LARK JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY , LINGUISTICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The research seeks to reveal the impact of the belief of the interpreters of the Qur’an on their directives and grammatical preferences in the syntax of some verses. Especially those that present jurisprudential rulings, and that the diversity of the Arabists' beliefs and doctrines led to the multiplicity of grammatical aspects of one verse according to the belief of the parsers or the interpreter. The research chose a clear model for that, which is the verse of ablution, whose readings differed, and its grammatical directives multiplied. The research stopped at those opinions and showed the impact of the beliefs of their owners on their contents.

Sabīṭ al-Nīlī is an Iraqi scholar, thinker, and Quranic researcher who attempted to present a scientific approach to interpreting the Noble Quran through critical examination and study of the governing principles of Quranic interpretation, Arabic linguistics, and Western linguistics. This was accomplished by utilizing various sciences such as semiotics, the phonology of sounds and phonetics, and discourse analysis, especially the intentional signification and the linguistic system of the Quran. The existence of synonymy, verbal commonality, metaphor, allegory, and metonymy in the Quran is denied, as well as any estimation or omission of sounds and words or alteration of word order in the verses. This study reviews the governing principles (the relationship between language and the universe, intentionality, the semiotic system of the Quran) and the results of Nīlī's approach (the denial of synonymy and verbal commonality, the denial of metaphor, allegory, and metonymy, the denial of random estimations in the verses), based on the principles of semiotics, linguistics, cognitive semantics, and using the descriptive-analytical method. It also accepts the absence of synonymy and verbal commonality in speech and prohibits estimation, omission, or alteration of word order in the verses. However, it criticizes Nīlī's complete denial of metaphor, allegory, and metonymy, explaining them using cognitive semantics and cognitive linguistics. The aim is to develop Nīlī's approach and open new horizons in the study of Quranic signification and the methodology of interpreting the Noble Quran.

The philosophical story is a phenomenon that cannot be overlooked by thought and art; due to its enriched structure and form, a philosophical story received no attention. Philosophical stories are tales narrated by fabulous or real human or non-human creatures, such as animals or birds, with the aim to give lessons, express morals, or suggest certain philosophies. Drawing on this concept, this paper investigates philosophical story as a literary discourse with its own form and structure. Philosophical stories are morality narratives that flourished in the Arab and Muslim medieval worlds. To this end, two philosophical stories were chosen for analysis. These are Hay Ibn Yaqthan, a philosophical morality story that has been created by Ibn Sina, remodified by Ibn Tufail, and then re-structured by other medieval Arab and Muslim philosophers. The other one is The Bird, or a treatise on the Bird. This is a philosophical story presumably authored by Al-Ghazali. Philosophical stories have long been considered philosophical verses. This literary genre combined several mystic concepts, including reasoning, belief, and philosophy. The Muslim Sufist conceptualization of the universe has played a significant role in the formation of beliefs and ideas, which have later been manifested in relatable philosophies. Man’s thinking of the origin and creation of the universe represented the culmination of the medieval philosophies that have sought to interpret the relation between creatures and the Creator. These representations posed questions by humans on the fate of this world. This paper, therefore, investigates philosophical story as a piece of discourse with an elaboration of structure, aesthetics, iconicity, and dialogue as components of such genre.

The term "his blind teachers" frequently appears in the works of Ibn Malik al-Andalusi. Within his writings, he references three scholars - Ibn Khuroof, Ibn Tayyar, and Al-Shamubinin - as his blind teachers in one location, and in another, he adds two more individuals - Al-Akhfash and Al-Sayyid Arfi - who are well-known for their proficiency in Sibawayh's book, the Kufian tradition, and Sibawayh's companions. This study aims to clarify the identity and expertise of these scholars in the field of grammar, specifically within the context of Ibn Malik's writings.

The purpose of the study is to determine the possession of twenty-first-century skills among Arabic language teachers in the intermediate stage The researcher used the descriptive approach to accomplish the objectives of the study, and the primary research sample was selected from a research community consisting of (100) Arabic language teachers in the intermediate stage and to measure these skills, the researcher built a measure of the skills of the twenty-first century according to what was stated in the educational and psychological literature. The common characteristics of the scale were extracted, namely, honesty (virtual and constructive) and consistency of the scale using the internal surface of alpha , and the study led to several results: The results showed the existence of twenty-first-century skills among Arabic language teachers in the intermediate stage, and the results also showed that there was no difference between males and females among Arabic language teachers in the intermediate stage.

