Political Sciences Journal

The Environmental issue was not given sufficient attention until the last quarter of the twentieth Century. Negative phenomena that were harmful to human life occurred, such as floods, earthquakes, and holes in the ozone layer that protects the atmosphere from the leakage of sunlight rays which is harmful to human life.
The use of fossil fuels (Coal, Oil, and Gas) for industrial purposes, house fuel, and transportation has led to the increase of carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere; which is harmful to environment and human health; causing climate change. As well, floods and abnormally heavy rains occurred in some regions of the world, while other regions suffered from drought and desertification.
The issue of Climate deterioration has become a global case due to its effects that extended to the entire globe; wherefore necessitated the establishment of international cooperation to consider addressing and getting rid of its effects. International and periodic conferences were held that issued many decisions and procedures to mitigate its effects, and strive to prevent rising temperatures, abandon using fossil fuels, stop deforestation, and heading to clean energy.

In the context of the transition from a totalitarian regime to a pluralistic democratic government in Iraq after 2003, the problem of the relationship between democratic transformation and development has become more urgent, as the political debate has focused on the ability of democracy and direct participation in supporting national ownership of development planning and its contribution to the policy-making process directed towards effective solutions. It is sustaining economic reforms that would reconcile political parties' competing interests and priorities through dialogue, consensus, and joint action.
Political practice over the past two decades has proven that the greatest limits concerning democracy’s contribution to development are cases of weak economic performance along with the continuation of economic problems in the new political system, which requires serious work to establish and amend economic laws to suit the nature of the democratic system and work on develop and consolidate work. Participatory participation contributes to developing the economic structure to create an Iraqi economic model with multiple sources to overcome the negative aspects of the existing rentier system.

The research idea argues the necessity change of the contemporary Islamic political thought from old sample to the thinking about the reality of the state and democracy as a concept and practice, which the Islamic society is experiencing.
The idea of post-Islamism which was explained by researchers and experts in Islamic studies is considered a new transition to the re-thinking of the traditional Islamism theory, that focuses on the transition stage of theoretical thinking on the issues of the state and democratic system to the stage of direct dealing with authority, after many political Islam parties moved from the opposition to exercising or participating in power.
The theory of post-Islamism aims to, participate in formulating a political vision that frames the intellectual orientation of political Islam movements, and establishes the transition from preaching to participation and interaction in political life as well, providing a realistic vision for participation in political decision-making away from the preoccupations of Islamic revivalist movements that have focused on the identity crisis.
This research focused on discussing and analyzing three main topics: the first is the interest in the theoretical framework of what is post-Islamism. Secondly, it examines how the foundations on which democracy can be dealt with. The third examines the relationship between religion and the state from a perspective that attempts to transcend the model of extreme secularism.

Promoting the democratic system means establishing the law, achieving justice, and developing awareness of behavior and freedom in a way that serves the public good and achieves the higher goals of society. When the process of democratic transformation is linked to the use of hard power that does not take into account internal variables, it is confronted with obstacles. The United States has taken it upon itself to employ democracy in Iraq after 2003, investing its outcomes in a way that is compatible with the arbitrary use of force, and formulating a political process based on consensual democracy and loose party pluralism. As a result of the psychological and value repercussions produced by the American project, the national forces attempted to restructure the political structure and establish a social space based on diversity, representation, and peaceful struggle for power. However, the conflict of partisan interests, external interference, and repeated collapses in building state institutions prevented progress and increased from the dissonance between the polarized centers of power, and between individuals and groups. The intelligentsia has attempted to restore the social and political balance of values after the popular demands in 2019, to establish a democratic political and cultural project by dismantling the totalitarian structure of the deep state, and establishing an integrated system of freedom on rational foundations based on the poles of the citizen, society, and the state.

The use of smart weapons is primarily due to several wars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but it reached high levels of technological development in the twenty-first century, especially after the fourth industrial revolution. As these developments brought about a quantum leap and a revolution in military affairs through its contribution to the evolution of the nature and objectives of wars, the development of military concepts and theories, changing the strategic and tactical options in which wars are conducted, developing methods of waging military wars and moving it from conventional wars to unconventional wars; which are the sixth generation wars that are managed and controlled remotely by means of global communications technology, security, and military information systems .

