistic methods that have a close relationship in studying the levels of the Arabic language. The desired goal of this study is to clarify the differences in the opinions of grammarians in the visual school on the one hand. The Kufic school, on the other hand, and the commentators, on the other hand, about the meaning of prepositions, so we will study prepositions linguistically and terminologically, and their meaning contained in some Qur’anic texts, in addition to that, addressing the opinions of the two schools, and what the hadith scholars have stated, and explaining the disagreement between them as a result of the difference in their real and figurative meaning. From this standpoint, we followed this The study uses the descriptive and analytical approach that is appropriate to the nature of the subject. One of the most important results we reached in this study is that the difference between the Basra and Kufic schools and the difference in viewpoints between them in terms of truth and metaphor led to multiple meanings for each preposition.

Summary:
This study deals with the phenomenon of alliteration and its semantic impact in the book (Nawabigh al-Kalam) by Al-Zamakhshari, and also attempts to clarify its rhetorical impact in conveying the meanings of texts and judgments and their purposes in the textual context. There is no doubt that alliteration is one of the ingenious improvements represented by metaphor, matching, assonance, and metonymy. Perhaps it is its most famous adornment, which is shaped by its construction and its collection Keywords: alliteration, connotation, geniuses of speech, Al-Zamakhshari

Abstract
Qur’anic studies for the sake of what can be studied in linguistic studies, and for these reasons, the most important of which is that the Qur’an is the best speech, and most eloquent thing that has been said in this language, in addition to the fact that it is a text that meets the conditions of eloquence and eloquence, and in order to explain the style of negation - which is one of the styles of the Arabic language, which is widely spread. In Arabic speech - this research came, and I reached several results, including: the abundance of various types of negation in Surat Al-An'am, and negation with (no) was the most common type of negation, especially the verb used in the present tense.

Summary
The present tense verb is one of the basic grammar topics that the Arabic student and+ beginners in studying Arabic without specialization must be familiar with and know what is related to it in terms of parsing, construction, emphasis, nominative and construction, and when is it parsed? When will it be built? And the signs of its parsing and the Based on that, which will be the subject of our study in this research, we will discuss in it the definition of this verb, when it is inflected, when it is built, the cursing in its inflection and its declension, the signs of both its inflection and construction, when it is obligatory and permissible to inflect, and when it is built, the ruling on that construction, the ruling on its connection with the heavy and light affirmative nuns, the female noun, and the most important. The results we reached through our study of this act.

Abstract
Arab grammarians have devoted significant attention to the topic of gender (masculine and feminine) in Arabic words, producing a wide range of works on the subject, from concise to comprehensive. Al-Farra' was one of the earliest grammarians to write on this topic, followed by other prominent grammarians such as Al-Mubarrad, Ibn al-Anbari, and Ibn Jinni.Through divine grace, I was fortunate to come across an ancient manuscript, written at the beginning of the 5th century by Al-Hasan ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Zami. This concise work focuses on identifying the masculine and feminine gender of words, providing necessary explanations for obscure terms without delving into complex grammatical or morphological issues, except in rare instances.What makes this manuscript particularly valuable, in addition to its antiquity, is that it has been meticulously read and corrected by the renowned grammarian Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Quhundari, the teacher of Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Waḥidi, the renowned commentator.

Abstract
Our research presented in the hands of the honorable reader, and titled (The Structures of the Crowds in the Narrations of Abu Hanifa Al-Dinouri (d. 282 AH) in the Lisan Al-Arab Dictionary), and one of the tasks of this research was to show this character with his pens that left an imprint in a dictionary of great value and fame (Lisan Al-Arab By Ibn Manzur), and a study of the plural structures and their vocabulary narrated by Abu Hanifa al-Dinouri, along with data on their connotations. This research adopted a statistical study of these terms
المُقدِّمة

Summary
Transitional justice covers the full range of processes and mechanisms associated with a society's attempt to come to terms with a widespread legacy of past conflict, oppression, violations or abuses, with the aim of ensuring accountability, justice and reconciliation. These processes may include both judicial and non-judicial mechanisms, including fact-finding Prosecution and reparations initiatives and various measures to prevent the recurrence of violations, including: constitutional, legal and institutional reform, strengthening civil society, memorialization efforts, cultural initiatives, preservation of archives, reform of history education, However, the institutions concerned with implementing transitional justice mechanisms face many obstacles that hinder the process of implementing them, and prevent, or at least limit, the achievement of their goals. Over the course of nearly half a century, in more than (30) countries that have undergone experiences in implementing transitional justice, including Iraq, All these experiences did not lead to a complete and real application of the concept and goals of transitional justice