This research examines the semiotic connotations of the title in the poetry of the Iraqi poet Yahya Al-Samawi in his collections "A Garment of Water for a Body of Ember," "My Ash-Colored Ablution," and "A River with Three Banks." It explores the literary phenomenon contained within the title as a text. The study focuses on analyzing the functions of the title to reveal its distinctive characteristics as a threshold within the poetic text. It sheds light on the prominent functions that play a significant role in the emergence of the poetic work. These functions include the designation function, descriptive function, implicit function, and enticing function. The scope of this research is limited to the evidence that intertwines with the title and its functions.

Modern narrative studies have unanimously agreed that the function of the narrator in the narrative text is not limited to narrating events to the recipient, but rather transcends this main function to carry out other very important functions, and that these functions, according to the opinion of (Vladimir Propp) are not determined in his personal qualities and characteristics, but are determined by the actions that It is carried out and that researchers did not set a fixed number of them, or focus on some of them without others, but rather gave priority to knowing them; Because of its importance in analyzing and understanding the narrative text, and clarifying the authority of the studied discourse and the visions and viewpoints it contains.

The process of historical writing is an important and challenging task for anyone who delves into the field. The historian must adhere to the essential qualities of being neutral and objective in conveying historical events, free from any bias, political affiliation, or religious inclination. This is because the study of history is not limited to a single nation but to all nations with various sects and beliefs.
The process of writing in the field of Islamic history is particularly challenging due to the conflicts and disputes that have been raised by early historians. Therefore, we have chosen Ahmed Ibn-Yusuf Al-Qaramani as a case study to examine his biography and his renowned cultural influence as he had close relations with the ruling authorities of his time in Damascus. We also aim to understand the methodology adopted in historical writings during the 10th and 11th centuries of the Islamic calendar, as this period was known for its intellectual and cultural stagnation.
This study aims at investigating the methodology employed by Ahmed Ibn-Yusuf Al-Qaramani and whether he was neutral and objective or if he let his religious and political beliefs affect his work. We focused in examining his narratives on his narrations of the “Twelve Imams” since he comes from an environment that disagrees with their religious perspectives. We will discuss if the historian paid attention to the economic aspects in his work and how did he address them and whether he gave them an essential position in his work.

This study examines the concept of brotherhood within the ancient Iraqi family and the strong bond between siblings. It explores the dynamics of sibling relationships, their hierarchical order, and their position within the family structure. Additionally, the study delves into the relationships between siblings who are not biologically related, such as half-siblings from a second wife, siblings through adoption, and siblings from the same community. The study also explores the conflicts and problems that could arise among siblings and how they were managed and resolved, including the involvement of courts in settling disputes

This paper highlights the days and works of Al-Yaqubi ca. 897 A.D., a highly recognized medieval Arab Muslim scholar, historian, and author. In his Histories, Al-Yaqubi gave detailed accounts of several geographical and historical facts of the territories, regions, and cities across the Muslim world as well as in the adjacent areas. This paper, therefore, explores how this renowned Muslim scholar contributed to knowledge in history, geography, and general accounts. In spite of his fame and contributions, Al-Yaqubi received little attention in the historiographical and biographical accounts. The paper investigates the biography and works of this Muslim scholar in two subsections. The paper, additionally, reaches several conclusions.

The philosophy of history is one of the most important branches of philosophy that is interested in researching history from a philosophical point of view, so I have developed many theories that explain the events of history, including the theory of geographical interpretation, which is one of the theories present in some Muslim thinkers, and this shows the extent of the interest that Muslim intellectuals pay in the field of philosophy of history, inferred by the extent to which they affect and conform to the realities lived, Its impact in the past and its impact on the future. © 2023 LARK, College of Art, Wasit University

The criminal liability for the dissemination of false and malicious rumors through social media platforms varies from one country to another, depending on the applicable legislation and legal systems. Spreading false and malicious rumors through social media platforms is considered a criminal offense, and individuals who engage in such behavior may face criminal charges. The penalties imposed typically depend on the gravity of the false and malicious rumors, as well as their potential to cause harm and negatively impact both individuals and society. Different countries apply various penalties to individuals who spread false and malicious rumors on social media platforms. In some jurisdictions, offenders may face fines or imprisonment, while in other countries, alternative penalties such as community service or psychological counseling may be imposed. Overall, it is crucial to exercise caution regarding the sources of information when sharing content on social media platforms. It is essential to refrain from spreading false and malicious rumors that have the potential to cause harm to individuals or communities.

