Journal Of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies

The evidence of the Quran has a significant role important to know the meaning of the word to be interpreted, this vision optic (The Real) don't understand the decision with vision and a heart for example; when you say (See Muhammad), and(I saw God bigger everything) find that coordinating semantic between the two are very different, the one but the teacher had changed because of the non logical and reasonable that God sees, so the issue here is the vision of heart for the council, has been speaking at other times to the installation of any overvalued (red), At the same time, man has a conscience through which he understands the rightness of the Bari, and this is what I meant by formats of the verb (saw) In the Qur'an, On the other hand, you find that the verb in its pure form is three-weight, it is one of the characters (the mirror, the land-based hum, and the cabin wrap), And it is constant and does not change, but the nature of the sentence in terms of its grammatical composition changes the meaning of the act, You can find synonyms of the verb "saw" in Arabic, which are many such as "look" and " He screamed. " and "Sight" and "conscious", "learned", " He's been in love.", "moment" and "glimpse", And many other acts of synonym, but they pour into the same connotation, one of which may indicate the meaning of the other from the face, On the other hand, Arabic is a beautiful language with meanings, synonyms and opposites, and its beauty often lies in eloquence, eloquence and semantics, That's why you find that the act (saw) and other actions have many implications that change according to the context, Or the reality of the situation that his friend is going through, or the time when people live, And that's what I stood for and made it look like a search with this name.

This Research aims to display the role of Napoleon Bonaparte in the East in general and Palestine in especially through his Campaigns on Egypt and Palestine ,Which had a great impact in the History of the Middle East and the beginning of Modern European Colonialism in the wake of industrial development in Europe. Most Research focused on the role of Britain in the establishment of a national homeland for Jews in Palestine ,Which was called for by the British Foreign Ministry Arthur Balfour in 1917,but Napoleon put this idea using the national phenomenon and the assembly of the Jews in national homeland for them to the dimension of France in particular and western Europe in general and benefit from them in his struggle with Britain. The research dealt with the idea of Napoleon to create a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine and the reasons that led his to go to the east and the stages that passed the campaign on Acre and how to siege them ,but failed to achieve its objectives because of the presence of British fleet which helped the governor of Acre Ahmed pasha Al-jazzars in front of him as well as the Ottoman fleet headed from Istanbul to Egypt as well as plague disease, which hit the army, forcing him to return to Egypt and then decide to return to France.

One of the reasons for the political fluctuation and economic instability in Brazil is the conflict between the political parties, which was based on the narrow goals of those parties, as it did not set its sights on working for the development of the country and its economic advancement, especially since Brazil has tremendous economic potential and is therefore able to become one One of the largest countries economically, as those parties preferred to keep the political and economic decision weak and volatile in order to impose their partisan wills and work to take full advantage of the situation in their favor. These political parties, and what made the situation worse is the interference of the military leaders in the executive branch and the lack of the executive authority having a clear vision to get out of the economic crisis. The position of the United States of America regarding the Brazilian coffee exports was negative, as it removed economic support from coffee exports, as it is one of the main importers thereof, because the political decision in Brazil was not clear and supportive of the American plans regarding the containment of communists in the Latin continent, and the American administration may have waited What will be produced by the upcoming presidential elections in Brazil, so that it can know who is dealing with and what are the government's serious decisions and its vision for the future of US-Brazilian relations. The presidential elections have now resulted in the victory of Joselinho Kopchik as President of the Brazilian Republic for the Democratic Party and Joao Goulart as his deputy for the Brazilian Labor Party. The Supreme Electoral Court to challenge the election results, but the court dismissed the case on the pretext of the legitimacy of the results, which led the party to political and popular pressure to destabilize the political, and was represented by the emergence of military and popular rebellions against the Kubchik government later.

The great victories achieved by the Japanese army in the Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895), the capture of Korea from China, as well as their victory in the war against Russia(1904-1905), had the great impetus for Japan to pursue an expansionist policy, expanding its political and military influence in Asia to preserve its interests and get rid of Western influence, After the end of the First World War in1918AD, Japan emerged as a powerful colonial power seeking to extend its influence in the region, especially after the increase in American and European influence in Southeast Asia and China, and the pressure on the Tokyo government increased from the military (hard-line nationalists) who came to power in1931, demanding expansion Towards China to achieve their expansion goals, expel those forces from the region and implement its colonial project "Asia for Asians" under its leadership. Japan began looking for an excuse for expansion. When an explosion occurred at the Marco Polo Bridge 7July1937, it took appropriate opportunity to occupy China it prepared its forces and attacked Beijing and Tianjin in late July. Then it soon expanded its attack, occupying Taiyuan and Shanghai and controlling Nanjing, the capital of China, after a massacre, known as the Nanking Massacre, then occupied the city of Suzhou, which oversees the regions of central China1938, then attacked Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province in central China, which is an economic, commercial and tourism city, and thus Japan ended the first phase of the war by controlling regions Wide in north and central China, which constitutes42% of its territory, and thus threatened the American and European presence who failed to end the war between the two countries.

The Urban manifestations can be considered as an art which reflects a clear image about what the Arabs have built leaving a great traces behind them in Andalucía .The luxurious life and the economic blossoming was the result of the state's activity which survives her as a genual and a well-established civilization till the present day . What makes the flourish became a little more easier was the appearance of the great cities such as Cordoba , Seville , Grenade , Toledo and others which become an important centers for the Islamic civilization . The Andalucian construction deserves to be studies and to be cared about because of its materialistic ruins which witness , through the passing days ,what has the Islamic civilization achieved in Spain and how it exceed the European civilization in the Middle Ages.In the Islamic era, Andalusia had a number of architectural achievements, as these buildings were distinguished by their simplicity and beauty. The buildings, mosques, light, palaces, and baths, religious and civil architecture tends to manifestations of luxury, durability and beauty, such as the Great Mosque in Cordoba and the Mosque of Granada. The Art is the decorative style heavy with decorations, deaconesses and lunar assemblies, the Europeans, especially the Spanish, French and Italians, were influenced by the art of Andalusian architecture through the construction of arches and ornaments and mastery of its architecture, and they tried to preserve the Andalusian character, and then add European artistic fingerprints to these buildings, to become a mixture between two different times pure Arab art And pure European art, which is tilted from it in the walls of Seville, when Alfonso A. For the tenth.