Abstract:
The relationship between the international jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the national sovereignty of states is characterized by tension between the principle of national sovereignty and the principle of international justice. The International Criminal Court is a judicial body that aims to prosecute individuals accused of committing serious crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. On the other hand, states focus on protecting their national sovereignty and their right to manage their internal affairs without external interference.This relationship faces several challenges, including the resistance of some states to the court’s interference in their affairs, accusations of the court’s selectivity in choosing the cases it deals with, and the opposition of some states to international jurisdiction due to fears of undermining their legal and political independence.Thus, this relationship reflects the conflict between the need to achieve international justice and combat impunity, and the protection of states’ sovereignty and independence

الملخص :
اعتاد المشرع الدستوري والعادي وهو يحدد اختصاص السلطة الإدارية ان يحدد ميدان سلطتها هل هي تقديرية أم مقيدة ويقصد بالسلطة التقديرية هي حرية عمل الإدارة وحرية الاختيار في ممارسة الاختصاص فعندما يترك الدستور والقانون للإدارة حرية التصرف في شأن من الشؤون نقول ان لها سلطة تقديرية بهذا الشأن اما عندما تقيد حريتها فلا تملك ان تتصرف الا على وجه معين فان سلطته ستكون مقيدة والسلطة التقديرية تعني ان المشرع لم يحدد للإدارة العامة القرار الذي يجب عليها اتخاذه وإنما ترك لها حرية اتخاذ القرار من عدمه وفي اختيار محل وسبب القرار واختيار الوقت المناسب لإصدار القرار واما من ناحية الحقوق المكتسبة فإنه لما كان الافراد في علاقاتهم مع الادارة يعتبرون الطرف الاضعف فإن القانون يسبغ عليهم حمايته فيحفظ لهم حقوقهم ومراكزهم القانونية التي اكتسبوها من القانون او من القرارات الت تصدرها الادارة بشأنهم ويمنع هذه الادارة من الاعتداء على هذه الحقوق المراكز المكتسبة او العبث بها وقد هدف البحث الى الكشف عن مفهوم القرار الاداري وكذلك حماية الحقوق المكتسبة في مواجهة الإلغاء الإداري و الالغاء القضائي للقرار الاداري ولتحقيق البحث حدد الباحث في المبحث الاول مفهوم القرار الاداري واما المبحث الثاني فقد تناول حماية الحقوق المكتسبة في مواجهة الإلغاء الإداري و الالغاء القضائي للقرار الاداري وختم البحث بخاتمة تضمنت النتائج والتوصيات الخاصة بالبحث .

Abstract:
The tourism contract raises significant legal debates due to its complex nature. The combination of multiple legal elements within it makes its classification within a single legal framework challenging.In the absence of explicit legal provisions, judges must determine the legal nature of the tourism contract based on its legal effects, i.e., those intended by the contracting parties when entering into the contract. This precise determination contributes to the application of appropriate legal rules to all aspects of the contract.Opinions have differed on the classification of the tourism contract, with some considering it a single, integrated contract, while others view it as a collection of separate contracts. The nature of the work of travel agencies, whether as intermediaries or as direct service providers, has also influenced this divergence.A precise determination of the legal nature of the tourism contract can contribute to resolving disputes that may arise between the contracting parties and facilitate the execution of the contract's provisions.

Abstract
The digital age is witnessing a continuous increase in the use of modern technology, leading to the emergence of a new set of legal challenges related to combating cybercrime. These challenges include the difficulty of tracking offenders due to the cross-border nature of cybercrimes, the rapid evolution of crime tools and techniques, and the inadequacy of national legislation that may not be updated to address recent technological advancements. Additionally, lawmakers face challenges related to protecting privacy rights and freedom of expression while attempting to regulate criminal activities on the internet. Combating cybercrime requires a multi-faceted approach, including updating legislation, enhancing international cooperation, and developing the technical capacities of legal institutions. This research aims to analyze these legal challenges and explore ways to develop mechanisms for combating cybercrime in line with the rapid technological changes.

Abstract:
The idea of the smart city is essentially a new idea that came as a result of the technological-digital development that our world is experiencing today thanks to the information revolution that resulted from the development of the Internet revolution, which was reflected in various areas of life and its human aspects. The city did not remain idle in the face of this digital transformation that included all human fields. So, she began to move towards a virtual world that allows her to express her virtual - digital personality, which achieves more integration, global and human communication, management and sorting of waste, etc., with the presence of a wireless sensor network, which is a network of smart sensors to measure many information and transfer all data at the same time. to citizens or concerned authorities.Keywords: smart cities, administrative control, legislative framework

