Journal of University of Babylon

This research seeks to approach the concept of event and difference in the novel (Wolves at the Doors) by (Ahmed Khalaf), because this novel has a discourse based on changing the linear pattern of narration, so that the worlds in it are intertwined from the past to the present and from the present to the past, and our goal in all of this is based on a conception of the event based on creation and experimentation. The research does not deal with the event, as is the case in traditional narrative studies, as a group of actions arranged in a causal order... but rather it is viewed as a pure difference. We have thus adopted the radical experimental approach which led to Tto the fact that the novel does not deal with the event according to a causal or teleological principle, but rather from the logic of coincidence, that is, not acknowledging the hierarchy of time, nor the hierarchy of cultural values, because it is based on the deconstruction of the chronological logic of history, and not resorting to any prior standard.

This research aimed to find out how blended learning affected the writing accuracy of intermediate Iraqi EFL learners. 70 intermediate EFL learners from Iraq took part in this study to achieve this goal. Based on the results of the Oxford Placement Test, they were between the ages of 18 and 32, had Arabic as their first language, and had the same level of English proficiency (OPT). They were divided into the experimental group (n=35) and the control group (n=35) at random. The control group received the identical instruction using a face-to-face, traditional teacher-centered approach while the experimental group received it using a blended learning approach. Pre- and post-testing was used to obtain the data, which was then analyzed using paired sample t-tests and independent sample T-tests. The results showed that, in the pre-test, the mean of the control group was more than the experimental group but the difference was not significant. The experimental group, nevertheless, significantly outperformed the control group after using the blended learning strategy. The findings have some implications for EFL teachers, materials developers, and policymakers.

This study aims to describe and analyze the fictional characters in the novel (Altank) by Alia Mamdouh and (The Casual Vacancy) by JK Rowling, and classify these characters according to the fictional role they play, which is a product of the reality of the Iraqi and British societies, and describe them in terms of the stability of their events and their growth according to what they impose. Circumstances, revealing what they represented in their expression of the stereotypes of both societies, and then comparing all of this to reveal the similarities and differences between the characters of both novels, based on a descriptive, analytical and comparative approach. And revealing points of similarities and differences are a reflection of the visions of two different novelists at the geographical, environmental, linguistic and cultural levels in order to identify the nature of their textual embodiment of the fictional characters and how each novelist dealt with the transmission of her social reality. The similarities were represented in the transmission of the reality of their societies by both novelists through two main central characters (Afaf and Barry), and what their absence left behind, and affected the pulling of the novel’s events and pushed it forward. As for the points of difference, they represented the difference in the thought of the two novelists, the difference in the nature of moving the fictional event, and the difference in the nature of the facts of the two communities.

The current research dealt with (The symbolic indications of plant shapes in the ancient Iraqi murals) by studying the symbolic semantics of the inscription of flowers in the ancient Iraqi murals and in the era (the modern Assyrian and Babylonian), so the researcher sought in the first chapter to clarify the research problem, its importance and the need for it, as well as the goal of the research Which is represented by the following: "You know The symbolic indications of plant shapes in the ancient Iraqi murals." Then the researcher concluded the aforementioned chapter by defining the terms that are directly related to the title and objectives of the research. As for the second chapter, it included a presentation of the theoretical framework and previous studies, and it consisted of two sections. As for the second topic, it dealt with the intellectual and religious connotations of the symbol in the ancient Iraqi civilization. The third chapter specialized in monitoring the research community and the tool that included collecting information, so samples were adopted from it in an intentional way, and it amounted to (3) sculptural works that covered the limits of the research by adopting the descriptive analytical approach for the purpose of analyzing it according to the axes of the analysis tool adopted by the researcher. As for the fourth chapter, it included the results of the research, which included, the floral inscriptions in the Assyrian and Babylonian murals expressed the formal contents of the gods, which carry religious and political dimensions that represent the social structure of the ancient Iraqis. The Iraqi sculptor was able to achieve a beautiful match between the form and content of the image of the gods in the state of expression About love, purity, and sometimes healing. The ancient Iraqi sculptor was able to embody the power of the guardian deities in human form or heavenly cosmic symbols inspired by the elements of the environment. This indicates the sculptor's ingenuity in borrowing images of reality and embodying them in his works. And then the conclusions that emerged through the possibility of achieving the objectives of the research through the tool designed by the researcher, and among them, the floral inscriptions in the Assyrian and Babylonian murals embodied religious thought, by referring them to pictorial systems full of coding directed towards the absolute and invisible powers. The deities were of great importance and influential in the structure of the ancient Iraqi society, so they appeared in the form of floral inscriptions representing purity and serenity in their bright white color, which indicates the depth of the psychological impact on the recipient. The ancient Iraqi sculptor chose his symbols that express the deities from the elements of his environment to give them characteristics related to the environment, agriculture, fertility and reproduction.