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of all creatures, Abi Al-Qasim Muhammad (PBUH), and on his good and pure house. The topic of Hajj is one of the important topics in Islamic history because it is a rite required by the command of Allah Almighty and with clear confirmation in most of the Quranic verses as well as the noble prophetic traditions that dealt with this ritual in detail. However, this ritual is one of the most important religious duties imposed by God on Muslims Under special conditions.Hajj is the legislation of God is not free legislation of the rule and the objectives and benefits of the whole is a forum for all peoples and tribes in all forms and colors and worship without distinction between one sect or another. Where God Almighty said: "And the people in the Hajj, they will bring you men, and to every man who comes from every deep abyss, 27 to witness the benefits of them ..." (1)Moreover, the Hajj is not only an act of worship, but also the most important of the divine rituals which God has bestowed upon the Islamic nation, especially among other nations. The people of the House (peace be upon them) have an important role in urging Hajj and establishing its legislation and laws to their supporters until they reach People regularly. However, the interest was not only in the religious aspect but also in the political aspect because the Islamic nation was subjected to constant threats threatening its people. It was the duty of the people of the House of Peace to address this task by employing the Hajj season politically, economically and socially.The school of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) was distinguished in its view of Hajj and its rituals with advantages that gave the Hajj a special guarantee and a distinctive form that emphasizes the extent of the political and moral dimension of their pilgrimage to others. According to these data, it was with the help of God to choose the subject to show the impact of jihad and worship of the people of the House of peace be upon them to employ this rite. The research section is divided into three sections with the preamble, including the preamble: the employment of Hajj at the time of the Prophet (pbuh) to spread the provisions of his religion in the era of Makkah, and we dealt in the first topic: the association of the imams peace be upon them pilgrimage and urging it. The third topic included the employment of imams for the Hajj in reporting political positions.Finally, I hope from God Almighty that I have accomplished this study, so it is better than Allaah and if I sin, I will be diligent in that. It is God's success.

The study of international political relations between Prussia and Denmark in the period between 1815 and 1866 is one of the most important studies in the history of international relations as it sheds light on the relations between Prussia and Denmark in political terms. These relations have two types: the first is a cooperative pattern of alliances and political ties , And the second pattern is A conflict style based on motives and determinants such as Power, influence and interest. The study showed the increase in the intensity of conflicts between Prussia and Denmark from 1815 to 1865 due to the different interests and political goals that each country aspired to achieve. Denmark made every effort to annex Schleswig and Holstein to its territory, noting that Holstein was a member of the German Federation according to the decisions of the Vienna Conference in 1815, while Schleswig As for Prussia, it has devoted all its endeavors to include these two dukes in the motherland (Germany), especially after the German Dukaten demanded separation from Denmark and joining their brothers in the German states. Prussian-Danish political relations, and fueling nationalism among the free German nationalists who raised the slogan that the German states would become strong with Prussian leadership and achieve their freedom and political independence. The research revealed that Prussia pursued a dual policy according to its first political interests: the use of force and the sweep of the territories of the Dukes in 1848, which led to the tension of Prussian-Danish relations, and because of the European countries' opposition to this sweeping, another policy was adopted in concluding a peace treaty and providing the German Confederation with assistance in restoring security in Schleswig and Holstein, which led to the strengthening of Prussian-Danish political relations on the one hand and angered the Germans in the Duketin, who accused the Prussians of betrayal and lack of loyalty to German patriotism on the other hand. The study showed that Denmark did not abide by its promises made in the Treaty of London in 1852, which was one of the most important results of the first Schleswig war, which stipulated that the two duchies would remain united and maintain their constitution, and that the two duchies would not join Denmark, in addition to the pledge of the king of Denmark to equality for the Germans and the Danes in the duchies, but the king of Denmark He ratified a new constitution for his country in 1854 according to which the Duchy of Schleswig was separated from Holstein and merged with his state, and this contradicts the provisions of that treaty, which led to the tension of Prussian-Danish political relations and the outbreak of the Second Schleswig War in 1864 between the dual Prussian and Austrian forces and the Danish forces. The study showed how Prussian politicians practiced skilled diplomacy in gaining time to increase the political and military power of Prussia, and to arm its army with modern weapons, and to continue wars to weaken Denmark and wrest the duchies from Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, and strengthen its political relations with Austria and Russia, and it became clear that the hereditary law in Denmark was a bitter struggle, It led to the tension of Prussian-Danish political relations, and the interest in Russia did not stem from a vacuum, but rather from the geographical location of the Prussian state, where it is surrounded by several countries, and that the possibility of fighting Prussia on several fronts is possible simultaneously, hence the importance of strengthening Prussian-Austrian relations First, to get rid of one enemy, Denmark, instead of the war against two enemies, and the second Schleswig War was fought in 1864, which resulted in the defeat of the Danish forces and the victory of the Prussian-Austrian forces, and the duchies became jointly administered by Prussia and Austria within the Gastein Settlement on the fourteenth of August 1865, and thus this agreement ended relations Prussian-Danish politics, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the joint administration of these duchies led to tension in Prussian political relations. - The Austrian, so Prussia completed its unitary project by removing Austria from control of the duchies, and in order to fight the battle of Sado in 1866 against it, it ended with the defeat of Austria and the annexation of the duchies to the German states, thus achieving Prussia the unity of the northern German lands.