summary
The current study aims to identify (the role of art education in attracting students’ attention to graphic designs and colors and their importance to reading material for the first grade of primary school) (a community study) Conclusions From the results of the research, we can conclude the following:
1- All the drawings in the reading book are good at conveying the meaning to the student
2- The use of sharp lines in many drawings, which directly affects attracting students’ attention.
3- Using continuous lines in drawings in order to consolidate the true meaning of the images in the minds of the students.
4- The weakness of some of the meanings of the images, which need to be redesigned, as the importance of the meaning of the image to the student is of great importance in order to reach the goal of the topic.4
5- The use of poorly coordinated colors in some of the topics drawn in the book leads to the inappropriateness of these drawings.
6- Use small, larger images than large, clear images.
7- The book’s characters are centered around specific characters and centered around some characters.
8- Faded colors appear greatly in drawings and pictures.
9- Use images with good meanings.
10- Some images are inaccurate in terms of the colors used.
11- The presence of aggressive features of some of the characters in the book.
12- There is a significant lack of color consistency in drawings and pictures.
13- There is no internal design for the book’s paper
14- Do not use bright backgrounds for the interior design of the book.
The results resulted in several proposals included in the current research
Keywords (role/art education/attention/graphic designs/colors)

Abstact
The current research seeks to identify (the skills of divergent thinking among fourth-grade literary students and their relationship to expressive performance). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach. The research sample reached (11) schools with (302) students from the fourth-grade literary students. The researcher prepared a test for divergent thinking consisting of (20) test paragraphs, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. He also prepared a test for expressive performance on the topic (God Almighty said, "And your Lord has decreed that you not worship except Him, and to parents, good treatment." Write an expressive topic in light of the concept of the Holy Verse), which received a high degree of agreement from the experts to be the final test. The researcher used the necessary statistical methods for the research. The results of the research concluded that the level of divergent thinking among fourth-grade literary students is weak, and that their level of expressive performance is average, and there is a strong positive correlation between divergent thinking skills and expressive performance for fourth-grade literary students. The researcher recommended that researchers should pay attention to conducting research on divergent thinking; This is due to its importance in developing the level of students' achievement in expressive performance, and it was suggested to conduct a study to determine the relationship between divergent thinking and other variables (such as intelligence, critical thinking, and creative thinking).

Abstract
This study examines the role of participatory leadership in enhancing job stability through an analytical study of the opinions of several employees at the Directorate of Agriculture in Salah al-Din Governorate. The study aims to understand the relationship between participatory leadership practices and their impact on employees' sense of job stability. It includes a survey of employees' views on how involving them in decision-making and responsibility distribution affects their job satisfaction and professional stability.Preliminary results indicate that participatory leadership positively contributes to enhancing job stability by creating a work environment that encourages collaboration and open communication between employees and management. The study also shows that employees who feel they are part of the decision-making process tend to exhibit higher levels of commitment and job satisfaction, which in turn reduces employee turnover rates and increases workforce stability in the directorate.In conclusion, the study recommends adopting participatory leadership practices as a strategic approach to improving job stability in the Directorate of Agriculture in Salah al-Din Governorate by enhancing employee involvement in administrative decisions and providing opportunities for professional development.Keywords: Participatory Leadership, Job Stability, Directorate of Agriculture, Salah al-Din Governorate.

Abstract (in English)
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the blended learning strategy in developing literary appreciation and creative writing skills among student-teachers at the College of Education, Department of Arabic Language. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, dividing the sample into control and experimental groups. The following hypotheses were tested:There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the literary appreciation skills testThere is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the creative writing skills test.There is a positive correlation between literary appreciation and creative writing skills.The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, confirming the effectiveness of the blended learning strategy. Based on these findings, the study recommends:Revising teaching methods for literary appreciation and creative writing to align with modern approaches.Teaching creative writing through literary texts to enhance integrated skills.Developing educational plans to apply blended learning strategies in teaching Arabic literature and rhetoric.Conducting training workshops for teachers on blended learning strategies.Creating educational materials based on literature to improve Arabic language skills. The study also suggests further research on:The effectiveness of blended learning strategies at different educational stages.Developing a literature-based program to improve teachers’ language skills.Assessing teachers' attitudes towards blended learning strategies.

Abstract:
This research aims to find out the impact of the models of Eyas and Coskrav in the development of reflective thinking among fourth grade literary students in history and to achieve the goal of the research researcher put the hypothesis that states that there is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the averages of the grades of students of the first experimental group that is taught according to the model of Eyas and the second experimental group that is taught according to the model of Coscrov and the control group that is taught in the traditional way in the test of the development of dimensional reflective thinking The researcher chose an experimental design with three groups two experimental groups and a control group, with a pre-test and post-partial control has been chosen preparatory Farabi for boys intentionally for the cooperation of the school administration and includes preparatory fourth grade literary three divisions and the researcher adopted the method of simple random withdrawal to become the second experimental group Division (A) The number of students (30) students and the first experimental group Division (B) the number of students (30) students and Division (C) to represent the control group with the number of students (30) and thus the number of students of the research groups (90) students by (30) students for each group. The researcher prepared a test for reflective thinking and the sincerity of the virtual and the sincerity of the construction were verified. It showed the following results:) The students of the first two experimental groups, which studied in the Ayas model and the second, which studied according to the Coscrov model, outperformed the control group that studied in the traditional way in developing the post-reflective thinking test(