It can be summarized that the right to asylum is the only right enjoyed by refugees without other rights, and that the decision of migrants to migrate is related to other rights, and they can leave their country to obtain protection and assistance in other countries. International communities have made great efforts in an organized manner in the field of protecting human rights and the right to asylum, but they face many difficulties in this field, such as financial problems and the failure of some countries to receive or shelter the displaced, in addition to the time restrictions and the problems of the stage that the displaced face. Despite the challenges it faces, the United Nations continues to work continuously productively and seeks to provide durable solutions to protect the dignity and freedom of refugees by preventing the recurrence of refugee conditions, in light of the high numbers of migrants and displaced persons and the deteriorating environmental conditions.
International human rights law was established in 1966 by the International Covenants on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and on Civil and Political Rights. The issue of asylum was not dealt with until later, after the creation of international law and humanitarian law. The beginning of legalization and the beginning of regulation must be distinguished, and that is why international human rights organizations began with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.
International human rights law, which is considered the largest branch of international humanitarian law, deals with the issue of protecting human rights and freedoms, including the right to asylum. This includes many international agreements, and specialized institutions such as the UNHCR deal with refugees. The law also seeks to address issues that affect the increase in the number of refugees in the international community, such as urging the establishment of democratic institutions and fighting discrimination, terrorism, poverty and unemployment. Views on the right of asylum differ in international human rights law, international humanitarian law and Islamic law.

The international community's interest in the seriousness of environmental pollution emerged late, after finding itself besieged by pollution from all directions. Consequently, it began organizing conferences, and seminars, and signing numerous agreements to reach solutions and treatments for this problem. This is exemplified by the Stockholm Conference, Earth Summit, and other conferences. This environmental protection concern led to the establishment of international legal frameworks that focus on environmental protection, determining international responsibility for environmental issues and their impact on other countries. It emphasizes the importance of adhering to international law and rectifying the damages caused to the affected country as a result of environmental pollution, which exposes the lives and interests of its citizens to danger

The changing nature of contracting methods and the emergence of contemporary technology, in addition to the existence of legal principles such as the contractual freedom principle. Which is the foundation and pillar upon which the civil legal entity is constructed, aided in the development of legal facts inside the behaviour of individuals in their efforts to meet recurrent requirements. Among these occurrences is the reincarnation of the electronic offer. When the offer is presented via worldwide information networks and within a specific scope, the offeror may modify the offer in its whole, the sort of offer, its dimensions, and its price. Or it may intend a minor alteration. (modification in the type, shape, and dimensions of the display). Or, this change or modification may be made by the party to whom this offer or offer is directed for any reason with the approval of the offeror, in which case the offeror's legal standing changes and the first party becomes the accepting party. Individuals' needs are met through a combination of factors, such as taking into account the nature of interactions and simplifying treatments. In addition to the concept of speed in electronic transactions, other grounds include changes in prices and services, variations in the market, and other factors. Thus, these events occur in an electronic world that employs modern electronic technologies. The most major of these is the Internet, which has considerably aided in getting non-traditional contracts despite the geographical distance between the parties seeking to attain and meet their requirements that can be met with such contracts. Thus, these concerns have had a substantial impact on the nature of the consent element in this type of contract (offer and acceptance) in electronic transactions. Since its parties do not have an actual presence at a single meeting during the session, it convenes without their attendance. Therefore, one person is at a different location than the other, they are divided by geographical boundaries, and there may be a difference in legislation and language between them.

The Iraqi legislator has sought to regulate the work of universities in a way that guarantees the rights and duties of faculty members to achieve development in the scientific field. The focus on faculty members began in the nineteenth century due to the need for academic preparation to keep up with developments in scientific and educational fields. Most countries seek to issue laws that regulate the work of the public sector, including the rights and duties of public employees, but the legislator goes further by issuing special laws that regulate certain jobs, such as faculty members, who have unique characteristics due to their academic work, which plays an important and effective role in the educational process and community development. However, the current University Service Law No. 23 of 2008 and the Work Structure Instructions for Faculty Members No. 72 of 1993, as amended, have neglected to regulate the disciplinary and criminal aspects to provide effective legal protection for faculty members. Instead, these laws refer to general laws regarding this matter, which is a legislative shortcoming that needs to be addressed. The Iraqi legislator is urged to address this issue and regulate the legal protection provisions for this important group, similar to some other groups that have special laws to protect them, such as the Protection of Doctors Law No. 26 of 2013, the Rights of Journalists Law No. 21 of 2011, and the Protection of Teachers, Instructors, and Supervisors Law No. 8 of 2018. It is worth noting that the term "University Service Employee" was used for faculty members in Iraq in the University Service Law No. 23 of 2008, while the term "Faculty Member" was used in the Work Structure Instructions for Faculty Members referred to above, unlike legislation in other countries such as Egypt, Algeria, and Jordan, which used the term "Faculty Member". Therefore, both terms were used in this study according to the context.

