Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

Linguistic catogaries and varities are considered a linguistic reflection of everyday language. We studied that considering masculine\ feminine diffrentation scientifically regarding dual linguistic forms usages. Also, all verbal and semantic diffrences are explained depending on two axes: ristricted linguistic scopes and contemporary approaches.

Approaches adopted tackled the psychological part by revealing the relationship between feminine and masculine as the traditional known basics relating to linguistics. As for social part, it is discussed by analyzing verses from Holy Qur'an being the highest rhetorical speech from the perspective of sex distinction. Geographical aspects are also studied to explore some ancient Arabic environment regarding sex distinction in everyday language and what things that affect sex linguistic forms usage and meaning.
Considering cognitive classification, Simon Dicks' classification is adopted to trace the functional usages for suffix morphemes like T letter in Arabic. Also, pragmatics theory is being referred to with its indicative dimension, written form, communicative efficiency, and semiotics issues. For example, Sufi text represented by Ibn Arabi who cares about linguistics masculine\ feminine forms simulating spiritual and moral sides on discourse analysis.

There is no doubt that the study of the applied grammar in Al Quran Sunnah, and poetry, is very important. There have been many studies as poetry as the Arabs heritage, and in Quran as the Speech of Allah and the Constitution of Muslims. Hadith (the speech of Prophet Muhammad) has got less attention in comparison to Qur\'an and poetry.
Here we are studying a book of (Inflexion of holy hadith). In this research, we will review the accusative case of names in book (Al Eddah fi Aerab Al-Aumdah) by Ibn Farahon. The research included studying the Accusative of theoretical names in eleven positions with applied examples from the book mentioned above. .The views of ancient and modern Arab grammarians were brought together in a comprehensive form. The research is a syntactic inclusive study gathering both theoretical and applied grammar so that it is easier for the reader to delve into the expression of Hadith which linguists overlooked it.

This research dealt with methods of language development in “Maejam Rawdat Al-Lugha for Dr. Ahmed Al-Khani” by showing that effect on words development. The research showed that language development in this lexicon varies between the words resulting from the generation and derivation from old vocabulary, as well as the methods of borrowing from other languages like intruder words and what is translated to Arabic. It also examined the impact of the old dictionaries as well as linguistic development on author of this lexicon and his method what makes a necessity to name new techniques of words derivation. A series of updated and colloquial words were presented, and the research dealt with some of the vocabulary and its treatment in the light of old and modern lexicons.

The Research consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 included research problem, formulated in a question. What are the origins of absurdity in Chekhov's dramatic texts? Research importance is identified and goal is set as what is Chekhov’s dramatic texts influence on absurd author texts? In determining terminology, the research defined the concepts of realism. Chapter 2 included two topics: Realism, Plot and Hero.
In Chapter 3, data and scope of analysis are determined from Chekhov's texts as follows; Jubilee, marriage proposal, tobacco mischievous, The Swan, The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Cherry Orchard . as for Absurdity works, they are: Zoo Story by Edward Albee, The Chairs & Amédée by Eugène Ionesco, Le Professeur Taranne by Arthur Adamov, Executioners by Fernando Arrabal , and Ashes from Ashes by Harold Pinter
In Chapter 4, results were discussed and conclusions were identified as follows:-
1-Absurd authors were clearly influenced by Chekhov's dramatic technique.
2-The shattered form of absurd texts was an extension of Chekhov's texts.
Recommendations were mentioned also.

The grammatical explantation is an important part in Arabic grammar studies, therefore I have dealt with ( the grammatical issues in gerund nouns in (Shoroh AL- tas-heel) to be analytic- descriptive study. A preface is stated then a summary is presented on Shoroh AL- tas-heel. Regarding the content, it included kinds of noun gerunds; pronouns, gerunds, and adverbials. Some conclusions were mentioned to end this research.

The Research is an investigation and a study of two topics of the grammatical manuscript (Divine bestows in the explanation of Al - Mugadima al Fakhria ( Honored Introduction ) in Grammar by Abdullah bin Moussa Al Jallouty) Died in1164AH.
It includes a study of the author's life, his writings cited by many references and his teachers. It is followed by a study of the book: its title, validation of belonging to the author, his approach and the most important sources he depended on in writing his book .As for the approach in the investigation of this manuscript, it is done by confronting the original text with the second one to prove the statement. Verses from al Quran and hadith, the poetical evidences and sayings have been used, from their sources. It also introduced the great pioneer scholars who (have been pre-mentioned) with explanation of the some semantic ambiguous vocabulary.

