Journal of University of Babylon

This scientific paper is based on the determinants that build the features of an Arabic linguistic theory that provide Arabic grammar with a special conceptual device. That is, we will defend the possibility of the existence of a theory of grammatical possibility through what is recorded in ancient Arabic grammar, and the meaning of this theory is the possibilities available for the multiplicity of grammatical aspects of nominative, accusative, genitive, and jussive; This is what gives Arabic grammar the relativity that is one of the conditions of any human theory, and removes its absoluteness, as it is not a revealed Qur’an, but rather it is taken from the Qur’an, and not from the Holy Qur’an.

Simultaneous interpreting is considered one of the demanding tasks that requires comprehending the source message, retaining it in the working memory, translating and producing it in the target language. All these mental processes occur at the same time which pose cognitive load on interpreters. In simultaneous interpreting, expertise is resulted from the appropriate use of strategies in the main mental processes: comprehension, translation, and production. Furthermore, the interplay between these processes, tailored to meet the requirements of a simultaneous interpreting task. The interpreters' capacity to effectively manage cognitive resources, especially how they allocate their attention, enables the coordination of comprehension, transformation, and production processes. To investigate the effect of expertise on the interpreters’ performance when rendering simultaneously from English into Arabic, 10 student interpreters and 2 professionals participate in SI task from English into Arabic. The analysis in this study is based on Gile’s Efforts Model which suggests that interpreting process includes four efforts; listening and analysis, memory, production, and coordination. It also uses a retrospection protocol (questionnaire) to verbalise data from the subjects regarding their interpretations. The study hypothesizes that, due to expertise gained from continuous training, high skills, and long experience, experts perform more appropriately in the main interpreting processes comprehension, translation and production than students.

The participation of Abbasid women was in response to the call of a civilization that was open to different types of knowledge, as well as its response to the wide culture and cultural mixing at the time. Bright and beautiful literature. The problematic of the research was the statement of women's participation in cultural and social life and their prowess in literature. As for the objectives of the research, they are summed up in addressing the achievements of women in the fields of literature and showing their ingenuity and ability to say poetry and prose on their various topics. The most prominent results are that women in the Abbasid era have contributed effectively and influential to the literary renaissance of their era, and they had an imprint and an undeniable share in the literary production and encouraged those who had the talent and ability to produce literature. Keywords: maidservants, free women.

This research deals with one of the semiotic topics that investigate the semantic purposes and objectives of the creative discourse, by tracing the semiotics of the sign in it. The research identifies its methodological framework with the semiotic approach of Barthes, and dedicates its topic to the book by the Syrian poet Ali Ahmed Saeed, the well-known (Adonis).Thus, the research problem is determined by the many signs and their arrangement system in sequences in the book by Adonis.
As for the importance of the research, it lies in the multiplicity of revelations, their abundance in the book, and their regularity in various sequences, through which La Adonis tries to shake the steadfastness of the Arab intellectual and stir the creative energies within him. In order to seek renewal and transcend the foundations upon which our reality is based, looking towards the unknown world full of dissonance and ambiguity.
Hence, the structure of the research was formed with a preamble and two topics. The preamble dealt with an introduction to the semiotics of the sign through Barth's semiotic approach. It was followed by the first topic devoted to the study of signs in the titles of the book in its three parts. The second topic dealt with the semantic sequences in the book, which were numerous and varied according to the type of signs that are organized by them.
Then she concluded the research with a conclusion showing the results of the research, followed by a list of research sources.
This attempt of mine comes within the framework of human attempts that are characterized by imperfection and imperfection, as perfection belongs to God alone, and this attempt is only a picture of investigating the truth sought by scientific research.

The research issue sheds light on the scenes of violence and its implications, and analyzed what the novelist embodied in the novel "The Misbeliever" (AlKafirah) of the scenes, images, effects and dangers of violence that sometimes lead the individual to terrorism. The importance of the research lies in the comprehensive briefing of all the semiotic signs of violence that were and still are horror for the individual at various levels: social, economic and cultural, the most important of which is psychological, represented by the novel "The Misbeliever". The research methodology is descriptive, analytical and semiotic. The need for research is evident in the analysis of the characters of the novel that reflect intellectual, psychological, social and political issues of the contemporary reality of Iraq after the year 2014, which groans from differences, clashes and conflicts. As a result, The Misbeliever novel was a literal transfer of the events of the reality of Iraq for a period of time, including social issues, which the novelist woven in his literary style, and tended in its content to his personal experience. What the novelist sought is to reveal the reality of Iraq, the poverty and deprivation that prevails in it, and the negative impact of armed groups on the individual and society.