Judiciary decisions are one of the most important executive instruments; on one hand, they are one of the most common instruments in practical life. On the other hand, they are considered the most assertive instruments because of the existence of the right in such a way that they are worthy of the legislator's executive protection. At the same time, however, the legislator does not give executive protection to all judgments of the courts, but confines to certain judgments in which specific conditions are available. The need to obligatory execution appears in the peremptory provisions of the case which include the obligation of a litigant (convicted) to perform a particular object to the other adversary. While the judgments in which there is no element of obligation issued in the subject of the case may be utilized without the need to use coercive force. The acquisition of executive force by the judgment is not considered everlasting. There are cases provided for in the enforcement act that result in the loss of the judgment's executive power

The present paper deals with the police power to stop persons under criminal legislations. A police officer & members of law enforcement officials have powers to stop and question anyone in the street or public places. This research showed that Using the power to stop by mentioned authorities can only apply when there is a belief on reasonable grounds that a stopped person acting suspiciously or there are reliable information, facts to suspect that person has committed a crime. It has been shown that the enforcement of such authority should be for the purpose of combating crimes and to maintain public interest. What follows is that the police officer while conducting power to stop persons should use special criminal procedural measures with respecting fundamental liberties & legal rights of individuals. The paper has been divided into sections. Finally, it has been concluded that the special procedures should be flowed during conducting police power to arrest with respecting the right and liberties of individuals and guarantees of the right to personal privacy.

Given the world's exposure to a large number of economic crises during the current period, especially the poor countries, including Iraq, and in the light of mass media's interest in the immediate coverage of these events, thinking and worrying about the future has become a preoccupation of public mind and control people`s thinking . Hence, over-thinking and anxiety about the future have become predominant features of various societies and peoples that endeavor to find a place for themselves on the global map. The problem of the current study and its objectives are crystallized in the main question: What is the relationship between the exposure of the Iraqi public to the news of economic crises through social media and the characteristics of anxiety about the future in them ?
Studying the effects of economic crises` news through the new mass media, with the significance of their role at the present time, is important. The present research is a temporary study, as it investigates the relationship between the news of economic crises in social media and the level of anxiety towards the future. The study aims to identify the nature and patterns of exposure to news of economic crises on social media, and the levels of anxiety among Iraqis about these crises. The most important results of the study include the following: use of social media saw an increase by up to 90% between permanent and medium follow-up, and among the most important topics of the economic crises are oil prices, approving the budget, the formation of the government, and waste of public money.

The aim of the research is to identify the level of unconditional self-acceptance and emotional management and their relationship to straight thinking among students of the College of Basic Education, University of Kufa, as well as statistically significant differences according to gender (male-female) and the four academic levels. The unconditional self-acceptance scale was used in its final form (17) items, the emotional management scale in its final form (11), and the straight thinking scale was used as an ending item (12) items. The results showed that students of the Arabic language department enjoyed unconditional self-acceptance in a positive way. And there is an effect of the gender variable and unconditional self-acceptance in favor of female students. There is an effect of the variable of the academic stage and unconditional self-acceptance in favor of the second stage. There is an interaction between gender and the school stage regarding unconditional self-acceptance. The existence of positive emotions management for Arabic language students from the College of Basic Education. There is an impact of the gender variable and the management of emotions for the benefit of male students. There is an effect of the variable of the school stage and the management of emotions in the four academic stages in favor of the second stage. There is an interaction between gender and the school stage with regard to managing emotions. There is an effect of the gender variable and straight thinking in favor of male students. There is an effect of the variable of the study stage and straight thinking in the four academic stages in favor of the second stage. There is an interaction between gender and the school stage with regard to straight thinking. And that male and female students, despite all the challenges of different situations, have a logical relationship between the three variables, that is, the higher their self-acceptance, the higher the rate of managing their emotions, and the more straight their thinking.

The current study aimed to identify the extent to which the dimensions of sustainable development are employed in the Iraqi Ministry of Education from the point of view of its advanced cadres, The study population consisted of advanced cadres in the Ministry of Education, and a sample of (37) advanced cadres was selected in the directorates of Babel and Al-Qadisiyah Education,The social dimension came in a high degree with a mean of (3.57), followed by the environmental dimension with a medium degree with a mean of (3.38), then the human dimension with a mean of (3.36), the technological dimension with a mean of (3.35), and in the last place the economic dimension with a mean of (3.27). This result was explained by the fact that the Ministry of Education focused in its curricula on encouraging collective and cooperative work, exchanging dialogue, respecting the other opinion, respecting the rights of others, and appreciating love and brotherhood. renewable.