Climate change is one of the prominent phenomena that the world witnessed decades ago, the effects of which have become visible. These effects have been increased significantly annually, which represents a real burden facing countries and their peoples, in addition to threatening the lives of future generations. Climate change is described as the most dangerous and strongest change that the world is witnessing, which can be equal to or exceed the dangers of terrorism and international crimes which threaten the lives of societies and countries. As a result, the United Nations and its associated departments worked to achieve what is known as sustainable development, whose purpose is to activate and create Economic and Social development in a number of countries while preserving, as much as possible, the wealth and natural resources and investing them in the safest way that guarantees the lives of individuals and countries. As well as, achieving the process of development while preserving wealth for future generations and reducing the effects and risks of climate change associated with the abuse of the environment and its resources. This work needs serious, rapid, and high-level international cooperation and coordination to produce effective and important results in the field of preserving the environment and its wealth and reducing the severity of climate change that threatens many countries of the world today.

The executive authority practices several tasks that have a significant impact on the life of the state, society, and individuals. These actions cannot be left without supervision, to prevent tyranny or misconduct. Several reviews are practiced on the decisions of the executive authority, until the executive action is consistent with the constitution, legislation, and applicable regulations. In addition, there is oversight of the legislative authority. Parliament in Iraq has been granted powers to review the work and performance of the executive authority in a way that ensures its compliance with the federal constitution.
The variables that the research focuses on are related to the presence of major tasks for the executive authority, and the existence of roles and powers for Parliament, including oversight of the performance of the executive authority, in a way that ensures compliance with the federal constitution.
The aim of this research is to: point out the importance of the powers granted to the Iraqi parliament, ensuring the establishment of the state of law, that is, the existence of a legal reference, in the form of a legal pyramid, starting with the federal constitution, which imposes itself on all authorities and institutions in the country.
The research concludes that: The executive authority, within the framework of the Iraqi parliamentary system, has flexibility in managing various political activities, according to the space granted by the constitution to that authority, and with the intention of preventing arbitrariness, tyranny, or bypassing the constitution, granting Parliament the right to oversight, and that Parliament has multiple tools in the exercise of oversight, under the Federal Constitution.

The state of Liechtenstein is characterized by special importance, despite its small area, small population, and limited resources, as a result of its experience in ruling the country. This arouses attention of many people to give an accurate classification about the democracy of its political regime. It is a hybrid regime based on the distribution of power between two main pillars of the country, represented by the popular will, through the practice of the tools of direct democracy that allows people to participate in the decision-making process; and individual rule, represented by the prince, with the exercise of power by them. However, this regime do not eliminate the role of institutions from exercising its duties within legal constitutional frameworks that regulate the work of the state and institutional frameworks that carry out the tasks of legislation, implementation, and judiciary, like other countries. But the difference lies in that; they are institutions that are not the decision-makers in enforcing policies, which makes this regime the focus of discussion and exchange of opinions about its ability to disengage and overlap in the decision-making process; and how institutions carry out their roles in light of such a structure of governance that combines democracy, individualism, and institutionalism in governing the country, and the method of reconciliation between them. So that it maintains its survival and existence in this form and tools and enjoys satisfaction and acceptance that contributes to its support and stability and the development of its political, economic, and social sectors.

The intellectual references of the Mahdist movements were not the result of the minor of absence, as the intellectual basis (of absence) was presented in the mentality of the Muslim individual. The Mahdist idea and the absence of Al Mahdi, was not an external idea, as it was dealt with before it occurred. In addition to being recognized by some, it is no secret that the ruling authority has a role in this regard.
In addition, there is a set of factors at the internal and external levels that have a continuous contribution to the penetration of the movements claiming the Mahdism, especially with the availability of the environment that generates and adopts them on one aspect, and the failure to follow up the Mahdist issue with its conditions on the other aspect that makes the general framework for this issue as a historical and doctrinal issue contributed greatly to justifying the claim of Mahdism throughout history.

Maritime piracy is considered an international crime prohibited by international law and international conventions. The spread of maritime piracy, especially off the coast of Somalia and the Red Sea, has led major nations to seriously consider the crime and view it as an act that warrants military intervention. This has been evident in the resolutions issued by the United Nations Security Council, such as Resolution 1816, Resolution 1838, and Resolution 1846, which allowed states and regional organizations to take necessary measures to suppress maritime piracy and enter the territorial waters of states where piracy is active. To understand the nature of maritime piracy, it is essential to examine the attempts made by scholars to define, identify, and distinguish it from other types of international crimes, which may sometimes be confused with it, such as aircraft hijacking. International law grants every state the right to combat maritime piracy, not only by deploying ships in high seas or off the coasts to secure international navigation routes but also by entering into regional treaties with coastal and non-coastal states to address this issue. For example, the states around the Red Sea. This crime is not only a concern for coastal states but also for all nations, as its effects can extend to non-coastal states. As piracy continues to spread, there is an increasing reliance on distant maritime routes, leading to higher costs for maritime travel.