This research is concerned with studying the issue of vision and formation and it is a one of the most important topics of modern criticism. It is a broad and ramified subject that includes most of the literary arts and what is going on around it in terms of agreement or disagreement. Because of the importance of this subject in the Arab critical arena, I saw after consulting with the professors that the field of our study in the vision and formation, about an important Iraqi poet, he is the poet Adnan Al-Sayegh, and on the subject of (The Religious Vision in Adnan Al-Sayegh’s Poetry (An Exile) as an Example), the study specialized in the religious vision in the poetry of Adnan Al-Sayegh because of its importance in shaping his poetic text. It dealt with the impact of heritage on poetry, and the direct intertextuality with the Quranic text and religious placement, and the use of the religious place, which revealed the poet's ability to monitor societal phenomena and interpret them as an aesthetic art through the poetic image The study relied on the analytical descriptive approach in tracking the texts and reading them closely which revealed the poet's ability to monitor societal phenomena. I reached several results, perhaps the most important of which is that religious visions are intended as a kind of poetic levels used by the poet Adnan Al-Sayegh. It is one of the poetic topics that he wrote about, and it was characterized by the religious side that he narrated in his text, and their topics differed in it, From Quranic verses that are directly invoked or the meaning is absorbed from them, or the stories of the prophets, messengers, companions and other religious personalities that are mentioned in his verses in exile, and this is what made his literature of high status and resounding success.

Dramatic dialogue is one of the dramatic structures widely used in contemporary poetry. Its use in poetic texts reflects various opinions and positions chosen by the writer to present dramatic events. Therefore, dialogue has become an essential tool in dramatic poetry, as it presents and portrays events in a way that ensures the development of conflict. The creator is the one who enables the effectiveness of this use, making the dramatic work a living, interactive body that rises through its unique language performance, which may seep into the psyche, visions, and ideas of characters. The dramatic use in the poetry of Kazem al-Layth is not limited to the fixed dramatic rules of the theatrical structure, but rather adapts those elements that harmonize with his poetic experience. Therefore, the dialogue element has blended with other elements in a stylistic way that serves the function of the narrator within the poetic text.

This research was concerned with the study of (technical hegemony and its representations in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical show).
It contained four chapters. The first chapter dealt with (the methodological framework), including the research problem, which was defined by the following question: (What is technical dominance and its representations in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical show)? The importance of the research was manifested in knowing the concept of technical dominance by employing a technology or a group of techniques in the discourse of the audio-visual theatrical performance, because of its importance in making the visual and mental image and its own language, and despite the presence of the element of domination, the intentionality is aesthetic and intellectual and the influence of the directors And the scenographic designers with modern technology, as well as their uniqueness and distinction, prompted them to resort to experimentation by using technology, employing it, and making it a discourse that parallels the vocal and the performance of the actor, and even masters them.
The aim of the research was to (know the technical dominance and its representations in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical show), and then the temporal and spatial research limits and the subject limits, as the time limits extended from (2013-2017 AD), and as for the limits of the place, the researcher chose (Iraq / Baghdad theatrical performances presented on stage of the national theater), and the limits of the subject, so the study identified (technical hegemony and its representations in the contemporary Iraqi theatrical show), and the chapter concluded by defining and defining the terms, and the researcher reached the procedural definition of technical hegemony (it is the superiority and sovereignty of one or more technical elements over the totality of other show elements to form a discourse through them Theatrical, audiovisual, aesthetic vision, bearing the ideas of theatrical presentation.
)The second chapter dealt with (the theoretical framework), which included two chapters on me (the first chapter) studying dominance, reviews in the concept and terminology, while (the second chapter) was concerned with studying technical dominance in global theatrical experiences) and the chapter was concluded with previous studies and indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework.
As for the third chapter, which is (the procedural framework), it is concerned with analyzing the research sample, which included a presentation (reveals) directed by Ghanem Hamid, and the research ended with some results from the fourth chapter, of which the technical dominance sought to create a technical text that is parallel, but rather superior to the uttered, because the technique is a non-verbal language that can be read.

The study sought to identify the role of security pages on social networking sites in enhancing national security among Arab youth, using the media survey method, and relying on the questionnaire as a data collection tool by applying to a sample of 319 respondents from the followers of the security pages on social networking sites of Saudi, Egyptian and Emirati youth And the Bahraini, based on the theory of the richness of the media, and the study reached several results, the most prominent of which are the following: The high rate of respondents’ follow-up to security pages on social media, and the high rate of follow-up to issues related to national security raised on those pages, foremost among which were issues of cyber security and digital citizenship. It also found the high role of those pages in enhancing national security in its various dimensions and fields.