The current paper aims at the following: Building an educational program depends on Science Fiction. Knowing the effectiveness of educational programs based on science fiction in Developing Reading Skills for Fifth Primary Pupils. To achieve the research aims, the researcher follows Descriptive procedures in establishing the program and the experimental method procedures. The researcher has prepared an educational program that includes educational aims in light of the reading subjects determined for the pupils of the fifth primary class and its teaching method, as well as appropriate strategies and accompanying activities, educational aids, and assessment tools. The researcher gets the validity of the researcher by showing his works to experts and raters. The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of the two groups with a pre and post-test to identify the effectiveness of the educational program in the development of science fiction. The researcher chose a random way, section B to represent the controlled way and section A to represent the unexpected way. The research samples consisted of 64 primary pupils. The researcher makes a statistical equivalence between the pupils of the two groups in several variants and prepared a tool to measure the dependent variables tested for reading skills. The experiment lasted for a whole semester. The researcher used several statistical methods to analyze the findings of the study. After analyzing the results statistically, the researcher has got a set of conclusions and recommended a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The study sought to know the measurement of a comparative study in Retrospective Memory for high-low academic achievement among outstanding students in the Faculties of Education for Human Sciences and Pure for Specializations (Human and Scientific) University of Karbala. The researcher used a tool to measure retrospective memory. The researcher built the scale and in the light of it prepared (25) items in their final form. And after applying the research tools and analyzing the results, the results of the research came as follows: Students do not fail in the retrospective memory of those with high academic achievement - low among outstanding students in the College of Education, University of Karbala, but rather remind it of all its details. There are statistically significant differences in the retrospective memory of high-low academic achievement according to gender in favor of students. There are statistically significant differences in the retrospective memory of high-low academic achievement according to specialization in favor of humanism, and there is no interaction in gender, specialization and academic level between them. There is a correlation between retrospective memory and degrees of academic achievement in each of the variables of specialization (scientific, human), gender (student, female student) and academic level (outstanding, high-low in academic achievement) and differences in the strength of correlation.

Training programs are one of the most important means followed by most universities in all parts of the world because of their primary and major role in developing the abilities and skills of their affiliates, especially professors. Sometimes the institution may fail to make appropriate plans for this program, resulting in its failure. The existence of training programs is a key factor that plays a role in the development of the capacity of a university professor. Today, in light of the recent development of human society, especially in the field of communication technologies, the state must work to develop human resources.

The research dealt with conceptual art as an introduction to the production of Saudi artefacts using acrylic material. It contained four chapters. The first chapter dealt with the methodological framework that includes the research problem, which is determined by the following question: What is the possibility of benefiting from conceptual art as an input for the production of Saudi artefacts using acrylic material? The chapter also contained the importance and hypothesis of the research, its questions, and its objectives. As for the second chapter, it includes the theoretical framework, and it came in two sections, the first on conceptual art, and the second on Saudi artifacts. As for the third chapter, it included the research procedures, as it followed the descriptive, analytical, and experimental method. As for the fourth chapter, it includes the results, the most important of which is that conceptual art is a source of plastic creativity that can be used to show the aesthetics of Saudi heritage. It also includes conclusions, the most important of which is the possibility of embodying contemporary Saudi artifacts with their plastic values, intellectual and social contents of pride and pride in the Saudi identity. In addition to having recommendations and proposals.

The aesthetics of the animal form in Islamic sculpture from the Fatimid era are the focus of the work that is being done right now. The sculptural forms that were influenced by religious thought directly reflected the production of Islamic sculpture. Islamic sculpture originated from the aesthetics of some animal shapes that were implemented in Islamic ceramics in a distinctive style. This demonstrates the inventiveness of the Muslim artist. The findings of the study demonstrate the existence of the imagination of the Muslim artist through the manipulation of the lexicon of nature. These findings are founded on intellectual and ideological viewpoints, as well as a cultural legacy, as well as suggestions, and recommendations.

The text explores the impact of social factors on writers and their literary works, emphasizing how writers' thoughts and emotions are significantly influenced by their social surroundings. The research is divided into two sections. The first section focuses on the social approach, which analyzes literary texts by examining their depiction of social reality. It provides a brief overview of the historical development of this approach and acknowledges criticisms regarding its limited focus on social factors. The second section delves into five dimensions of societal influence on writers. The philosophical dimension highlights the importance of social foundations and systems in governing society, shaping writers' perspectives. The religious dimension emphasizes the role of religion in maintaining social cohesion and values. The Marxist dimension addresses class conflicts, advocating for justice and addressing the oppression faced by the working class. Lastly, the logical dimension connects a successful society to a strong state, recognizing society as the foundation of the state. In conclusion, the research emphasizes the social approach's belief that society serves as the primary driving force behind literary works. It highlights the interconnectedness between writers and their social environment, illustrating how societal dynamics shape their creative output. The text explores various dimensions of societal influence on writers, including the philosophical, religious, Marxist, and logical aspects. Overall, it underscores the intricate interplay between writers and society, examining how societal factors impact their literary creations.