I have had always the desire to study the effects of one of the scientists of our virtuous city. I chose Sheikh Hamid Mullah Hweish, may God have mercy on him to study his sermons from rhetorical perspective. His speeches have great scientific impact in this city, its mosques and students of science. To stand at the most important rhetorical methods used in his sermons, I started by looking at the linguistic and idiomatic meaning of the concept of the Arabic sentence, its significance, and informative sentences and their semantics. I have proved through the investigation of his sermons that informative sentences exceed the number of constructive sentences by a great percentage. Also, I dealt with verbal sentences and their meanings, and the beauty they add to the sermons. Past and present verbs are studied. Nominal sentences are also studied with their meanings in the sermons

The phenomenon of subjecting the religion to history was one of the features of Jewish religious strategies. The Zionist leaders and philosophers worked on not interpreting Jewish history apart from economical, religious, and national that they care of. Instead, they aimed to transferring the religious doctrine to political theory demanding religious and historical right that says Palestine is to the Jews. As such, the study aims at discussing and refuting the allegations and claims of Zionism. The study is divided into two main parts:
First part: on the Zionist religious allegations of the Jews on Palestine and refuting them.

The study covers the domain of reading and comprehension of the poetry of Al-Huthleen and their effect on producing meaning. This is because the poetry of this tribe is the only poetry among the huge number of collection of poetry of other tribes that reached us fully interpreted and collected.
On that bases, this study aims to explain reading and comprehension and their effect on forming meaning for the poetry of this tribe by noting the significance of reading and its close relationship with criteria of literary quality. Thus, the study was divided into two sections; the first section addresses types of reading namely interpretive, critical, and rhetoric reading. The second focuses on the authors intentions and understanding of the recipient or reader to identify the role of the recipient in receiving these text. The study ends with conclusions that sum up the most important fining of the study.

The research dealt with the study and the analysis of (distinction) forms in the book (divine grants by explaining the honorary introduction in grammar) to Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman bin Musa al-Jalwati (d. 1164 AH). The research included a simple study on the life of the author, his writings mentioned in the sources, his Sheikh teachers, and his methodology in the investigation, with models of manuscript images.

The Importance of the paper:
The paper is based on the definition of one of the poems of the well-known poet, Marouf Abdul Ghani Alrusafi. The poem is (The Day of Fallujah) whose reciter is considered one of its prominent men. He is one of those who have experienced two important stages of governance in Iraq: Ottoman and the royal era. In these eras, the language discourse _ especially poetic _ was privileged in portraying the circumstances via time and space according to the high and decent poetic vision. This is the main reason which encouraged me to go deep in studying the poem and its meaning of words and their targets with consideration of general and specific meaning.

The motives and objectives of the paper
The paper aims at questioning the poem through research and analysis of its vocabulary within the political, social and psychological contexts of its people, starting with the poet, his relationship with the city of Fallujah and its people and then his country, Iraq. Moreover, it is investigated with relationship of the poet to other countries, people of different nationalities, with their positive and negative attitude. This is done by portraying what happens in the context of internal and external atmosphere, and then to stand closely on the language of the poem, taking advantage of the context of its words and general faces. This in turn will add an important documentation for the events that accompanied and preceded the poem. In addition, this process shows the future vision of the poem, the poet's ingenuity, linguistic and poetic culture and his good choice of words. This ability of the poet will be employed in the domain of semantic and rhythmic relationships to serve the linguistic and cognitive interaction. In doing so, the poet will add a bit of cognitive benefit, and use the qualities of the modern language lesson to enrich individual and collective sense of meaning. Consequently, it will enhance the active vision of the recipient and stimulating linguistic thinking associated with language and its creative role

The present study addresses the verb form ‘נִפְעַל' "Infa’ala" in Hebrew within its linguistic context by taking out examples of this verb form in the lexicographic- dictionaries and texts. This is followed by tracing some of its phonological phenomena. This verb form נִפְעַל is used to express functions normally achieved by the passive construction, which corresponds to the verb form "Infa’ala" in Arabic. However, while the passive construction in Arabic is derived from the base triple form of the verb, in Hebrew this construction does not exist, or it might have been lost. On the other hand, the use of the passive derived from the base verb is rare in modern Arabic. For instance, speakers don’t normally say "yuktabu Al- Darsa", rather they say " yankatebu" or " kuser" rather they say " Ankasarah". This means that the additional form "Infa’ala" has replaced the passive derived form from the base form of the verb.

