Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

The noble Prophet Hadith is the source of all studies in all disciplines, especially the humanities. Semantic studies are very important within this domain since the Noble Hadith expressions contain deep, varied and new meanings and connotations which contributed greatly to enriching the semantic lesson, especially after a group of the outstanding scholars have attempted to interpret them. By so doing, these scholars made easy the understaning of what once was difficult of these espressions. Also, the different points of view have formed a rich material worthy of research and study. These have enriched the Islamic library with publications, titles and names of authors who have their significance in the world of research and knowledge.

This research deals with the study of evoking the folkloric figure in the collection of the Saudi poet Osama Abdul Rahman (It Levelled itself on Al-Judi). It adopts a historical descriptive approach in addition to some other approaches whenever needed. By invoking the folkloric figure, the research addresses the most important issue in the collection, namely the reality of the Arab nation. This has been done by evoking traditional figures and trying to refer to contemporary figures that have a negative and positive impact on the reality of the Arab nation, and using objective equations to embody the contemporary reality of the nation and compare it to the glorious past. This has made the folkloric figures luminous symbols in the nation's past, trying to embody the image that explains the difference between the glorious past and the painful present. The study concluded that the poet devoted his efforts in this collection to attempt to embody the reality of the nation and mobilize their determination by reminding them of the ancient past embodied by those folkloric figures

The critical reasoning in the book (Al-Muwashah, Scholars' Criticism of Poets in several Types of Poetry Industry) by Abu Abdullah Al-Marzabani (Dead 384 AH) is a critical approach based on the explanation of a number of old rules of criticism. This research identifies the positive and negative reasons for the critical judgments Al-Marzipani gives on the poetry of the ancient and modern poets, seeking to draw the poet’s attention to this fact so as to polish his creative work. This is important since poetry is bound to a system and rules which the poet cannot ignore or deviate from.

The theme of sadness is associated with the psychological, social and philosophical dimensions that have direct link with the real life and effect on all people, especially in the early Islamic era. This era represents an important transitional phase in the history of mankind. Studying the theme of sadness depends on combining between the descriptive, analytic approach and the psychological method. The research consists of an introduction and two sections. The introduction deals with the linguistic symbol of sadness, then the technical token of the Islamic and psychological thought. The first section deals with the most important psychological causes leading to sadness and ends with a general view of the nature of the Islamic life. The second section is concerned with the implications of these causes. The research ends up with the most important findings, then a list of reference.

In its quest to reveal a different vision, the novel needs a narrative code that transforms its semantic dimension into discourse symbols to produce knowledge that stems from its fictional space to a rational world. This is what the Algerian novelist Ahlam Mosteghanemi sought in conveying the concerns of the Algerian reality by opening creative narrative texts to communicate her literary aspirations which enabled her to convey her literary messages and intentions. Therefore, the Algerian novelist kept pace with the reality despite the various changes and circumstances she went through and the factors that contributed to bringing about this change, so that her name would be incripted in the literary circles.
This study is based on the lesson of the narratee by the novelist Ahlam Mosteghanemi in her novel (Chaos of the Senses). The study identifies the three techniques of the narratee (the dramatized, the non-dramatized, the semi-dramatized). The narratee would differ from the real reader who is a person dealing with the fictional work whenever he wants, and differs from the implicit reader who is an imaginary being born at the moment of writing the narrative text. We must not confuse the narratee that is the person to whom the narration is directed within the text. The focus was on the novel (Chaos of the Senses) and how to employ the concept of the narratee within the text, in an attempt to highlight the artistic value of the narratee in the modern Algerian novel.

This research aims to study the erotic literature being a field of creativity that is inseparable from the other elements through which the poet expresses his visions. It is a method for expressing an urgent need for life that has internal structural components, and goals. It has a theme that distinguishes it from the rest of the genres included within the art of literature, due to its interest in the secret intimate life. It talks about the body and the sexual act using poetic language to show its beauty or flaws, unlike pornography which delves into the details of the sexual process and madness obscenity. It takes the form of a novel, a short story, a poem, or a dairy. We are in front of a rich text of multiple structures, visions and themes. The research relies on a group of Arab feminist novels to depict the nature of the use of sex in those novels, and the significance behind that employment.