Artificial intelligence is one of the modern sciences that has been linked to humans since the past five decades, and digital politics has become an integral part of society because it is used in most areas of human life. This is what encouraged the makers of new technological policies to think about how to employ it to serve their highest political and economic interests, regardless of making efforts to think about their regulation of generative artificial intelligence, and to set restrictions that take into account religious legislation, and the laws and constitutions of countries. Some artificial intelligence programs began to be used as a platform for illegal content, and negatively penetrated political aspects of the country, without companies taking care and thinking about steps to prevent misuse of their platforms.
The countries sponsoring major artificial intelligence companies have been keen to limit the regulation of innovation development, claiming that this restricts the freedom to develop technological thinking. Therefore, today all countries of the world face fears and harmful repercussions on their societies from the humanitarian, political, media, and even health aspects..., which contributes to changing many individuals’ behaviors and thoughts, leading to a world that generates nonsense, especially after the failure of the capabilities to control it, so that some future versions of applications become A threat to humanity rather than a service to it. The source and starting point of artificial intelligence is the human mind, but the way humans think is different from the way artificial intelligence thinks and works.
Therefore, the countries of the world are seriously thinking today that they are on the cusp of a global threat that has no limits or restrictions, and they have no choice but to stand up to it by holding international conferences, exchanging ideas through dialogue, listening to dissenting viewpoints, establishing international rules and laws, and treaties guaranteeing the national interests of countries, and reaching agreement. Which regulates innovation, to reach a common formula through which the management, organization and control of artificial intelligence is placed under a common international authority, not under the authority of the companies sponsoring and operating artificial intelligence.

Climate change has emerged as one of the dilemmas that requires special treatment in line with the magnitude of the threats it poses to the path of development. This is what necessitated its official presentation during the first World Climate Conference held in 1979 with the participation of the World Meteorological Organization, It was also confirmed by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which warned that climate change constitutes an imminent threat that may be irreversible, and that the continuation of greenhouse gas emissions will lead to a multiplication of warming and changes in all components of the climate system, and that putting an end to climate change The climate requires a significant and sustained reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change also represents a complex threat, and this has been confirmed by many international documents, including the Human Development Report 2007-2008, which considered climate change a risk when it exceeds 2 degrees Celsius., This danger is the lack of scientific certainty about the effects and nature of climate change, despite the efforts made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in this regard. Although there are many relevant scientific studies. Due to this seriousness, climate change has become one of the biggest environmental challenges that the world is currently facing.

This paper challenges the views that post-2003 Iraq should be studied in isolation and demonstrates that many of the pre-2003 dynamics impacted the post-2003 era, mainly populism. It sheds light on the three waves of populism in Iraq, the authoritarian populism of Saddam\'s regime being the first, given that he was the leader of a secular and pan-Arab party but frequently used religion and nationalism strategically and selectively under certain conditions, creating the context of modern populism. The second wave is the ethno-sectarian populism post-2003 that created multiple populist actors who demonstrated their allegiance to parliamentary democracy but undermined it by their practices. The third and final wave this paper examines is the modern populism of post-2014, where insiders nurtured nationalist populism due to the declining appeal of sectarianism, the deep political divisions, and widespread disappointment. This paper is based on a field study measuring popular perception of post-2003 political systems, including populist tendencies, level of trust, and other demographical and democratic factors.

All political regimes in the countries of the world do not operate randomly. Rather, they must have a clear and explicit ideological framework of political beliefs and directives that they explicitly disclose, or leave implicitly to reveal in the form of social action issued by the state. This statement applies to all political regimes. Regardless of its simplicity and complexity, ideology has an important role in the movement of political regimes, their effectiveness, and their ability to influence.
Thus, the founders of the political regime in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran were keen to employ religious ideology in political life in order to sanctify political authority and give the character of legitimacy to political authority. Religion would be pivotal to the issue of legitimacy because it provides a moral and cultural basis through the use of simple, and relevant language of religious character with the aim of building ideological legitimacy. However, this employment in both regimes meets at certain points, and intersects at others, due to the difference in the ideological starting point of the two regimes resulting from the sectarian difference.

Soft power is one of the most prominent forms of power that many countries have moved to rely on in their international relations in the aftermath of World War II. The research problem is centered on studying soft power and its evolution towards using its various tools to justify rejected policies at the international level, in the context of the Hollywood study and its stereotypes as an indicative case of this change. An effective research methodology has been used, notably the Analytical Descriptive Methodology, to analyze what American soft power and its components are, along with the case study methodology: the Hollywood Cinema Study and its role in solidifying its foreign policy.
The study has produced several results, notably that media tool is one of the most prominent soft power tools of American foreign policy. Therefore, White House politicians were keen to cooperate with Hollywood cinemas for several decades due to its importance in influencing audiences and its crystallization in World War II, the Vietnam War, and the Iraqi War.