Journal of University of Babylon

In their ingenuities, Saudi poets presented a vision of the concept of identity, looked into its geographical, historical, religious and cultural components, explained its dimensions, and excelled in presenting it in various contexts that determine their belonging to Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the research was in the dimensions of the Saudi identity and looking into its manifestations in models of contemporary Saudi poetry, to reveal the set of moral and religious values that formed it throughout history and geography in a way that does not accept accountability or severability. At the same time, it indicates the ability of the innovator to form an identity mixed with self, and encumbered by belonging. Therefore, the poetry in the studied models was transformed into a message in which they expressed: “Who are we?” defining the dimensions of their collective identity, its components, and its background, in a way that shows its peculiarity.
The research raises the problem of how to manifest the Saudi identity in Saudi poetry? In order to solve this problem, the following questions must be answered:
What are the determinants of Saudi identity?
What are the manifestations of expression of identity in Saudi poetry?
What are the dimensions of identity in Saudi poetry and what are its components?
The research aims to track the manifestations of the Saudi identity, and to look into its dimensions in models of contemporary Saudi poetry in its various contexts, and to identify how to express it in order to reach the concept of the comprehensive Saudi identity with all its components. The nature of the subject requires reliance on the analytical method, to analyze a selected sample of Saudi poetry in order to understand the indications of identity, its starting points, its components, and how to express it.
The research concluded that the poetry in the studied models embodied the collective identity of the Saudis in connection with the holy place, history and geographical extension, and brought to light its steadiness and overcoming the problem of existential anxiety and its openness to the other. The research recommended studies that track the manifestations of identity in Saudi literature in general to show its peculiarity in the era of globalization, which seeks to dissolve identities.

The study focused on the poetry of Al-Ahaimar Al-Saadi, one of the famous poets and a veteran of the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Which cast shadows on his poetry in word, meaning, style and image .
The characteristics of the personality of Al-Ahaimar passed through a variety of social roles and oscillated between the tendency to the phenomenon of slapping and repentance for it and the impact of this on the diversity of his poetic experience and the direction of poetic discourse and its expressive methods: Synthetic, semantic, acoustic, and pictorial .

The vocative style - as a constructional style - is one of the most widely used sections of grammar in the Arabic language, Therefore, it is considered a basic form of speech, which is intended - in the origin of its meaning - to alert the caller, with the intention of conveying to him a specific speech, in which the majority is to request something, or refrain from something, so the caller remains amazed at what is being asked of him..
Despite the importance of the vocative style, the grammarians, through their analysis of its two sentences, were mostly concerned with one question: Is the vocative being in the accusative, so what is the accusative factor in it? Is it the vocative tool itself? Or is it on behalf of the verb (to call?)
Therefore, in this research, we will try to infer that the context of the call consists of two sentences: the first: the call sentence (the call tool + the caller), and the second: the response sentence to the call, replacing it with two sentences: the condition, and the oath..., provided that the call sentence has no place. Of the parsing, it is primary or resuming, or it has a position, such as being the subject sentence of the saying according to the context, and the sentence that follows the vocative sentence - which we call the sentence (answer to the call) - is in the position of the accusative object, either similar to the object sentence of the verb to say, or the direct object. The second is for the verb (he asked), as we say: I asked the student: Have you prepared the lesson?, and thus it does not deviate from being a requesting constructional method, all through the presentation and analysis of the patterns of the two call sentences in a syntactic-semantic analysis, applying that to what is mentioned in the verses of the Holy Qur’an.

The importance of the current research comes in response to modern trends that call for attention to the strategy of constructing meaning, as it is one of the important outcomes that keeps pace with the times, which should be followed during the educational process. The aim of the research was to reveal the effect of using the visual approach in the strategy of constructing meaning to develop imaginative thinking by employing the story of the Prophet Joseph. In artistic expression among primary school students in Babylon, for the academic year 2022-2023 at Al-Jumhuriya Primary School, the researcher conducted two interviews for the pre-test (verbal) and the post-test (visual) using the 90-minute cartoon film, on the research sample of 29 students, and the results showed Statistical analysis: There was a statistically significant difference in the achievement test for the art education subject, and the difference was in favor of the post-test. This means that the meaning-building strategy has an impact in developing imaginative thinking among sixth-grade students. Among the most important conclusions: The meaning-building strategy helps to arouse the learner’s interest. Involving all senses in imaginative thinking.

The present study aims at exploring the Arabic grammarian Ibn Asfour's verbal Judgments to clarify his sights on Ibn Al-Akhffash's syntactic views in the interpretations of Al-Zajaj's sentences with due discussions. While Ibn Asfour- belonging to Al-Andalus (Spain) schools showed agreement in most questions with the Arabic Grammarian Sibawayh and likewise with the two Grammar School of Albasreh, Al-basra School grammarian، Al-Akhfash showed his own sights with disagreement to his own school. So, Ibn Asfour syntactically also showed disagreement with Al-Akhfash's sights in the interpretations of Al-Zajaji's sentences. As for methodology, the most appropriate to the nature of the study. The researcher, using several resources, investigates, identified and analyzed the situations whereby Al-Akhfash is mentioned showing Ibn Asfour's attitudes towards them. The study is consisted of an introduction، a preface and a conclusion. The core section is entitles with "Ibn Asfour's verbal judgments on syntactic opinions followed by other subheading related to syntactic questions. Finally, the researcher proves the findings he listed in the conclusion.