Research summary
To identify the effect of a counseling program using the reformulation method in developing positive delusions among adolescent girls in the middle school stage. The researcher used the experimental method. The research sample was intentionally selected from adolescent girls who have a weakness in positive delusions, as a sample of (20) female students was formed as a sample for a reality application ( (10 for each of the two groups (experimental and control) and the number of counseling sessions was (10). The researcher concluded that the sample The research found that they were weak in positive illusions, and a statistically significant difference appeared in the experimental group in the two tests, in favor of the post-test: As for the control group, there was no difference. As for the post-test, a statistically significant difference appeared between the members of the experimental and control groups and in favor of the experimental group.

Summary of the research
The current research aimed to identify:
1. the perceived social stigma among students of the College of Education / Iraqi University, 2.The significance of differences in the false self among students of the College of Education according to the variables of gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - humanities). The current research was limited to students of the College of Education/Iraqi University for both sexes for morning study. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the perceived social stigma scale, which consists of (21) items. After presenting it to the experts and confirming its validity and reliability, the scale was applied to the research sample, which numbered (100) students. He demanded equal parity between males and females From a total of (1614) male and female students from the entire research community. For the purpose of extracting the results, the researcher used the following statistical methods: (percentage, Spearman correlation coefficient, the Cronbach equation, the t-test for one sample, and the t-test for two independent samples).
The final results of the research showed the following:
1_Students of the College of Education/Iraqi University have moderate levels of perceived social stigma.
2- There are statistically significant differences among students in the manifestations of perceived social stigma according to the variables of gender (males - females) in favor of males, and there are no differences in specialization (scientific - humanities).

hadafat aldirasat alhaliat alaa altaearuf ealaa maharat altafkir alsaghir waintahat aldirasat manhaj albahth altajribii alealamii likuli wahid min tulaab alsafi alraabie aladibii wawasliha (91) taliban biwaqie (45) taliban fi almajmueat altajribiat wa(46) taliban fi almajmueat lidabitat alkhasat bi'adaat aldirasat aikhtibar fi maharat altafkir biaikhtisari, zaharat alnatayij almutamayizat lilmajmueat altajribiat min khilal dirasat biastirajiat altaealum altawlidii ealaa majmueat aldaabitih alati haqat

Abstract :
This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of self-organized education in developing creative thinking and raising the level of achievement among fifth-grade literary students in the Arabic language subject. In order to achieve the desired goal, the descriptive approach was adopted, as it is the most appropriate approach to achieve the study objectives and answer its questions. The researcher relied on the self-organized education scale, the creative thinking test, and the achievement test in the Arabic language. Statistical methods were used to analyze the study data, as the study community consisted of fifth-grade literary students, numbering (446), according to the statistics of the Salah al-Din Education Directorate / Sharqat Education Department for the academic year 2023-2024. The current study sample included (112) male and female students from the fifth-grade literary students in the Salah al-Din Education Directorate, Sharqat Education Department. The study reached many results, the most important of which was that there is no relationship between self-organized education and creative thinking, as there is no relationship between organized education and academic achievement, and there is no positive correlation between creative thinking and academic achievement. The study concluded with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to use effective and active teaching methods and techniques based on problem solving, brainstorming, and self-research, and to make the teacher the transformer of the teaching and learning process. And to make educational curricula interested in developing creative abilities and types of thinking, including creative thinking among learners.

ABSTRACT
Digital transformation is one of the main factors affecting the competitiveness of banks in Iraq, especially with the increasing reliance on financial technology and innovation in providing banking services. Digital transformation involves the use of modern technologies such as banking applications, electronic services, and artificial intelligence to improve efficiency, speed up operations, and offer personalized services to customers. In Iraq, the banking sector faces significant challenges related to infrastructure and regulations. However, digital transformation provides opportunities to enhance competitiveness by improving the customer experience, offering faster and more convenient services, which increases customer satisfaction and loyalty. Mobile applications and online banking services contribute to providing a comfortable and seamless banking experience. The researcher applied his study to Iraqi banks, selecting Rasheed Bank, Rafidain Bank. He distributed a questionnaire to 220 employees in the institution, including workers, administrators, and technicians. The researcher recommended strengthening innovation tools in banks that adopt digital transformation, as this enables them to offer innovative products and services such as digital financial solutions, electronic payments, and smart banking services. This helps attract new customers and maintain the existing customer base. He also encouraged alignment with global developments: keeping pace with global financial trends and offering competitive services similar to those in advanced markets, which enhances their ability to compete in both local and international markets. Digital transformation presents a significant opportunity for banks in Iraq to enhance their competitiveness and improve their efficiency, enabling them to face economic challenges and expand in offering innovative financial services that align with the needs of the modern market.