This research is characterized by: (juhud almustashriqin fi dirasat alqra'at waeulumiha). It aims to reveal the efforts of orientalists in the service of the science of readings, its writings and subjects, and it consisted of an introduction and two major articles and proven sources and references.The first topic deals with: the most famous Orientalist scholars who meant this science. The second topic also dealt with: the most famous books and topics that they referred to in the readings and their sciences, then the researcher concluded in the conclusion to mention the most important results, most notably:1. That the Orientalists took great care in achieving the books of the Qur'anic heritage and its topics; Rather, they achieved the nations of the books of recitations, drawing, stopping, starting and translating, and they had a head start in directing them and researchers' use of them for years.2. That the most prominent issues they dealt with: collection and writing of the Qur’an, choice, the development of the science of readings and authorship in it, the authenticity of the isnad, and the authenticity of the hadiths narrated in describing the first incidents and facts.The flags of orientalists in this field are four in number: Gold Seeher, Noldka, Arthur Geoffrey, and Bergstrasser. Also, the most famous oriental school in the science of reading is the German School

Scholars of the Arabic language paid a great interest on meaning and an example of that they have expanded, so they took on the meanings of some words when referring to texts that violate grammatical rules. The form of the word is indicated in its meaning when it agrees with the rules of Arabic speech. If it is contrary to it, the speech will be confusing like making masculine as feminine and vice versa and the portrayal of the meaning of the one in the plural. If I want to reveal the meaning and push the confusion we should take the speech on the meaning of the utterance without the meaning . Carrying of the meaning in its various kinds _ carrying on the meaning, and carrying on the word, and carrying on the neighborhood and carrying on the counterpart to the other _ is a color of the measurement of any measurement of the order on the order and load one of the rule of the other.bearing some of the words in its conjugation rules of the literal provisions of other words because they contradict in the meaning and contrast carries the opposite, as the counterpart bears on his counterpart as a hungry on the full and thirst on chubby and so on.The opposite is the negative and positive of the word of another term that corresponds to the meaning not the origin where one of them contradicts the meaning of the other.Which called for the selection of this research that this subject studied of grammartically and they began to study it of morphologically to reveal the merits of this type of morphological measurement. The search results for the most important that the morphologists left the measurement in death accept exchange of vowels.The paper is divided into six sections:The first section carrying the correction of (muwtan)on (Heiwan)The second section carrying the feminine form of some words on its opposites.The third section: carrying minimize on the irregular plural.The fourth section : carrying (skinny ) on ( fat)The fifth section : carrying (vac ) on( industry )The sixth section : carrying some forms on their opposites.

This study is entitled: (Achieving the Eloquence of Media Prose, from a Rooted Stylistic Perspective) and aims to highlight the efforts of the ancient and eloquent writers to lay down the rules of writing style for common people, to achieve eloquence, acceptance and spread, and to prove that currently so called (the language of media refers to authentic Arabic sources.The study defined the media, then showed that the Arabic language is the language of persuasion and argument, and also dealt with the instinct of the author and his culture according to what the ancient scientists as " Aaleaskari" and "Ibn Al-Atheer", and linked that to the works of contemporary authors. The paper showed the importance of language proficiency to Arab media men and the impact of that on the eloquence of media prose. The paper also showed the relationship between the author and the words and their meanings in Arabic writings, then the author's style (polite, easy and refraining) that the media man must follow, all that according to an inherent as viewed by “Al-Jahez” and IbnQutaybah “and Kafawi” and others.The most significant of the study findings that study the ancient writers established a set of rules that achieve clarity of the text and its eloquence, including rules relating to authors and others relating to written text. Among these writers: "Al-Jaheth","IbnQutaiba, Ragheb al-Isfahani, IbnFaris, , Abu Hilal al-Askari al-Sakaki and "Ibn Al-Atheer". The eloquence of media prose is to adopt a reasonable method , adhering to the integrity and eloquence of the language, as well as its ease; so it will be valid, eloquent and acceptable to readers of different classes and cultures

Scientific research is a group of steps that give research its importance and purpose in a coherent and scientific manner, meaning that each step follows the next step. And humanities have not gained their share of the scientific presence as natural sciences did, because some scholars do not like to have them participate in the natural sciences in one agreed upon approach. The curriculum is a branch of Aristotelian science that had been founded for many other sciences, and this is what made the philosophers adopt a method closer to the truth in scientific research in pursuit of the truth and the ways to reach it. The scientific method developed and became representative of different schools. The region did not like the idea of agreeing on a curriculum for sciences, and they were satisfied with studying the curricula of the scientists involved in the specialization. Thus, the task of logic is to know the points of error, and the boundaries of this sciences must be defined and its relationship with other sciences in order to take the nature of Scientific specialization. In the modern and contemporary era, there is a new vision of the curriculum that leads to the realization that one of the most important functions of the curriculum is that it plays the most prominent role in the theory of knowledge, or to reach the scientific truth, by distinguishing between true knowledge from others, so the curriculum according to the modern vision is a description or interpretation For the metaphoric method Before research as a way prevalent in various fields of science to get to the truth that the scientific research for it.