Images of social violence in contemporary Arab society were clearly visible in the Arab artistic achievement embodied by Arab artists in their artistic works, especially in the art of painting. This violence includes the fields of politics, economics and society. Which is explained through the chapters of this study.
The first chapter included the following:
The research problem was determined by the following question:
-Were Arab artists able, through artistic achievement, to document images of social violence in Arab society?
-Research objective: to reveal images of social violence in Arab countries and how they are represented by Arab artists in their artistic works.
- Research time limits: 1950 - 2020 AD.
The chapter included a definition of search terms.
The second chapter included the following:
- Theoretical framework and previous studies.
The third chapter includes research procedures.
The research community was limited to (80) Arabic artworks.
The research sample was limited to (5) works of art by Arab artists.
The fourth chapter included:
- Search results including:
1- The topic of social violence occupied a prominent place in the Arab artistic achievement in the field of painting, which was a reflective mirror on the Arab social level for many reasons, including political, economic and social.
2-The methods of expressing and symbolizing social violence differed from one Arab artist to another and from one Arab country to another according to the social constants of those countries.
- Conclusions, including
1- Arab memory is filled with many images of social violence, with several historical and psychological trends and bitter conflicts over many years of suffering.
The research also included a number of sources related to the topic of the current research.

The research aimed to determine the level of cognitive flexibility among Aleppo University students, and to detect differences in cognitive flexibility based on demographic variables (gender, educational stage, college). (17) phrases, and applied to a sample of (476) students at the University of Aleppo, and the results showed that the level of cognitive flexibility among Aleppo University students is higher than the average, and the results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences in cognitive flexibility due to demographic variables (sex, educational stage ), while the results showed that there were statistically significant differences in cognitive flexibility due to the college variable and in favor of theoretical colleges.

Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992), an Austrian economic thinker, one of the most famous thinkers of the twentieth century and one of the most prominent theorists in contemporary political philosophy. He belonged to the Austrian school of political economy, and his works were very popular in his book (Law, Legislation and Freedom), which is divided into three parts in which he crystallized His most prominent basic ideas on the well-known issues of political philosophy: power, freedom, the state, and also the right and the relationship between political and economic institutions. Hayek’s ideas formed a basis and starting point for the ideas of neoliberalism in particular and contemporary liberalism in general in terms of calling for the revival of the traditional liberal heritage to serve the political and economic theory that he adopts, as Hayek expressed a traditional individualism that represented the essence of his political and economic ideas the first unit is the individual escalated from the first unit to be group or society. Production is the sum of individuals. Preserving the natural rights and property of individuals requires a system of any state authority that protects them and works to equalize their opportunities in their self-selection for development without interfering in this choice. Individually, the nature of Hayek's political thought can be identified by delving into some of the aspects he addressed. You will find Hayek talking about the concept of neoliberalism, as well as addressing the topic of the state and the automatic system, which are among the most prominent topics that attracted his attention through the use of an appropriate methodology represented by the historical method and the descriptive and analytical method describing the state. Which Hayek aspired to and to analyze the meaning of neoliberalism. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to clarify the meaning of neoliberalism, remove the darkness that surrounds it, and find out the extent of the state’s authority that Nahit spoke about and the possible scope of that sultanate, in addition to clarifying the theory of the cultural system that governed the economic process and the market and how it affects the existence of the state.

The theater dealt with many phenomena and issues that affect reality with the aim of changing society and reshaping it, linked to the political and social reality, and deals with issues accurately, and many playwrights relied on identifying many social phenomena. It is the representations of the drug phenomenon in the Iraqi theatrical text, as well as included the importance of the research in that it sheds light on the drug phenomenon and its representations in the Iraqi theatrical text, as well as defining the goal behind conducting this research, which focuses on identifying the drug phenomenon and its representations in the Iraqi theatrical text and defining it with temporal, spatial and objective boundaries In addition to the terminological and procedural definitions contained in the research, the second chapter included two sections, as the first dealt with drugs conceptually in terms of origin and type, and the second section dealt with drugs and their representations in the theatrical text globally and in the Arab world. The research was the research community and the research sample itself, and it included the research tool and the research methodology.

The obligation to maintain the confidentiality of information and technical knowledge is an important restriction in the negotiations of international trade contracts, which the negotiation parties are keen on, whether the negotiations lead to the conclusion of the final contract or not.
Confidentiality does not mean that the negotiations are not public and are kept secret, but rather the confidentiality of the technical, engineering or chemical information which is accessible to the negotiator.
Nowadays, the negotiations of international contracts are about matters of technical and technological nature, and therefore, in order to initiate, continue and reach to a final agreement in the negotiations of international contracts, many secrets must be revealed by one of the parties to the other, on matters of a technical and technological nature or secrets related to the financial position and the volume of commercial and economic transactions of one of the parties. And this obligation provides an effective guarantee and protects the rights of the negotiating parties, especially if the negotiations fail. in cases where secret ideas are negotiated, the law does not guarantee a special protection by their nature, such as patents or trademarks and trade names