Summary
The decision to partition Palestine is considered one of the most important decisions issued by the United Nations, because it divided Palestine, and as a result there was the Arab-Israeli war, in addition to the resulting decisions that were in favor of the Zionists. The Jordanian position on the partition decision was that it went through three stages, the first before internationalization. The issue, the second after the internationalization of the issue, The last stage was the partition of Palestine, and the government decisions or representatives were against the partition decision, but the king’s view differed from it by accepting the partition decision, due to the inability of the Arabs to make bold decisions that are in the interest of Palestine

For through ages Iraq accounted weight politically and economically, significant in the Middle East in general and the Persian Gulf in particular, to its privileges geographical location and ownership of a significant oil reservoir, making it the coveted major state, led by the United States and the Soviet Union. This search will shed light on an important phase of post-conflict American - Soviet on Iraq beginning of February 1963, the date on which managed the Baath Party, the assistance of the United States overthrow of Abdul Karim Qasim and access to the helm of government in Iraq, and even the success of the Abdul Salam Aref in the exclusion of the Baath Party from power in Iraq in November 1963, a period of not more than ten months, observing in detail the relationship between Baath Party and the CIA and cite the most important evidence confirmed this relationship and how could the Baath Party after his arrival to power in Iraq, the implementation of U.S. goals in Iraq, the massacres against the Iraqi Communists The removal of Iraq from the Soviet Union

Abstract:
This study was conducted in Sayed Sadiq district, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, to know the qualitative profits of groundwater aviation, and as long as it is suitable for agricultural aviation, as this study relied on the results of the laboratory results of the Groundwater Division in Sulaymaniyah, which participated (15) in directing the distribution to different areas for aviation in the study area between the study There is a clear variation in all qualitative profits, and this is due to the difference and diversity in electronic data in Sayed Sadiq district. It also requires that the values of nitrogen oxide adsorption appear between (0.3 - 4.7) mg/L, things that fall within the range of water suitable for irrigating agricultural crops. The values of the percentage of water recognition today also appeared that some wells fall within the range of protected water, while wells No. 2, No. 8, and No. 11 were only within harmful water, and thus all wells are suitable for agricultural irrigation according to the importance of sodium. The electrical conductivity values were determined between (0.311 – 0.813.) dS/m, thus most of the wells fall within the range of 2 as the water resources suitable for irrigating most crops, and the report of wells No. 4 and 6 fall within the range of C_3, which is saline and used for irrigating crops that the plate can tolerate with the presence of well-permeable soils.

Abstract
This research aims to study climatic models that influence the emergence of geomorphological aspects of the Hamrin hills, by highlighting and clarifying the natural factors and geomorphological processes prevailing in the region affecting their formation, measuring their activity, and identifying their implications, both now and in the future, in addition to identifying these forms or manifestations that prevail in The area, measuring its activity and its dimensions, knowing its effect on the study area.

Abstract
The research included the impact of the integrated transportation system (roads and cars) and its guarantee of transporting production inputs to agricultural lands and then marketing the production to markets after harvesting it has an impact on increasing the areas and production of yellow corn and facilitating its marketing, in addition to the goal of determining the size and role of transportation as an important factor in increasing the cultivated area and the quantity of production and increasing the marketing efficiency of yellow corn. As for its borders, it included the spatial borders of Kirkuk Governorate, with a descriptive approach to the research area and the quantitative approach to analyze data using modern techniques in geography and coming up with important results. The research was divided into two sections, the first included the geographical concept of transportation and its impact on the production and marketing of yellow corn and the geographical components of Kirkuk Governorate and its transportation reality and yellow corn transport vehicles and marketing centers (silos), while the second section included the impact of transportation on the production and marketing of yellow corn and ease of access in addition to the statistical analysis of the results using the (SPSS) program, and the most important conclusions reached by the research are the variation in the distribution of the road network in the research area And its impact on the variation in area and production and marketing quantities, in addition to the basic importance of geographical factors and their role in transporting and producing yellow corn, and the most important suggestions such as increasing the length of roads and marketing centers in addition to the appendices and list of sources, as it includes a group of tables, figures and explanatory drawings.

Abstract: -
The research aims to demonstrate the direct carbon footprint of ovens and bakeries in the city of Samawah for the year 2024, and its effects on the environmental systems in the study area, as it is considered one of the human activities intertwined with population centers, and therefore the smoke from bakeries and ovens resulting from poor quality fuel contributes to a source of pollution and an increase in the carbon percentage. In the atmosphere, as the inputs to the production process of this activity have an environmental footprint that begins with the life cycle of the product and ends with its consumption. In this, the researcher relied on the field study, direct observation, and data from the concerned departments. The study concluded that the carbon footprint reached (23.1 tons). of carbon per day, and it is linked to a direct and strong relationship with the emission factor for the quality and quantity of fuel consumed, which amounts to (21,315 liters/plant/day), the variation of the type of fuel between (white oil, liquefied gas, kerosene), in addition to the influence of carbon footprint values on the quantity of fuel consumed. Related to industrial operations and the number of operating hours, as the total number of ovens and bakeries reached (147 ovens and bakeries) for the year 2024, with a total number of operating hours (230 hours). The study also concluded that carbon emissions contribute to the impact of major environmental systems, most notably air pollution.key words:Carbon footprint, environmental impacts, brick industry.