Any researcher who specializes in historical research cannot do without the official archives of the state in the event of studying any of the aspects: social, economic, political, especially since legal legislation took an important aspect of the official archive, so researchers have always been the focus of attention of researchers because this legislation is established by the highest authority in the country and can To be aware of the scale of development and the changes that the government has made at all levels.Those interested in historical research have tended in their studies towards the social aspect, which includes the aspects: education, transport, municipal and public services and these health aspects are advanced. From here comes the importance of research because the health aspect is one of the important pillars of the social conditions of any country and Iraq witnessed during the period referred to beginning Ruling came after a series of military coups to take the lead, the research section is divided into five sections:1.Laws and regulations of the Ministry of Health, began with a brief reading of the development of the Ministry of Health, its regulations and laws, and a discussion of the amendments that occurred within the study period.2.The establishment of the medical institution and included: the General Corporation for Insurance and Rural Health, Medical and Health Professions association, the City of Medicine Foundation, the General Organization for Medicines, and popular medical clinics.3.Supporting the Ministry of Health by: transferring ownership of hospitals and health centers to the Ministry of Health, expanding the powers of the Minister of Health, creating new jobs, and others.4.Health Education: Concentrated in the system issued by the Animal Health Institute issued in 1968, in addition to the decision of the Ministry of Health to open nursing courses, accept graduates in nursing schools, open middle schools, and establish nursing branches in health institutes in 1978.5.The state tried to keep pace with developments in the health sector at the global and Arab levels. The researcher relied on writing his research on the official archives of the state, which are two sections:A- Archive of the Ministry of Health.B- Official Gazette of Iraq

Our research deals with one of the most controversial literary currents in world literature, namely existential philosophy, and its relationship to literature. Through this, we show that close relationship that governs this current with literature and its entry into modern Hebrew literature by one of the most influential Israeli writers who have taken this philosophy as a banner. To him (Pinchas Sadia), and how that philosophy was reflected in the novel "Life as an example", And how it entered into modern Hebrew literature; Sadia's novel came as a validation of his outlook and a translator. Existential philosophy is based on several foundations, the most prominent of which is that a person has a free will that leads him to choose his actions, and that existence precedes what is. Death, anxiety, desire, and absurdity.The writer Pinhas Sadia's vision is characterized by absurdity and excessive pessimism, as well as his disgust with the past, and this is evident in many of his novels, and this is undoubtedly due to the failures and ups and downs that dominated Israeli society in the 1950s and 1960s. The foundations of existentialism were embodied in the novel through many questions and arguments about man and his inevitable fate, as well as the facts inherent in life in the midst of social struggles and eternal contradictions.The research concluded a set of results, including: There is a close relationship between existentialism and literature, as well as the manifestations of existentialism in the narration of life as an example such as freedom, tampering, and the relationship between life, death and others. He put it to the feeling of anxiety inherent in the existing individual, since without this anxiety a person cannot comprehend the reality of his existence. As well as some cases of alienation, which is mostly due to the social alienation suffered by Israeli society.

Our study shed light on one of the important historical literature that provided ample information about the Arab kingdoms that arose in the northern and central Arabian Peninsula, and which are in direct contact with the Byzantine Empire, so this book bore the title: (Arabs on the Borders of Byzantium), for his author Russian orientalist Nina Victorvna Begolyevskaya.This study is considered the most promising of a series of studies presented by our Orientalist, who is the subject of the study on the history of ancient Arabs, as she is one of the few Orientalists who have dealt with the study of these kingdoms. When its history is shrouded in many mysteries; Therefore, I relied in their study on the historical sources closest to the event, especially the classic books represented by: (Roman, Greek and Syriac), as these sources are an eyewitness to a set of historical events that were associated with those kingdoms in political, economic or religious aspects.Kinda was one of those kingdoms whose history is marred by many mysteries. As a result of its frequent migrations to more than one place, whether in its southern areas of residence or after its migration to the middle of the Arabian Peninsula, as well as its association with the subordination of a number of countries also in its first age, as well as its association with several tribes, and this came as a result of mixing between them through migration and housing next to them or through Intermarriage.The ambiguity increased widely in its second age, represented by its residence in the middle of the Arabian Peninsula, and we find at times it enjoys strong political relations and friendship with Byzantium, and this was evident in the visits, gifts and money that Byzantium gave to this kingdom, as well as political titles, and at other times it tends to its politics. Towards the Sasanian Empire and its support in its policy, but they went to more than that, which is the reference of the authors to the conversion of the Canadian harith to their religious doctrine during the era of Qabbad, in order to obtain political gains, which made it lose good treatment from these countries, and this is one of the reasons for its collapse in a short period. And its fall and the end of its existence in the middle of the Arabian Peninsula.

institutions recorded their presence in a distinctive way through their various scientific activities, as most of them were jurists and at the same time writers and perhaps interested in the science of history and participated in other scientific arts, and among these scholars and the famous historian Ibn al-Jawzi, who was one of his most prominent products in the historical field His huge book: The Regular in the History of Kings and Nations, and the book included a huge historical material related to the blessed Prophet’s biography, and one of the important history books of Ibn al-Jawzi is: Kitab al-Wafa in the Status of the Chosen One, and this book is an abbreviation of the Prophet’s biography that is in Kitab al-Mu'tazim. From his novels, it was proven in him by raising many of his narratives for short, and this book was studied and the focus was on the historical narratives of Ibn al-Jawzi in the Meccan era without the civil covenant of the Prophet’s biography, and through our study of this important historical detail of the Prophet’s biography, we concluded that there are narratives that can be subjected. For analysis and criticism in comparison with the considered primary sources, as well as subjecting them to reason and logic, to come up with analytical results for those texts that we have chosen from among many His narrations to be evidence of what we assumed from the research hypotheses, such as what is related to his fathers and the work that the Messenger was practicing before the blessed mission of the Prophet, as well as the issue of revelation and its revelation and what Ibn al-Jawzi said about him in his history, as well as the incident of tearing al-Sadr that was repeated more than once in the history of al-Mu'tazim, as well as In a number of significant histories, and after discussing these narrations and subjecting them to criticism, analysis and comparison, and mental evidence, we came to the conclusion that some of them were intentionally and knowledgeable for purposes that we established in the body of the research, narrations and others with weak support