The idea of research is based on the idea of comparisons. It has been a long time since the emergence of the field of research of comparisons, and this can be said if we talk about this field as a complete theory that has gained wide popularity at the hands of specialized researchers. This field has witnessed its birth since 1821 AD by François Renoir. It is not strange that this field witnesses a significant development and remarkable expansion from that year to the present day, as there is no longer something that cannot be compared such as religions and beliefs ", ideas", literature ", jurisprudence", "grammar" and others. The subject is studied in international universities, as well as assemblies and links for comparative literature were established. The field of comparative rhetoric found only little attention among the many and large books written about comparative literature. The access to this new spacious field is not intended to address sources of influences and impacts. Rather, it is intended to search for what might be called parallel and cross-cultural ideas between two cultures that are culturally and geographically distant in order to arrive at real thinking. The study compares Arabic rhetoric with the Greek rhetoric on the one hand and the modern rhetoric after the Renaissance on the other hand, in same time with the comparison between the two contemporary rhetoric in the period between 700 AD - 1400 CE.

Personalism is derived from the word person. It is a philosophical doctrine developed by the French philosopher Emmanuel Monnet. It confirms the absolute value of a person and that the person is the highest in the universe. Personalism looks at the human or the person, and does not look at the individual, and therefore the person is part of the whole of society, whereas individualism looks at society as if it were individual spaced atoms.
Personalism is presented as a new doctrine philosophy, invented in the early 20th century. Personalism philosophy is one of the most important philosophies of great interest in intellectual and scientific literary society, some of which are attributed to Europe. However, attention to this type of philosophy may be the beginning to change some of the situations they reject. The Arab thinkers have some philosophical voices calling for embracing this philosophy as a self-sustaining ideology that calls for the preservation of identity, calls for the sanctification of freedom and rejects everything that violates the principles of humanity, spiritual and moral values. Yet, we found in the poetry of Abu Thuwaib Al Hathaly that it expresses the Islamic Personalism expressed in the poetry such as faith in death and life after death, patience in hard times and worries. We tend to suggest that Personalism was embodied in poets' poetry in the old age, where they show through their intellectual production, their beliefs, their personality and their psychological strife as well as the intellectual transformations that appear in their societies. To delve more deeply into the manifestation of personality and doctrine, we need to delve more deeply into the production of ancient thinkers and poets who depict our reality, age, life and culture.

When the book explaining Muhammad Shah al-Fanari (died: 840 H) on the basis of the book (Morphological rules) to his father Mohammed bin Hamza al-Fanari (died:834 AH) found that commentator stands at controversial issues. He mentions the doctrines of grammarians, being worthy of study issues, where the character of the commentator revealed. We do not claim that al-Fanari had many unique opinions and had not previously done so to raise his scientific status. The man lived in a time when the rules were established and the judgments settled. The point is that he was not a prisoner of a particular doctrine, but had his own personality, and his own views after a long thought and scrutiny what reassures him that is correct among those views presented, with a tendency to the opinion of the public.

The study examines an important subdivided subject, which is the assault on Allah and His Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Aesthetical and objective methods are used. Rhetoric and stylistic issues are its main tools for analytical purposes. It is a try for the researcher to read the texts of al Quran and Sunni and study them objectively and aesthetically. This was done based on dual comparisons of Quranic and prophetic discourse of mixed construction. Therefore, it is to be compared from a dual perspective methodology, objective and aesthetic one, as an attempt to find a way into this forgotten cultural aspect in our Islamic culture.

This study deals with one of the terms of the Jewish religious thought, namely the term Kiddush Hashim, which means "sanctifying the name of the Lord and not insulting or blasphemy him".
This term is mentioned in Talmud with a great development that its meaning has changed and it has become linked to three specific cases in which the commandment of Kiddush Hashim must be executed. Like the Talmud, Moses Maimonides, one of the most important interpreters of Jewish law, adopted the Talmudic approach in interpreting and treating this term.
This research deals with the meaning of the term "Kiddush Hashim" and its interpretation in the Mikra, Talmud, and then on Maimonides, to find out the differences and distortions in its interpretation, if any, through the three sources

In this paper, I discussed an impotent issue in grammar, which is the grammatical reasoning. Al-Hariri discussed it in his explanation of Mulhat al-Arab due to the great attention by scientist for this type of science. Thus, this effort is to introduce this reasoning with mentioning the commentaries on it before and after it to be provided to the recipient. This is for the benefit of me and him in grammatical concerns

This study dealt with the political thought in the poetry of Andalusia in the age of believers to the age of Granada fall- a stylistic approach-. It mentions the most important means of communication, thinking, and the distinguished style of poetry especially for political poets. They tried to employ poetic language and style to add some sort of direct influence on the meant person. The poet has a great need to spread his political thought and make a kind of change regarding social, financial, and political life. This change can be partial of full with a real want to better life even if after years. Their main issue was political poetry by which they draw a new reality of good living.