The research aims to investigate the effect of violating the assumption of unidimensionality in the item coefficients (distinction, difficulty, estimation, and lack of interest) and their estimated suitability according to the four-parameter model.
To verify the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared a test consisting of four sub-tests, each consisting of (10) items. Thus, the test as a whole consisted of (40) items of multiple choice type on a sample of (1000) male and female students.
The results showed:
1. With regard to the assumptions of the response theory for the item, the criteria for verifying the unidimensional assumptions, which are the saturation of the paragraphs and internal consistency, are met, while the exploratory factor analysis is not met, and the rest of the assumptions are met.
2. The paragraphs differed in terms of suitability for the model, as the percentage of items that were not suitable for the test in each dimension was (5%), but when ignoring the fulfillment of the unidimensional hypothesis, the number of items that were not appropriate reached (55%)
3. There are statistically significant differences in the discrimination coefficient and its accuracy, the estimation coefficient and its accuracy, and the lack of interest coefficient and its accuracy, according to the fulfillment of the unidimensional hypothesis.
4. There are no statistically significant differences in the difficulty coefficient and its accuracy due to the fulfillment of the unidimensional hypothesis.

The study aimed to identify the types of formal and informal marriages, focusing on marriages outside the court, highlighting the main reasons for them, and understanding the social, psychological, and economic problems resulting from this type of marriage. The study that followed the case study method resulted in:(economic factors being the primary reason for resorting to this type of marriage, followed by the existence of a love relationship between the parties. The reason for this is the families' fear for their daughters during the occupation of ISIS, as well as the widespread practice of early marriage in society). As for the problems resulting from marriage outside the court, the majority of the sample (84%) suffer from psychological problems such as depression, nervous and psychological breakdowns, and regret. The second-ranked problems are social problems (72%), manifested in isolation from society, and cutting off from family, relatives, and friends. Economic problems have the same impact, as the majority of married women outside the court suffer from extreme poverty and leaving their jobs (72%). A significant proportion of them also face violence (68%), and the violence extends to their families, leading to complaints being lodged with the police. Moreover, they face social stigma, bullying, and ridicule and are accused of having a bad reputation for accepting this type of marriage.

The science of origins, a science that arose from the womb of the science of jurisprudence, and it is a science that tries to introduce us to the foundations and rules that we must follow in order to properly conduct the process of deriving legal rulings. The scholars’ diligence is clear in the processes of deriving jurisprudential rules in a manner and repeated effort, so they included everything they reached with a science they called (the science of jurisprudence ( But this Ijtihad is not without lapses and differences in beginning of the fundamentalist scale that is defined by the definition, the Ijtihad of the fundamentalists with multiple and different definitions, makes different opinions and effects also different, which makes it necessary to search for these definitions and their impact on deriving judgment and their overlap with some of the different sciences affected by the research point of view. Shepherd for yourself in the world. The problems arising from these definitions in heart the inferred rulings. One of the objectives of the research identify the confusion that occurs with definitions between the different assets and their impact on most fundamentalist investigations. The The research approach is descriptive and analytical. The purpose of the research is that collect different definitions of the science of origins and to stand on the contents of these definitions and to know this difference and its impact on the fundamentalist approaches.

This study explores Ted Hughes' one act play "Beauty and the Beast" from the perspective of shamanism within the experimental theater. Drawing on experimental theater and ancient shamanic traditions, the play employs a range of symbolic and metaphorical devices to transport the audience into a liminal space where the boundaries between the physical and spiritual worlds are blurred. In the play, the character of the Beast represents the primal, instinctual forces of nature, while Beauty symbolizes the human capacity for empathy and compassion. Through their interaction, the play explores the tension between these opposing forces and ultimately suggests that true transformation can only be achieved through a synthesis of both. By adopting a shamanic approach to theater. The research highlights the ongoing relevance and power of shamanic traditions in modern theater, demonstrating how theater can be used not only as entertainment but also as a transformative tool for personal and societal growth.

Peaceful transfer of power is an important concept for democratic governments, in which the leadership of government peacefully hands over control of the government to a newly elected or selected leadership. This may be in times of elections or during the transition from a different type of political system, and often the first peaceful transfer of power in a country is treated as an important stage in the transition of government towards democracy, that the presence of power has become one of the necessities that govern societies Mankind and organizes its affairs, for it is a social phenomenon in origin And this phenomenon is positive if it preserves rights and freedoms, and vice versa, this phenomenon is negative if it violates those rights and freedoms. national and international level.

Rhythm is one of the most important elements of the Iraqi satirical theatrical show, which needs a directorial vision that changes with the performance situation, so the researcher proceeded to study those directorial variables of performance in the Iraqi satirical theatrical show and divided it into four chapters. The researcher divided it into two sections, the first (the concept of rhythm in theatrical directing) and its importance in the presentation and the most prominent directors who had focused on rhythm visually and performance, and the second section (the nature of satirical performance) and the importance of knowing the most important elements of comedy, which is laughter and its types and the style of comic performance. The research and sample analysis show a play (Rehearsal in Hell), and the fourth chapter concludes with the most prominent results, conclusions, recommendations, proposals, a list of sources and references, and a summary of the research in both Arabic and English.