Fadhil Al-Tamimi is an influential literary critic in the Arab world, who has significantly enriched the Arab library with his critical efforts, particularly in the field of literary criticism. Al-Tamimi has presented a vast collection of books, research, and studies that criticize various literary genres, such as Story, Novel, Biography, and Journey, drawing from various critical approaches. In his critical readings of Story and Novel, Al-Tamimi employed cultural criticism, as evidenced by his analysis of Raghad Suhail's "Kalloush: a sound of joy and happiness" and Louay Hamza Abbas's "A Drop of Blood to Discover the Body." Similarly, in his study of Raghad Suhail's "I Loved a Donkey" and Saad Rahim's "The Bookseller’s Murder" and "A Woman’s Hymn ... Twilight of the Sea" Al-Tamimi relied on the foundations of cultural criticism. This study, conducted by Najah Sultan Kurdi from Al-Mustansiriya University's Arabic Language Department, under the supervision of Ahmed Mahdi Attallah, sheds light on Al-Tamimi's cultural criticism and its application in literary criticism.

There is no doubt that the discourse in general is of great importance, not only in our geographical area in which we live, but also in all corners of the earth, east and west, because of the spiritual and moral value of religion that was formed from the beginnings of creation to this day. Towards security and safety, and because religion, especially the Islamic religion, is a program of action and reform, contrary to what some people think of as a commitment to impositions, duties, and formal rituals, forgetting or forgetting, intentionally or without, its essential teachings that enter into the core of faith and its strength. Literature overlaps with Islam as a spiritually based religion that seeks to crystallize human behavior Islam and its embodiment in the different ways of living, and this cohesion between religion and literature makes the discourse effective and effective because it is based on a broad and more comprehensive base that is not confined to a single trench, but finds for it an outlet and a broader scope for religious discourse to permeate all that human thought accommodates for its highness and prosperity, and this is what the research wanted. Highlight it and work to publish and confirm it, The research included two topics. The first topic carried the title of the introduction to the Islamic discourse, and the second topic included the mechanisms of employing the Islamic literary text and its effectiveness in human societies. The research problem revolved around the nature of the relationship between religion and literature and the issue of employing them in proving the Islamic identity by asking the following question:
What is the relationship between religion and literature and the issue of employing them in proving

There were many studies in the arts of the East, with their various orientations and components, which made iconography a source of accountability and great interest on the part of scholars and archaeologists.
In order to answer this question, we will study in this research the contents and manifestations of the Coptic Christian icon and an extrapolation of the characteristics of the diagnosis as a basic element in the construction of the Coptic Christian icon, in addition to researching the role of the religious factor in the development of the Coptic Christian icon drawings.
To what extent did the nodal factor contribute to the development of the icon and the formation of its artistic specificities?

The spread of the Internet makes social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter the tools for expressing political interests and for communicating positive and negative feelings. Recently, an anti-China-sentiment has spread in American political leader’s social media especially with the outbreak of Corona virus plea 2020. Thus, instead of using neutral discourse, hate speech becomes the means by which these leaders attack and express their negative feelings towards China. The present research endeavors to put under deep scrutiny this phenomenon from a critical pragmatic perspective for the sake of understanding how the context of hate speech against China shapes its meaning. It attempts to fill a gap in this field by examining the use of language that constructs negative feelings against China and justifies hatred and violence. This study tries to analyze the pragmatic aspects of hate speech in the tweets of Trump and Pompeo. It focuses on hate speech forms, functions and strategies. Then reproduction mechanisms are suggested to substitute the original ones. The study compromises two types of analysis: a qualitative analysis and a quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis is achieved by means of an analytical framework developed for this purpose. In order to support the findings of the qualitative analysis, a quantitative (statistical) analysis is conducted by using a frequency table that shows the number of times each value of a variable occurs in a data set. On the basis of these two analyses, some findings are introduced where the most important one is that there is an accretion of hate speech in American political leader’s tweets directed towards China which leads to the spread of racial hatred and violence against Chinese people.