Algeria inherited from the French occupation all the manifestations of backwardness and in various social aspects, including the educational aspect, as the French confiscated the lands and properties of the Algerian people, including the endowments, which were the main resource for educational institutions, by converting mosques, madrassahs, and angles to churches, military barracks, colonial houses and shops And others, and the aim was to eliminate the Algerian national character and work to ignore Algerian society, in addition to their attempts to Frenchize Algerian society in the fields of education, administration and the social environment.After the success in achieving independence in 1962, the Algerian rulers had to work with all possible means to get rid of the remnants of the French colonialism that it had instilled in Algerian society, so the first Algerian government after independence headed by Ahmed Ben Bella (1962-1965) to work on building a modern and independent Algerian state Within the framework of its Arab-Islamic affiliation, his government approved the democracy of education, free of charge for all, and built schools, high schools, and cultural centers all over the country, and despite all the difficulties faced by Ahmed Bin Bella's government and the short period of his rule, it was able to achieve major transformations in the country and in various aspects. Life, especially educational and cultural aspects.During the era of President Houari Boumediene (1965-1978), the Algerian government also paid great attention to the educational aspect, and large sums were allocated to the education sector within the Algerian development plans. Algeria was able during the Boumediene era to succeed in improving and developing the educational process significantly, and the number of schools and education centers increased. And universities, as a result of the increase in the number of Algerian students, and the number of schools in Algeria in 1978 reached about (8380) schools, and the number of universities became three (University of Algeria, University of Oran, University of Constantine) after Algeria had only one university in 1962. And, if this indicates anything, then it indicates the success of the development programs and plans that were followed by the government of Houari Boumediene, Despite the interest of both presidents in the education sector, the results were more evident during the era of President Houari Boumediene, due to his long term in office.

The October 1973 war had a great impact on the history of the Syrian military establishment, especially since Syria prepared and prepared for that war by developing the Syrian army by supplying its military arsenal with the latest weapons from the Soviet Union, in addition to the contacts that were made with the Egyptian side to fight the war in order to liberate all of the Golan. And Sinai, which was occupied by Israel in the June 1967 war, as both sides prepared through the contacts that took place between them, which led to coordination of efforts and reinforcement of military cooperation in all fields, taking into consideration the knowledge of the situation of the Israeli enemy, and the war broke out by attacking the Syrian military units of the occupied Golan and surprisingly The Israeli forces and the Syrian forces succeeded in invading many villages in the Golan by directing painful strikes to the Israeli forces, which led to their withdrawal under the influence of the Syrian fire, and this did not prevent the Israeli forces from having a reaction by attacking the Syrian forces that penetrated the Golan and succeeded in occupying many From the territories again and the withdrawal of the Syrian forces, and Egypt's withdrawal from the war had a great impact on directing the war effort The entire Israeli army came to the Golan front, which led to hit-and-run battles between the Syrian and Israeli forces, and as a result, Syria found itself in front of new political and military circumstances and data that required the decision to be taken to avoid firing, and the international parties were by the United States and the Soviet Union through the shuttle visits of foreign ministers The great impact on the cease-fire, with Syria's certainty that the battle is continuing against Israel, and it must move according to the circumstances to reach the final goal of liberation, and as a result of international efforts, the cease-fire was carried out through negotiations that were conducted under international auspices, through shuttle visits conducted by a minister State of the United States and the Soviet Union.

This study deals with a very important topic, especially for Jews and Ethiopians (Ethiopians), and the topic revolves around the disappearance of the Ark of the Covenant, as the Jewish narration indicates that the Lord commanded Moses (PBUH) to make the coffin during the departure of the Children of Israel from Egypt, and this coffin includes the plates on which the commandments were written. The ten biblical accounts indicate that the sarcophagus subsequently disappeared in mysterious circumstances, and this study sheds light on the Ethiopian account that indicates that the ark of the covenant disappeared after Menblick took over the king of Abyssinia, and that Menelik is the son of the Prophet Solomon of the Queen of Sheba called the name Makda or Belqis, which appeared In the three heavenly books without mentioning their true name, it is he who took the coffin and gave it to the Ethiopians after heading a king over them, then when the "Levites" made the ark of the covenant, Moses placed what is said in the "Torah" with it, as well as the "boards of the commandments" (or the Ten Commandments) inside it. . Since that time, the "ark of the covenant" has become one of the most sacred possessions of Jews throughout their history according to Jewish thought and belief, and the ark has become a symbol of the support of the Lord (Jehovah) for the "Children of Israel" during their travels in the wilderness after leaving Egypt.Since that time, this coffin has become one of the religious symbols that the Jews cherished, throughout their history, their history according to Jewish thought and belief. Moreover, it became a symbol of the support of the Lord (Jehovah) for: (the children of Israel) during their journey in the wilderness after leaving Egypt.So the research bore a series of questions, perhaps including: How did the Holy Coffin disappear, and who did it, and what happened to the coffin after that? And other methodological questions that will be exposed to that paper that we are going to talk about. This paper will discuss that problem, in light of the texts mentioned in the body of our research.

The city of Babylon is the first or the second city built on Earth and were considered the greatest and richest city in the world, it was founded to be the capital of the East, which strong famous historical characters like: Hammurabi (2123- 2081 BC. M) the Conqueror and the legislator who reigned three and forty years, most of the linguists, historians and commentators were spoke of Babylon And it was unique, and considered by historians one of the Seven Wonders, and had the hanging gardens and lavish palaces, the scientists from astrologers and doctors were unanimous that they healthiest, and best city in the the Kingdom and said: but became the minds of the people of Babylon over the minds, and their beauty over beauty, and their perfection on the perfect, for the cause of moderate.Babylonians has gained great skill in the inscription on the rocks and bricks and carving pictures and statues, fabrics andAs for the building, the hanging gardens are one of the greatest architectural arts that Babylon has reached, as the layers are connected to each other with a wide staircase and when spring comes and blossoms and leaves trees and roses at these heights in the midst of the high heat, these gardens are a paradise on earth that spreads the fragrant scent, coolness and gentleness to deserve to be one of the wonders. The Seven Worlds is his wife, with its air, beauty, scent, pleasant atmosphere and beautiful outlook.Babylonian clothing known for quality and durability to the Romans, the cloth Babylonian was very beauty, and science that became famous by the Babylonians also is astrology With regard to trade in this country was popular, as traders brought to it gold, silver, ivory and red Durr and stone, and the women of Babylon, by all means look beautiful decorations and luxury clothes and live in a well-being.