The probability is considered one of the grammatical cases in all languages of the world. Expressions of probability in Spanish language are expressed by various structures, expressions and some verb tenses. By this study explains the grammatical cases, the verbal periphrases, the impersonal expressions, the future tenses (simple and perfect) and the conditional mode of probability in Spanish language .We have explains these cases in detail with examples that have extracted from various spanish grammar books .The specific objective of this study is to know the resources and constructions of probability in Spanish language and their translation in Arabic language.

The design of Contemporary theaters are very vital in simulating the producer vision, decorative design, play text, and viewers.
Most of contemporary theaters designers in Kurdistan Region and Iraq in general have no clear understanding to the modern theatrical decorative design. In this paper, the authors highlighted the different types of schools of arts and its influence on the theatrical decorative design.
The research approach used analytical descriptive method to fulfill the outcomes of the research. The authors investigated the different theatrical design in KGR and Iraq; those designs are not related to any schools of decorative theatrical design. The research introduced clear comparison between different schools of theatrical decorative design in the implementation of colors, unit’s distribution on the stage, play text, producer vision.
The outcome of the research is to uncover the theoretical and practical aspects of schools of arts which is implemented the theatrical decorative design. This work can benefit researchers, students, academics and theatrical designers regionally and globally.

Eight centuries of Arab, presence in Spain left clear and influential effects in various fields, especially in the field of language in general and the lexical field in particular. The purpose of this research is to study the toponymy (place names), such as: villages, tribe names, mountains and rivers in Spain with Arabic roots, to know the origin of names and their meaning in their case within the semantic lexical field, according to their classifications, functions and interpretations.

This paper studies solidarity through thematic analysis within the positive framework of discourse analysis. Despite the fact that there are countless traces of solidarity in Prophet Muhammad's (Peace Be Upon Him and His Family) tradition, the author discovers a severe deficiency in researches investigating Prophet Muhammad's safe conducts in the field of positive discourse analysis. In this line, it is decided to scrutinize solidarity in Prophet Muhammad's safe conduct to non-muslims. Firstly, a brief introduction that embraces the question, the aim and the hypothesis understudy is engaged. Secondly, positive discourse analysis is introduced. Thirdly, the concept of solidarity and the criteria of thematic analysis are conducted and then the qualitative thematic analysis is followed by the quantitative inspection. Finally, results that signify traces of solidarity in the discourse understudy are qualitatively illustrated and quantitatively presented. Table. 1. demonstrates statistical results more evidently.

The article reflects one of the most important and acute problems of mankind at all times, which are expressed in the manifestation of vices, such as cowardice, meanness, hypocrisy, lies, betrayal, greed, etc. A feature of the expression of human nature is the presence of a duality of categories, special attention is paid to the fact that each person decides for himself which path to take, the path of honesty or the path of lies. On the example of the perfect deeds of the heroes of the novel, the article provides examples of the expression of these very vices of human nature in all its glory. It is interesting to reflect the theme of the depravity of society in a satirical manner of presenting the novel. Human society appears before us as mired in vices, doomed society, the only way to redeem which is only the application of punishment.

Trauma is a popular term in modernist literature. The term is used along with psycho-analytical perspective. It means that a person is exposed to a psychological harm due to emotional reaction to a terrible situation. The current research is an attempt to scrutinize the concept of trauma in Golding’s Lord of Flies. It endeavors to give an insight about character’s trauma in the aftermath of a Great World War II and how they react towards the world around them. It clarifies how the Great War creates a painful effect on the characters’ psyche. The paper consists of four sections. The first is an introduction about the novella elaborating its main idea. The second section discusses the concept of trauma from non-traditional psychological perspective and its impact on man’s behavior. The third section concerns with the analysis of various events and characters from psycho-analytical dimensions. Finally, the fourth section encapsulates the main points of the paper and recommendations of the further studies.

Literature encompasses a wide range of genres, and fairy tales hold a significant position, particularly in children's literature, as they serve as an important avenue for children to explore and familiarize themselves with the English language and culture. Anne Sexton, a renowned writer known for her introspective style, has been a subject of both acclaim and controversy. However, Sexton's poetry is deeply influenced by European culture, especially the realm of fairy tales, where she undertakes the task of reimagining well-known tales with a specific emphasis on female protagonists. This article employs a methodological approach to examine Sexton's reinterpretation of these canonical narratives, providing valuable insights into the genre itself. Sexton's collection, "Transformations," serves as a valuable resource for understanding the fairy tale genre. According to Jack Zipes, a prominent scholar in fairy tale studies, fairy tales are fictional narratives that convey moral lessons and aid in language acquisition among children. It is essential to adapt fairy tales to suit the needs of children, as they contribute to enhancing their communication skills. However, when poetry, character development, and reality intersect, a captivating juxtaposition emerges. Sexton's pessimistic perspective alters the emotional landscape of the tales, thereby transforming the moral messages conveyed in her poems. Consequently, this adaptation brings to the forefront the clash between traditional, male-centric beliefs and feminism. To provide a comprehensive assessment of the issues under scrutiny, this study thoroughly examines and analyzes the recurring tales, their archetypal elements, specific structures employed in the poems, the portrayal of fictional characters, references to folklore, and characteristic attributes present in Sexton's works. By delving into these aspects, we gain a deeper understanding of the thematic and stylistic choices made by Sexton and their implications in the context of the fairy tale genre.