Abstract
The study came on "The Climate Water Budget Account for the Samarra Climate Station for the period between (1992_2022 AD)". The Samarra Climate Station is located geographically in the Samarra district of Salah al -Din Governorate, and its coordinated location is located between the two show circles (11.33) north, and the length of (54.43) east, which aimed to identify how to exploit the water surplus to reach agricultural development Without wasting and controlling the revenge of the water deficit, as well as explaining the most famous deficit and surplus at the study station. The study tired the descriptive and analytical approach to describing and analyzing the climatic data of the study station (Samarra Station). The study used the Thornetweette equation to find evaporation values for the station to reach the application of the climatic budget equation.The study concluded. The study reached that there is a water deficit in the months in which the rain decreases and the amounts of evaporation/inherent transpiration, and the period of water deficit represented by months (March, April, May, July, August, September, October). The study concluded that the water surplus was represented by months (November, December, January, February). The study showed that climatic elements have a clear impact on the variation of the quantities of disability and water surplus between months.

Abstract
Interest in modern geographical thought has increased in the role and contributions of women, as they have become an essential part of geographical studies, not only as a subject of study, but also as intellectual and academic contributions that enhance this field. This trend reflects an increasing desire to understand human experiences from a comprehensive perspective that includes gender issues, which added a social and cultural dimension to geographical research. The first studies that could be under the banner of feminist geography appeared in the seventh decade of the twentieth century, and in geography the increase in the number of women in The seventh decade, among women working in this field, paid attention to women’s issues and their role in shaping the landscape. Traditional geography contained masculine knowledge and terminology, so feminist geography came up with new topics related to women and children, and criticized globalization centered around men, as it presented studies focusing on gender issues, highlighted the impact of space and place on women’s lives and experiences, and helped redefine concepts such as “ Privacy” and “public space”. The role of women in the development of geography began to appear significantly in the twentieth century, when women began to have greater opportunities for education and participation in scientific research. Despite the social obstacles they faced in the beginning, a number of women excelled in this field and contributed important efforts to the development of geography and its methods. Through these contributions, women contributed to strengthening modern geographical thought and adding a human and social dimension to geographical study, which enriched the field and expanded it. From his vision of society and the environment in general

Summary:
Television programs have an effective role that has contributed to attracting the world\'s attention to women\'s issues.There are issues raised by the program, such as issues of sexual violence, physical violence, harassment, divorce issues, child custody, and women\'s relationships with men on social networking sites.
The program \"Shehrazad Speaks\" has shed light on drug issues and electronic illiteracy issues for Baghdadi women, and these issues are no less important than all other women\'s issues.