between distinct features of ode music has a special place, and is an important for increasing beauty of Literature text, music is not limited to the wight and rhyme, but there is another kind of music that is created from whitin the tent and communications is that related to that elements or caused by interior structure. Asha is one of the pre Islamic poets that has intercepted this. there is a kind of attractiveness in Asha,s poem which is not founded in the poems of other Islamics poets. the causes of attractively is musicm, which has led to a title as sanajat All Arab, so this paper is to revise basis of vedd and Harirha ode of Asha this one is considered as a well –known ode of the poet and opened in of Ashar repetition is one of the musical componants of ode which has an important role in creating music room poet is able to creat a rhythm between words and meanings.

The city of “Gorgan” is one of the most important and oldest cities in Iran, in which he appeared at an earlier time in the eras of cities that witnessed fluctuations and developments in the heart of Islamic history. The reader is pleased once and sad again. It is appropriate, and with different centuries, of a generation of scholars, jurists, literati, saints and knowledgeable poets, and it is that scholars, jurisprudents and literati. We know a small amount of this ancient city in Islamic science and culture, to which many are attributed to it.Al-Sehmi is considered a model for local religious history books, because in addition to mentioning the city, its plans and architecture, Al-Sahmi was interested in mentioning translations from the narrators of knowledge, especially the men of hadith. The book is divided into 14 parts, in which it is mentioned Fatah Jarjan and its companions and followers who entered it, a chapter on the lineage of Yazid bin Al-Muhallab Fatih Jarjan and his sons, his honor and his news, and he mentioned the workers of the Umayyad and Abbasid states, and the plans of the mosques, and after that he proceeded to the translations arranged in the letters of the dictionary according to the first letter of The name only, then he mentioned the biographies of those known by their surname, then the biographies of women, and afterwards he included a chapter in the lineage that ends with the word al-Jarjani.Al-Sahmi's authorship of the book is what was popular during the third and fourth centuries AH, the ninth and tenth centuries CE, where historians of regions and cities followed the approach of pride, which sometimes reached the point of fanaticism for the city or region, just as the writing of local books became a systematic phenomenon necessary to satisfy a national or regional tendency, It was expressed by Al-Sahami fanatically for the city or region. Al-Sahmi is distinguished for being one of the encyclopedic historians, as he looked at the entire Gorgan region with its suburbs and suburbs, and Gorgan is located between Tabaristan and Khorasan in the south of the Khazar or Caspian Sea. What is taken against al-Sahami is that he did not give information about the history of Jarjan before Islam, its kings, nor about its religious, social, economic and political conditions, as did other historians of cities and regions, when he entered directly in the history of the conquest of Gorgan and then gave a description of the conquest that took place through reconciliation and payment of tribute and safety To her family

This paper addresses "The concept of (Anomalous Recitation) and (Recitation Adopted by Collective of Quran Reciters) in Quranic Recitations according to Al- Farrā's "Maani Al-Quran". Such paper clearly reflects on both terms according to Al- Farrā through examination and analysis of recitations addressed by Al- Farrā in multiple ways and listed as a recitation that is not commonly used, that is to say, anomalous recitation. The paper, as well, reflects on correct recitations commonly used by a great number by reciters, that is, recitation adopted by collective of Quran reciters. Thus, Al- Farrā provides the basis for definition of both terms. In addition, he provides a clear definition for the pillars of correct recitation, which scholars of Quranic Recitations adopted thereafter. The paper basically consists of two themes preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion that sums up its results. The first theme addresses the concept of anomalous recitation. It comprises three titles as follows: "circumstances of anomalous recitation permissibility", "Recitations that are linguistically correct but may not be used" and "Adoption of Anomalous recitation in Quran interpretation". The second theme reflects on the Concept of Recitation Adopted by Collective of Quran Reciters. It consists of two titles: "Recitation Adopted by Collective of Quran Reciters Vs Correct Recitations" and "Recitation Adopted by Collective of Quran Reciters Vs Anomalous Recitations".

The novel is one of the literary genres that is characterized by realism, critique, or ideological commitment. The purpose of the novel is to advocate a specific political thought or social issues such as poverty, hunger, justice, and so on. As a realistic novelist, Razavi Ashour deals with the issues of society and its developments. Faraj is one of the most important novels of this storyteller whose events revolve around the issues of society and its agents. The purpose of the present essay is to analyze the political and social issues related to the society of the narrative era, especially Egypt. This research uses descriptive-analytical method to investigate the novel elements and components. The results show that the application of the novel elements to social issues emerges and the Razavi method is an interpretation of the problems of society and the narrative feature in this novel is a realistic look at Egyptian society that represents the entire Arab world throughout the Razavi stories. . It is worth noting that the author uses some of the elements that include characters, dialogue, place, time, narrative and linguistic tools.

This research paper seeks to find sufficient scientific answers to many questions that arise regarding the interaction of linguistic, social and cultural systems in the multilingual and multicultural society, on the one hand, and on the effectiveness of (Socio-Linguistic Approach (and (Socio-Cultural ) In the promotion and enhancement of inter-disciplinary on the other. This study is built upon strategic questions related to the reality of the interaction of linguistic systems in terms of communicative patterns in the multilingual and multicultural society; we mentioned some questions for their importance:How can we invest in a profound scientific awareness in the accomplishments of knowledge and methodology achieved in the inter-disciplinary to promote the social linguistic approach, and to update its procedural mechanisms and constantly update it?What are the effective methods that can be used to employ linguistic, social and cultural pillars in the inter-approach of the phenomenon of the interaction of linguistic systems and their overlap?What are the ways to integrate linguistic diglossia and bilingualism in an interactive movement of a multilingual and multicultural society?