Friendly guide, a guide based on proof of truth, by inference the same right to self-right, and not something else on the right, and by appealing to the concept of the word friend back allows this guide is among the the friendly friendly benefit of this method when you want to infer the existence of God, and that this evidence is more proofs of the well-established as well as the tidy, and this is the way to the right is special we have a friendly peace be upon him, and as for the teachers of the

This thesis discusses thorny issues, especially existence, essence, and reason for philosophers and theologians. It searches for existence, its meanings, and the doctrines of philosophers and theologians about them with a new approach.
In it is a statement of matter between philosophers and theologians in terms of antiquity and occurrence, and then the denunciation of the eternity of matter in an easy scientific manner. And inferring the specificity of the existence of God Almighty so that it does not accept the mental structure, let alone the external structure. Reconciliation between the sects by restricting the release of their words, so as to reduce the chasm of disagreement. Then you search for essence and that it has two meanings, between philosophers and rationalists, and reconciliation between them.
Then it clarifies the meaning of immanence and the disagreement of some of the theologians, supporting the rule: the reliance of everything on God Almighty, starting with a new approach.

Saen al-Din ibn Turkah is considered one of the most important Muslim philosophers, divine, and mystical sages on the theoretical level. He was distinguished by the eighth and ninth centuries AH / the fourth and fifteenth centuries AD, and his books and letters testify to this fact, due to his cognitive importance in Islamic thought in general and wisdom, theology and logic in particular. He had a clear presence in the various knowledge and sciences of his time, especially the sciences of the Qur’an, interpretation, jurisprudence, philosophy, theology, logic, and so on.
The topic that I chose for the research: (Saen Al-Din bin Turkah and his Logical Opinions: A Study in the Topic of Perceptions), and it is one of the sciences that is considered a normative and mechanistic science for other sciences, as it contains various topics such as the definition of the science of logic and its topics, and the study of the topic of perceptions such as singular, compound, common and holistic Partial and definition

The current research aims to find out the extent to which science teachers in the intermediate stage possess teaching competencies and their relationship to self-learning among students for the academic year (2022-2023), which required the two researchers to build research tools after reviewing previous relevant studies, so they built a measure of teaching competencies It consists of 28 items distributed over three areas: planning, implementation, and evaluation. As for the self-learning scale, it consists of (20) items. The arithmetic mean of science teachers is (93.43) and the standard deviation is (33.10), while the hypothetical mean was (84). When comparing the arithmetic mean of the research sample with the hypothetical mean of the scale and using the t-test, it appeared that the calculated t-value was (2.19), which is greater of the tabular value (1.67), and this result indicates that it is statistically significant at the level of significance (0.05), as well as the presence of statistically significant differences according to the teaching competencies at the level of significance (0.05) in the gender variable (male, female) and in favor of teachers The arithmetic mean of science teachers appeared (103.00), while for female teachers it was (83.87), and among the results of the research also the middle school students’ possession of self-learning, as the arithmetic mean of middle school students was (35.5) and the standard deviation was (11). While the hypothetical mean was (40), and when comparing the arithmetic mean of the research sample with the hypothetical mean of the scale and using the t-test, it appeared that the calculated t-value was (3.01), which is greater than the tabular value (1.67), and this result indicates that it is statistically significant at the level of Significance (0.05), as well as there are statistically significant differences according to self-learning and in favor of the students, as the arithmetic average of the students reached (40.33), while the correlation that the science teachers possess for the intermediate stage and self-learning among the students was good and direct, as the arithmetic average of the teaching competencies reached (33.10), while the arithmetic mean for self-learning was (11.49), meaning that the higher the teachers' teaching competencies, the greater the students' motivation for self-learning. In light of this, the two researchers recommended paying attention to model teachers and creating a program for exchanging experiences between typical and regular schools from time to time, and using modern teaching aids that help students to self-learning, giving homework, and urging students to use the Internet to increase their information.