Arabs had suffered from confrontation of emigration; of which some are optional and other are forced. The causes of emigration were the colonial period and suppressive regimes or some economic reasons. Diaspora novel is based a group of aspects which all depend on the dualism of echo\ and the other.
Technically, it is too early to judge the Diaspora novel. It is possible to say that what distinguishes it from Arabic novel in its content since it is almost structurally traditional. The research distinguishes three types of diaspora novel: the novel written in the west, the novel that takes Arab homeland as the place of events, and the novel that is written in a language other than Arabic.

There is no doubt that the value of peace is one of the most important values that a person needs and seeks to achieve because it brings him security, living in happiness and tranquility. This is the peace searched for by man on the personal or individual level. General peace is always the opposite of wars and battles that destroy states and cities and in our present age and the world around us witness all these oppressions so we are in bad need for peace. We need to remember what the religions of heaven mentioned about peace and its importance, so it became one of the names of God in all religion.
The research focuses on the concept of peace in the books of the Jewish religion in general, and then deals with the chapter of peace that was presented at the end of the chapter on damages and offers peace in all its aspects
The research relies on the analytic method, and attempts to provide a critical view of the concept of peace in Judaism, which is in stark contrast to what Israelis do today

The results of semiotic signs as an explanatory energy lurking in the secrets of the connotations of Qur’an expressions in their different contexts and their probable reading aim to provide a communication between what a semiotic sign is and comprehension level of the interpreter according to the extent of his rhetoric creativity. Accordingly, it was necessary to research the meanings of Al Qur’an and its verbal connotations as a ruling inferential method that includes an interpretive philosophy through interactive Quranic verses and linguistic uses, different opinions of the cultural heritage, scientific and practical thought, and various visible or hidden signs. These indications depend on the consideration of texts, especially the efficiency of the meanings of Qur’anic expressions because the interpretive signs are deduced from authenticated maxim. In other words, the semiotic interpretation is a renewed thought whose opinions are based on a sound interpretative belief and sincerity of work. It is well known that the foundation in any science is the consideration of the solid branches and their rules. Such a study has its foundations, perceptions and multiple components according to an epistemological and analytical concern for the pictorial style of the Qur’an, whether moral or material at different levels of textual discourse. Islam encouraged inherent systematic scientific bases.

This study attempts to focus on one of the important terms of modern criticism, which is identity. The study sheds the light of this concept especially in modern era and post modernism considering comparative literature studies, and orientalism fields. These domains care about studying identity and belongingness in various descents that form societies. Identity concept in the poetry of Namiq appeared in different forms: by representing the other, similar texts, or clear mention. This concept was linked to the question of age, the fatal end, beauty, freedom and art.

En las siguientes páginas intentamos repasar, históricamente, la traducción y sus procesos del árabe al castellano en la península ibérica para darse conocer las etapas y las condiciones por las que el árabe pasaba. Además del papel que el árabe jugaba como un puente entre lo oriental y lo occidental, sobre todo, al ser como una lengua origen de traducción con sus aportaciones fundamentales en las ciencias y literaturas occidentales, especialmente, a través de unas traducciones hechas para hacer llegar todos los conocimientos de procedencias y diversos orígenes al occidente. También, el estudio se trata de presentar unas escuelas de traducción y personajes que ocuparon un lugar más importante y decisivo para resurgir el árabe como una lengua decisiva de traducir, estudiar e investigar los diferentes conocimientos durante unos siglos.

The study aims at exploring the close relationship between the linguist and language user to build an investigative and procedural approximation of semantic transformational point between them. The starting point for that purpose would be to break the grammatical rules represented by the language user who manipulates the license given to him, which is the distinctive feature of Sufi text.
It is well known that language is a system based on a number of functional procedures that draw this linguistic system and describe it. This system should have a regulator that organizes the phonological, syntactical and semantic systems of the language. The function of this regulator is to manage these systems according to a preplanned strategy to achieve the desired objective by a number of organizational functions of the language. The person in charge of these functions is to be called the language user. By carrying out this study, the aim is to treat the functional inputs of the language user to manage the language of the text through planning and organizing language to arrive at the outputs that represent the giving(s) of administering the language of the text.