The study aims to know how much the intellectual activity benefits from dismantling finding, studying the critic concept described as a scientific speech and integrated project for two critics who tackled with the Arabian concept and mind under obvious critical title of (Criticizing the mind), they are (Mohammed Abid Aljabiry) and (Mohammed Arkon) because their project is basically a dismantling project, relies on destruction and anatomy, these are evidences work on dismantling speeches and mental systems, and discovering the directors of that speech and its structure, they relied on the a fact states that the critic is guilty, reviewing the concepts that Arabian mind was based on, consequently that pushed them to vacuuming all meanings that Arabian mind was based on and undermining its centralization internally.

Religious ideas and beliefs often define the general structure of a person's behavior and influence his customs, traditions, predecessors, and his intellectual and spiritual construction style .These religious ideas and beliefs had a great and clear impact on the civilizations of the ancient world, especially the civilizations of the Near East. The myths and epics of the ancient world have shown us many important, realistic aspects of the life and everyday life of ancient society, including religious and ideological thought and social thought. Where the myth of the Flood was mentioned in most ancient civilizations in different details, but the basic issue is the same. So The flood kills everyone but a few of the lucky ones or the blessed ones and those with them, in addition to animals to keep off spring for example.The story of the Flood, that common human, cultural, and historical heritage, embodied many images of humanity throughout history. The study of the story of the Flood and how it relates to many myths and religions among many people is very useful especially in the search for the truth, and if the impact of this incident was not great, it would represent the importance, reincarnation and widespread spread in the ideas of ancient peoples.The study aims to highlight the phenomenon of culture in the ancient Near East through the study of the epic of the flood in the civilizations of Mesopotamia and ancient Iranian and the statement of the impacts and similarity between them.

IT is accepted that the A levis CA group of people who supported Imam ALI .from the Hussein .branch look low Approaches to revoltolt against the Umayyad’s system .the first way was by raising the sword to demand their rights and keep the injustice away Examples of this the revelation of zaid ben Ali and his son Yahiya ben zaid the second way was by taking a brayer as approach gust like AL Emam ALsajad and AL Emam Baqer and AL Sadeq after him . The revolution of Yahiya ben zaid ben ALI in Khurasan was one of the most important revolution that worried Umayyad’s system so Umayyad’s practice oppression against leaders . by chasing and the revolution imprison them and refusing Funeral them after their martyrdom and insisting on crucifixion them for years to make them unexampled for others and that what happen Lark martyr Zaid in Kufa and his son crucifixion Yahiya on the Guzgan cordon .As soon as the news of the going of Yahiya ben zaid to Khurasan . the Umayyad’s ruler sent an army from Levant to the for east to suppress it because He was afraid of spreading it in that country send other countries of the Islamic world . the revolution of Yahiya ben zaid intentional blackout by historians. Lrying to hide or downgrade .its importance so the researchers tried to highlight this revolution stating from the Journey Yahiya with his father martyre zaid from Medina to Levant then to Iraq . and his participating with his father’s revolt in Kufa and ending with his trip to Khurasan and rising the revolution in Guzgan . the research consisted of introduction and three researches the first one include Yahiya’s lineage , his biograph and his character . the second concentrate on Yahiya’s news and his trip to Khurasan . while the third one the notice of the revolution and the martyrdom of Yahiya ben zaid and crucifixion him . And how getting benefit from this revolution by the Abbasids by raising the logo of satisfaction from AL Mohammad ,and them the conclusion and verify sources .

The national factor is one of the factors affecting the emergence of the historical event, and therefore the exegetical schools concerned with the historical event shed light on its importance and worked to explain it in detail. The school has shown several factors as representing the basis on which this philosophy is built, including race and language, and these two elements are considered among the most important foundations of nationalism in addition to the geographic factor, that national thought has received the attention of many nations and throughout history, every nation has had an interest in its own reality And cultures have always been reflected on a national basis, and it seems that the course of history in its early stages was of a purely national character, and whatever it may be, we interpreted the rise of the baramkeh and the reasons for their plight according to this proposition, which is based on national motives. The national factor was behind many historical incidents and it differs in every era, and its determinants also differ. In the Islamic era, states were formed according to a national framework. Then the Abbasid state was established and based on the blood and ancestral bond. There were occasional nationalities, if you will, in the Abbasid state, and one of them was the Baramkeh, whose policy was based on uniting their ranks and sharing power with the Abbasids. When the national factor collapses, all the political foundations collapse with it, because it deals with everyone as one thing. If the leader collapses, the authority collapses and disappears. When the influence of Baramkeh is undermined, all of their political presence will be undermined and they are at stake. It was a reason for their demise.

This research is a process of collecting and counting a number of words collected through the daily conversations taking place in the Hilla society (the city of Hilla). We wanted to document the colloquial language in the city of Hilla, which is a common language in its colloquial language, so that we can contribute to collecting of the Hilla heritage through this authentic language. And it is an integral part of the slang Iraqi language , that our contribution is a continuation of what was written by those who preceded us in such a collection, research and addition of new linguistic to such researches as the language is in the daily development and renewal of the vocabulary of the colloquial and according to the development of time and its life data. We relied in our research on the process of classifying vocabulary according to the function it performs. The number of vocabulary used in the research may not represent all the vocabulary of the colloquial language, but rather it is a modest contribution to the collection and study process, and this research falls within a series of research that we are working to accomplish in sequence in the process of documenting and detailing the colloquial Iraqi vocabulary, which is a rich linguistic and cultural heritage. These vocabulary may be unnecessary in some of them and essential in others by virtue of the social influences and neighborhood of peoples and the original ones have their historical roots back thousands of years and to ancient and original languages such as Akkadian and Aramaic It falls within the Semitic languages tree, in which the Arabic language constitutes an important branch, from which various dialects branched out. Our folklore, which has this aesthetic characteristic that distinguished it from the surrounding languages spoken Among its Arab neighbors, this dialect, with its beautiful vocabulary, became a prominent feature of the original Iraqi heritage.