Abstract
The phenomenon of crowds arises with the development of modern cities in the post-industrial society. The term "crowds" is first introduced and conceptualized by scholars "Scipio Siegle" and "Gustave Le Bon", who describes it as the gathering of individuals in one place, tied to the same goal and sharing akin passions toward it. within these crowds, individuals shows distinct behaviours that would not overtly appear if they were alone, for that reason it has become on the focus of psychological, social, and political studies. As a result of these research efforts, the concept of crowds has progressed more systematically into its recent form. The rapid developments in communication technology, mainly in media and social networking applications, has mirrored on the concept of crowd. Crowds are no longer limited to physical gatherings in a single location. Modern communication technologies permit individuals to stay connected and active at all times. When a topic has a common concern and stimulates public emotions, they immediately grouped over it, allowing the emergence of crowds on the internet applications, which is referred to as " digital Crowds ". Digital Crowds are affected by various elements, one of which is the information they consume. Television broadcasts, for instance, are of significant importance to the public audience, as they often report events live from the real setting, supported by real-time images, reports, and news updates. Given that digital Crowds have become an influential phenomenon on both individuals and society, hence, the research problem has emerged to investigate its causes, evolution, mechanisms, controlling factors, impacts, and ways to manage or mitigate its risks. The study begins with essential questions that signify the research problem: Can crowds be formed through social networks and internet-based applications? How and when could digital Crowds be formed? What conditions which regulate their formation? What factors play a role in their formation? What are the mechanisms of their formation? What are the consequences of digital Crowds formation? What role does television play in this process? How does information broadcasted on television contribute to digital Crowds formation? As for answering these questions, the researcher aimed at establishing theoretical backgrounds based on the related studies concerning such a topic. This includes seeking for the origins and the evolution of the concept of crowds, the emergence of digital Crowds, their formation in virtual spaces, the role of contagion in their formation and interaction in the virtual space, techniques and mechanisms for recruiting individuals into digital Crowds, and the role of television in influencing the formation of digital Crowds In order to shed light on the phenomenon of "digital Crowds" and to be scientifically and practically studied, the researcher subjected the recognized cases that emerged along the time of the study to the practical observation used then for the analysis and results. The researcher analysed ten cases, providing descriptions of them, along with their key impacts and indicators. Fifteen major findings were then derived from this analytical study. To ensure the validity and accuracy of these findings, a three-point "Likert scale" (Agree, Neutral, Disagree) was developed and presented to experts specializing in media and psychology, including Ph.D. scholars and many others with high academic titles such as Professor and Assistant Professor, to compare their viewpoints with the study's analytical results. After processing the data, it became evident that the experts accorded with the study's analytical findings The most important results of which include:First: The formation of digital Crowds in the virtual world is a scientific fact driven by modern communication technology advancements and the rise of social media and internet-based applications. The phenomenon of digital Crowds formation represents an innovative form and extension of crowd formation in the real world.Second: The formation of digital Crowds is tied to a specific issue or immediate event that provokes the public's attention and emotions. Without a central issue or event that unites individuals in the virtual world, digital Crowds cannot be discussed.Third: digital Crowds are formed on the basis of the important factor of stimulation. For stimulating publics, there must be an important event that provokes and stirs their emotions. Only through aroused emotions can digital Crowds be formed, as these sensitive reactions serve as the foundation for their emergence. It is also important to note that digital Crowds tend to ignore facts, especially at the peak of their stimulation and anger, often flouting reason and logic. This has implications for how they interact with events and issues, as their emotional outbursts and anger must be vented.Fourth: Multiple factors play a critical role in the formation of digital Crowds, among which electronic contagion is especially significant. Contagion plays a crucial role in affecting individuals to adopt the ideas and positions of others, then approve and hold these ideas, and eventually leads to the formation of digital Crowds. Through contagion, individuals are influenced by the stream that a particular issue gains and by the flow of opinions around it, appearing in a way that creates consensus at a certain moment.Fifth: The formation of digital Crowds is a phenomenon linked to social media and internet-based applications, which allow individuals to be connected online, access information, publish, and interact with the issue at hand.Sixth: The information flowing from television is highly significant in motivating recipients and forming digital Crowds due to its credibility, supported by images and official sources. The coverage of issues documented with images and video footage of important events grabs the attention of individuals and drives them to rally around it and form digital Crowds. Events are originally broadcast on television and then move to social media platforms for further dissemination.Seventh: digital Crowds often leave a lasting impression on the entity or individual they attack, sometimes leading to irreparable damage. Negative interactions from digital Crowds can completely destroy the reputation of a targeted individual, regardless of their social or professional status or the public’s prior admiration for them. Practical observations show that the opinions and comments expressed by digital Crowds can be very harsh, affecting the status, positions, jobs, and acceptability of individuals within society, as well as having psychological impacts on the victims. Many individuals within electronic crowds display extremely aggressive stances, often expressing this verbally in ways that are abusive, offensive, and harmful to the targeted individuals without consideration of the impact.Eighth: One of the consequences of digital Crowds attacking a person is the creation of a mental image of them in the collective memory. digital Crowds contribute to creating and shaping a mental image of the people they attack, one that remains in the collective memory and follows them wherever and whenever they are mentioned.

Abstract
Social media has become one of the most widely used and most popular means by users of all ages, especially children. These means carry negative and positive effects, such as wasting children's time browsing and losing the opportunity to invest it, in addition to drowning them in negative values and low-level content at the beginning of their upbringing. Hence, the research problem arises, which the researcher sought to address and study scientifically to identify its impact on the early socialization of the child, as the research problem is limited to identifying the impact of negative and positive communication content that is marketed through the Tik Tok application on the socialization of the child in the early childhood stage. The research is a descriptive research that seeks to investigate the process of marketing content via Tik Tok and its impact on the socialization of children at pre-school age. The researcher used the survey method to survey the opinions of parents of children through the questionnaire tool, as the questionnaire was distributed to parents of children enrolled in a number of kindergartens in the capital, Baghdad, using a random sample method. The research reached a set of results, the most prominent of which is that the majority of the children in the sample spend from one to three hours of their time daily browsing the TikTok application, and that entertainment is the main motivation for use. As for the most prominent positives achieved by children from using the application, they are represented in learning English words and sentences, in addition to increasing their happiness and calmness while browsing the TikTok application, while the negative effects were represented in their learning some obscene words, in addition to their introversion and isolation and some of them being late to speak as a result of their use of this application.