Iiquid modernity is the most accurate description of the world of the second and third millennium as a result of the transformations and displacements that the Western and Arab world witnessed as a result of the rapid technological developments that made the individual have only one choice, which is integration and coexistence with that flexibility and liquid modernity is an inevitable result, as liquid modernity as a term has references Philosophy contributed to its emergence, especially the ideas and propositions of philosophers such as (Nietzsche, Deleuze, Michel, Foucault, and Derrida) who dug into the hierarchies of stagnant Western culture and built its glories on myth and its superstitious features. However, the development of science and the creation of new theories had a great impact on the emergence of the era of liquid modernity to the prevailing culture in the era of speed, which reflected that culture on art and aesthetic creativity, so that theater is one of the types of arts that was greatly affected because of those roots, that is, archeology that produced liquid modernity, so that the anti-theater later on is the appropriate context for theatrical experimentation, especially the theatrical text.

1- The study tagged (features of liquid modernity in the counter-theater (Heiner).
2- Mueller) consists of four chapters، the first chapter is the research methodology and includes (1- the research problem 2- the importance of the research and the need for a mechanism 3- the goal of the research 4-the limits of the research 5-defining the terms) The second chapter included the theoretical framework of the research and included 1- Excavations of Liquid Modernity 2- Liquid Thinking in the Global Stage The third chapter included the research procedures, and included 1-The research community 2-The research sample 3- Research methodology 4- Research tool 5- Sample analysis, and the text of a play was analyzed (Hamlet's machine), and the fourth chapter included the most important results of the research. The two researchers obtained results during the analysis of the sample, the most important of which are: (Heiner Mueller's theatrical ideas, similar to the propositions of liquid modernity, were characterized by ideas that always seek to dissolve and dilute the graceful language in the theatrical text as a solid cultural pattern, so that the text becomes antithetical) The chapter also included the conclusions, as well as the documentation margins, It concludes with

The collapse of the Ayyubid Empire and the establishment of the Mamluk Sultanate, in conjunction with the Mongolian pressure on the Arab-Islamic countries, was marked by upheavals, riot, and overwhelming political and military chaos in the region. At that time, Baalbek and Younine were a safe haven for the displaced, migrants and the tortured. The social and cultural elements have intertwined, and there has been a massive Scholarly movement that flourished and developed far away from those bad conditions prevailing in the region. Several other issues were discussed in this paper.

The current research is a study of the supernatural qualities in the philosophy of the West and their representations in the arts of modernity at the level of the philosophical construction of the supernatural qualities through the analysis of some artistic works in the arts of modernity. The first chapter dealt with the research problem that was identified by the following question: Are there supernatural qualities in European philosophy represented in European art the talk? The aim of this study is to identify the discovery of the employment of the concept of the supernatural man in European philosophical thought, and we relied on the descriptive and analytical method in analyzing samples within an artistic and philosophical framework. which I have known to this day, and despite the criticism directed at his philosophy in general, this criticism did not diminish its importance in the history of human thought. Nietzsche, his philosophy is an attempt on his part, in his own way, to expose the moral values that man believed in hundreds of years ago and to reveal the falsity that they contain. Man, among all living creatures on the surface of the earth, can look at himself critically, not in the sense that He looks at himself with a look of dissatisfaction with a certain act or situation that he is experiencing, as animals also enjoy that, and not in the sense of depression that the animal feels as well, but rather in the sense that he looks negatively at his being, but rather at his entire way of existence, and he sees that it is not the reality that the animal feels. You should be on it. A person always judges himself, and when he judges himself in a rational and fair trial, he condemns himself and denounces himself, so he reaches the truth of his imperfection.

The current study, tagged with (Aesthetic dimensions of the graphic collagraph technique in digital works) characteristics of the chllagraph technique in light of its historical change in terms of its origin and development, and also the definition of digital art, which relies entirely on computer software, which enriched the outputs of this technology in contemporary graphic art. In order to reveal these technological capabilities, the current research came according to four chapter, the first chapter included the methodological framework of the research, in which the research problem was presented, which is: What are the aesthetic dimensions of the graphic collagraph technique in digital works? After that came the importance of the research and the need for it, followed by the limits of the research and the goal, then defining the terms.
As for the second chapter, it examined the theoretical framework, previous studies, and indicators of the theoretical framework. And the second topic (digital art) I defined and discussed in it the history of the emergence of this art, its founders, and the pioneer artists who excelled in accomplishing digital works according to digital technologies, and then the indicators of the theoretical framework. The third credit included defining the research sample community and models, the research tool and the research methodology, and then pickling the divination sample models consisting of (5) models. The fourth chapter was devoted to the review Results, discussion and conclusions recommendations and proposal.