The study investigates the relationship between the phonetic structure and the meaning. The study shows the possibility that phonemes may reveal the meaning in terms of phonetic features which may lead the hearer to know the meaning, this is termed 'onomatopoeia'.The study seeks to pursue the onomatopoeia in the lexical roots in the book of Ibn Fares , the Lexeme of Linguistic Scales, which represents a good example to show the pivotal meaning of the lexical root. The book also focuses on the phonethemes which its meaning dominates the pronunciation especially in di- and tri-sound that are similar in meaning.Ibn Faris was concerned with explaining the effectiveness of sound in many places, as he mentions, establishes simulation and depicts it in meaning, and his analyses of the lexical root were based on phonemic basis, linking the effectiveness of sound in depicting meaning and making ready to the listener, which made this dictionary look into the interaction of sounds with the root in the semantic environment.Ibn Faris had an original vision in theorizing on onomatopoeia and visualizing meaning. As simulation is not on a large scale without convincing evidence nor a synthesis linking sound and meaning, on the contrary, it relied on mental evidence and sense in mentioning the places of simulation and defining them in various examples, which was the reason for his criticism of many evident words that are extravagant in pointing the idea of onomatopoeia in addition to that it is not based on convincing evidence.This reflects the ability of ancient Arabic scholars to make the link between the linguistic levels and view the language from an interactive perspective that leads to the idea that the language is taught for itself, and this is what was stipulated in modern linguistics that benefits from the reality of interaction between levels in order to reach results that serve the language in its communicative social environment.

The Arab and Islamic civilization witnessed a great activity starting from the second century AH / eighth century AD and it continued for many centuries, in interest in cultures and religions prior or neighboring to IslamArab and Islamic works have devoted remarkable attention to the Zoroastrian religion and its holy book (the Avesta). This interest included all aspects of this book, and there is no doubt that the difference is in many details and information related to the book as it was transmitted by the compilers, and this is natural due to the multiplicity of resources and the different methods of transmission of information and the intellectual nature of the work as well as its motives and inclinations.Our research aims at listing the positions in which the owners of Arab and Islamic works dealt with the book (The Avesta) and highlighting the difference and agreement in the information they mentioned about it, and it also aims to clarify the vision of the authors of the works of this book in terms of whether it is a native book or not.There is also no doubt that the owners of the works have reported a large amount of information which is an important source for every researcher in the Zoroastrian religion and the Avesta in particular, whether he is an Arab or Western researcher, due to the direct petition of the owners of the works to this religion and its companions and the fact that some of them were Zoroastrian or from a Zoroastrian family, Without forgetting the seriousness of debates and religious and philosophical debate, especially in the first Abbasid era, which indicates the enormous size and momentum of scientific, intellectual and religious activity and openness to the different other as a basic pillar of the Arab and Islamic renaissance in that period.The issue excluded the fact that (the Avesta) was a book that was published or classified with great importance by the owners of Arab and Islamic works, and the discussion on this matter was not limited to the owners of the compilations of books of interpretation and jurisprudence, but went beyond it to the owners of other works. Some of them saw that they had a book. Each team has evidence to support their opinion.

Abu al-Tayyib Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn Abd al-Samad al-Jaafi al-Kindi, nicknamed al-Mutanabi, was one of the most famous poets of the Abbasid era. He was born in 303 in the Kanda district of Kufa and died in 354. Afzal al-Din is considered Badil bin Ali al-Khaqani, one of the greatest poets of the poem of Persian literature. He was probably born in Sherwan in 520 and died in 595.One of the literary forms that many poets in Persian and Arabic literature deal with is the literature of war and resistance. The classic poets of Arabic and Persian literature, which have shown their ability in this regard, are Mutanabbi and Khaghani. Mutanabbi has participated in many wars and has witnessed events very closely. Khaghani has also mentioned in many of his poems the wars that his admires have done. The poetry value of the war in the court of the two poets is very high and can be examined from various angles. The purpose of this article is to examine the poetry of war and resistance in the court of the two poets through a descriptive-analytical method and with a Data collectionOne of the main differences between the commendable themes of Al-Mutanabi and Khaqani's poems is related to Mamdouh's war description. Although there is research in the poets ’collection about the wars of praise and their heroics, the frequency of war literature content and mention of war tools in al-Mutanabbi’s collection is much higher than that of al-Khaqani. In most of his poems Praising Saif al-Dawla, al-Mutanabi refers to his wars and struggles against the Byzantines and the rebellious Arab tribes and describes them in detail. Al-Khaqani was influenced by Al-Mutanabi in several verses, and despite his familiarity with the poems of many Arab poets, such as Hassan bin Thabit al-Ansari, Akhtal, Aashi, Amru al-Qais, Abu Tamam, Buhtri, Kaab bin Zuhair, and in many verses he named them and did not mention al-Mutanabi. It is unlikely that Al-Khaqani had never seen Diwan al-Mutanabi nor was he aware of his poems. Perhaps one of the reasons for not naming him is the status and rank of Al-Mutanabi, and Al-Khaqani does not see himself in a position that gives his poetry superiority over Al-Mutanabi’s poetry.

This paper is aimed at comparing the various adjective phrase categories in Persian and its Arabic equivalent in the light of X- bar theory to identify the similarities and differences of adjective phrases in both languages and to use the findings in teaching Arabic to Persian speakers. Persian adjective phrases and their categories are classified due to the argument that adjective takes in this language, then the equivalent Arabic adjective phrase is analyzed. By carrying out this study in a descriptive- contrastive analysis framework, the most important findings of this research is that X-bar theory is an efficient one when it comes to comparing Persian and Arabic adjective phrases. Furthermore, prepositional phrases play an important role in adjective phrases in Arabic.