Research Summary
The monodrama play began by relying on one actor who performs many effects and transitions between one character and another affected by the psychological and artistic light. Therefore, I decided to rely on the actor for the full burden, and therefore he must be proficient in all of his tools that he uses in performing the roles to achieve them. In the above, the research section divided the subject of his research into four. Chapters of the first semester (the applied framework) It included the research problem, the importance of the research, the need for it, the objectives of the research, the limits of the research, and definition of terminology, while the second chapter included (the theoretical framework) and was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the origins of monodrama and its elements, while the second section dealt with the technical and psychological characteristics of the actor’s performance in monodrama and indicators of the theoretical framework. The third chapter included research procedures. The sample chosen was a monodrama show (Behind the Walls of Madness), while the fourth chapter was concerned with the results and conclusions, a list of sources and references, and a summary in English
1-The research came out with a number of results and conclusions, the most notable of which are
2-Lighting played a prominent role in drawing the character’s features and transitions
3-The proverb’s voice had a clear impact on the performance and the transition from one character to another

Abstract
This study investigates how Arabic conflict resolution strategies are translated into English using the Thomas-Kilmann Instrument (TKI), which categorizes conflict styles into avoiding, competing, accommodating, collaborating, and compromising. It addresses the challenges of translating these strategies due to linguistic and cultural differences, aiming to retain the original text's effectiveness. The research analyzes Arabic texts to identify translation issues and suggests methods for effective English translation. The findings enhance understanding of the relationship between language, culture, and conflict resolution, benefiting both translation studies and intercultural communication.

Abstract.
This study is devoted to the main problems and semantic characteristics of translation from Russian into Arabic. The essay also discusses the main problems that a translator faces in the course of his translation activities. In addition, significant emphasis is placed on the principles of Russian-Arabic translation and the fundamental knowledge regarding modern communication technologies that the translator must possess, as these are important for the successful performance of his duties. Study of translation tasks and their semantic features. The field of translation plays a crucial role in developing cultural ties, promoting closer cooperation and strengthening political, economic, scientific and other relations between countries. The significance of this work is due to the decisive and unique nature of translation activity in the modern world An exhaustive analysis of current translation technology is the major objective of the study. Several implications about the efficacy of contemporary translation technology in satisfying the rising demand for rapid, high-quality translation may be drawn from the comparative comparison. Furthermore, it is also possible to draw broad conclusions. about the individualization of translation and the challenges faced by the modern market of translation services.

Abstract
The recent paper sheds light on the term prosody and studies in very short term the comparative between English and Arabic as a different language ,and who prosodic features are represented in both of them , in Arabic we make examples taken from holy Quran to show how prosodic features in Arabic play a central role in tajweed Al – Quran and how they are represented in printed text and we have mentioned the features of the two languages in respect to comparative prosody. Keywords ; prosody , stress, intonation ,and color coded

Abstract
The present paper is concerned with Face-threatening acts (FTAs) in legal texts. It deals with one of the remarkable pragmatics notions examined and investigated in many linguistic studies over the last decades, focusing on everyday conversations. However, the present paper aims to identify the FTAs and strategies of face-saving used in legal texts through pragma-stylistics perspectives. It concentrates on regulative official letters issued by legal personalities delegated by their institutions towards their employees (subordinates) and their contribution to the breakdown of social relations among them. It tries to answer the following questions: Firstly, how are FTAs used in legal texts? Secondly, what acts do legal personalities most frequently use to obtain legal objectives? The last question is: What are the stylistic effects of politeness strategies used in these texts? Based on their delegated power, the paper hypothesizes that legal personalities, threaten their addressees' negative face in their letters mainly through orders and requests. negative face in their letters mostly using orders and requests. The stylistic effects of the used acts are maximized using on a record strategy. The data used in this study, therefore, is selected from Iraqi official letters of legal personalities. The analysis is based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) and Short’s (1996) analysis models. The pragma-stylistic analysis conducted by this study comes up with significant conclusions and implications.
Keywords: pragma-stylistics, face-threatening acts, official letters and politeness strategies.

Abstract
This research examines the transformative potential of the “Butterfly Effect” as a metaphor for empowerment in postmodern and contemporary poetry. By integrating the ingredients of chaos theory—specifically the conception that small actions can lead to substantial outcomes—this research manipulates a thorough analysis of a curated selection of poems from these poetic epochs. The objective is to delve into how “Butterfly Effect” works as a poetic symbol for resilience, growth, and positive modification, both on individual and societal levels. Through meticulous analytical methods and detailed textual explorations, the research investigates the strategies manipulated by postmodern and contemporary poets to tackle the metaphor of the “Butterfly Effect”. It aims at uncovering how these poets use the metaphor to advocate themes of empowerment, hope, and individual liberation. This research seeks to highlight how this metaphor not only enriches poetic expressions, but it also inspires individuals to realize their own potential for effecting considerable changes in a convoluted and generally unpredictable world.Key Words: Butterfly, effect, chaos, tiny, empowerment, Ripple.