Climate plays a significant role in the selection of tourist destinations as a fundamental factor influencing the tourism industry, which is a rapidly growing international sector with a substantial impact on attracting tourists. This research aims to identify the varieties of tourist climate comfort in the four theoretical seasons in the Dohuk and Basra governorates, both of which are tourism-friendly provinces in Iraq, using the Tourist Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), a widely accepted measure globally. The investigation results reveal spatial and temporal variations in tourist comfort conditions. In the winter season, characterized by December, January, and February, which are the coldest months, the categories of "unacceptable cold" and "very cold" were predominant in the Dohuk governorate and the Zako climatic station. In the Basra governorate, the category of "unacceptable cold" appeared in the Basra station. During the moderate spring season, represented by March, April, and May, with gradually increasing temperatures, the four categories ("very cold, unacceptable," "cold, unacceptable," "moderately suitable, and "suitably acceptable") were recorded at the Zako station in Dohuk governorate. However, the frequencies of the categories varied in Basra governorate, with the categories of "cold, unacceptable," "moderately suitable," "suitably acceptable," and "hot, unacceptable. The summer season, characterized by the hottest months of June, July, and August, exhibited frequencies of the categories "hot, unacceptable," and "very hot" in Dohuk governorate, while in Basra governorate, different categories were observed. The transitional months of the moderate autumn season, represented by September, October, and November, showed four categories in the Dohuk governorate ("hot, unacceptable," "moderately suitable," "suitably acceptable," and "cold, unacceptable"). In Basra governorate, the categories varied between "acceptable" and "unacceptable" for tourism activities, with frequencies of "suitably acceptable," "very hot, unacceptable," "hot, unacceptable," and "cold, unacceptable."

"Passing" is the most controversial film adaptation by Rebecca Hall (2021) of Nella Larsen's novella (1929) with the same title. The winner of (2022) "Independent Spirit Award" for "Best Cinematography" has achieved unexpected success though it has been produced in black and white. Hence, this article aims to investigate the secret of this success exploring the phenomenon of passing and the color-line problem; their racist implications ,and camouflaged types. The misunderstanding of the African-American identity and their Double conscious diagnosed by Du Boi has developed different and contrasting shades of inner and outer social conflict in the USA in terms of black and white, submission and rejection, self-satisfaction and self-hatred, staying and passing. The importance of this article then lies in recalling the color-line problem as the main problem of the 20th century which unfortunately seemed to be unsolved in the 21st century through Larsen's literary impressionistic vision and Hall's impressionistic cinematography treatment. Therefore, the researcher has traced the literary impressionist techniques in both Larsen's novella and Hall's film adaptation to expose some personal, social, racial, and political viewpoints that reflect two different generations' visions. Finally, the conclusion has asserted that the color-line problem is ongoing and that the fair fight against racial injustice will not come to an end unless having all these segregation walls demolished inwardly and outwardly.

Conversational explicature is considered as one of the essential ways of communication. It refers to the way in which everything is made explicit and obvious in the speech and nothing is left to the imagination. However, the purpose of this study is to determine how conversational explicature is recognised and produced by university students. The data is collected using two different forms of multiple-choice discourse completion tasks, and the results are analysed using a method of quantitative analysis. 100 male and female students from Wasit University's English department at College of Education for Humanities made up the study's sample. The test has been carried out on March 30, 2022. It has been found that university students are able to recognise and produce conversational explicature so the study's objectives are accomplished. University students exhibit a discernible aptitude for recognising and creating conversational explicature, according to the study's findings.

The constitutional judiciary is one of the most important cornerstones of the legal state and its most important one, and it is the bulwark in which rights and freedoms seek refuge. Legislative omission from our point of view may destroy constitutional rights and freedoms, as it represents the deficiency that affects the law legislated on purpose or negligence from the legislative authority.

This research addresses the issue of the concept known as "Al-Khafd Alal Jawar" in the works of grammarians. The term "Al-Jarru 'ala Al-Mujawarah" refers to the grammatical phenomenon of a delayed movement of a word following a preceding word due to adjacency. The research discusses this phenomenon through the following aspects: conditions and criteria for "Al-Khafd Alal Jawar," variations among grammarians regarding "Al-Khafd Alal Jawar," and its occurrence in the Holy Quran. The research concludes with an analysis to determine the cause of this phenomenon. It finds that it is purely a phonetic reason, as language naturally tends to favor ease and simplicity. Therefore, words are influenced by each other due to adjacency, merely based on the pleasantness of their pronunciation without necessarily being semantically related. Arabic speakers, like any speaker, blend their thoughts with their speech and go with the flow at the speed allowed by their linguistic proficiency. Sounds, including movements, differ in intensity, and a weak sound can be influenced by an easier and smoother sound that follows, whether it is in immediate or non-immediate adjacency.