Almost no language is deprived of lexicographical work due to its significance in collecting its words, explaining their meanings, interpreting their vocabulary, establishing their correct structures, identifying the false ones, undertaking to explain the forms of their uses and distinguishing the original from the extraneous, the real from the false, the living from the dead, and the common from the rare.
The Arabic language has a long history in the domain of lexicographies. It is one of the widest and oldest languages in the world. It is known for its wide derivation, the abundance of words, the branching of meanings, and the naming of things. It created for everything a quantity of terms expressing it. For this reason, it produced several kinds of lexicographies that deal with the meanings of things, such as Al-Mulakhas fi marifat Asma’ Al-Ashyia’ ‘Summary in Knowing the Names of Things’ by Abu Hilal Al-Askari (Dead 395 AH), and Al-Mukhasas ‘The Dedicated’ by Ibn Sayyida (Sead 408 AH) in addition to other lexicographies pertaining to this domain.

This study examines performative actions through discourse that achieve its communicative opportunity by applying an applied model, namely the commandment of Umama bint Al-Harith Al-Shaibaniyyah’s to her daughter Umm Iyas. It is a pragmatic linguistic study based on tracing the intentions of the sender starting from the speech structures and their actual value, and studying the impact of communicative contexts on the production and interpretation of utterances.
The study explored the structural, semantic, and pragmatic conditions by which this text attempted to be acceptable and successful in its context. It also explored the discourse strategies and techniques that it employs to achieve its purposes, and the performative functions of the speech acts represented in it. It also also explored the sources of the performative energy that this discourse has, and the pragmatic functions performed by the referential structure in the text through the duality of the presence and absence of the refrential elements most prevalent in it. Finally, it explored the idea of the communicative opportunity and the impact of the discourse as was manifested in the studied text.
The study highlights the significance of the first-glance strategies in the opening part of the text and its pivotal role in paving the way for fleshing out the list of orders, prohibitions, directions, and dictations in this kind of commandments. The study also shows that studying speech acts through their different contexts is a crucial key to account for the processes associated with linguistic performance.

The grammatical dispute represented a major milestone in the march of Arabic grammar. The grammatical dispute highlighted the Arab mentality, its development and the way other sciences influence it. In light of this, this research deals with the grammatical dispute in the book (Anwar Al-Misbah Sharah Misbah Al-Mutarrazi) by Ahmad Bin Mahmoud Bin Omar bin Qasim Al-Jundi. The significance of this research stems from the fact that the book in question is an explanation of one of the most important concise books in Arabic grammar, and the author of the commentary is a scholar with many publications that enriched the Arabic library in general and Arabic grammar in particular.
Keywords: Dispute-grammatical, syntax, AL Mutrazi, Al musbah, AL Jendi

Rhetorical studies are interested in studying the role of the word in the context of the sentence and the extent of its interaction with its neighbors, to produce a new connotation enjoyed by the installation. Hence, the context played an important role in achieving what is called textual harmony , in addition to the intangible relationships that arise due to the interconnection of sentences with each other, each of the two things is – undoubtedly- considered as a major entry point for accessing the world of the text and studying it, by reveals its secrets and highlights its artistic features .
From here, I took my means of studying texts of the book (preface of Imam Dar Al-Hijrah Malik bin Anas) - may God have mercy on him- , It is a book full of texts related to hadith, jurisprudence and impact. It contains texts that were collected to relate to various topics, so the study was related to two matters, the first : the role of the context in achieving textual harmony in these texts .taking into account, the effect of the context in guiding the morphological formula, syntactic significance, semantics of the words, and the significance of the deletion . The second matter: depends on the study of the relations in the text and the relations of sentences to each other

This study seeks to explore the manifestations of the ideological conflict in the novel Ajaʼib Baghdad (Wonders of Baghdad) and present an analytical reading, relying on the dialectic of the close relationship between the novel and ideology. This creates a wide horizon for conflict and controversy among the narrative voices being a narrative necessity, especially in the polyphonic novel. Each voice has its own ideas, visions, customs, traditions and values, which shape its consciousness and then drag it to the conflict with the different Other. Moreover, within the consciousness of every writer, there is also a mass of values, ideas and beliefs which naturally control his consciousness, and then appear in one way or another in his literary work. The study is divided into two sections, which are respectively: the splitting of the self and the question of identity and the self between the fixed values and the problem of liberation. In the former, the researcher explores some of the fictional characters that suffered from a self-cleavage, which caused an ideological conflict between its two parts such as the conflict with religious, political or social backgrounds. In the second section, the researcher explores the ideological struggle resulting from the collision of the self with fixed values and habits. There are fixed values which the self aims to skip because it sees them as an ideological obstacle which prevents its liberation.

The metaphorical phenomenon is a linguistic phenomenon that is found in many languages of the world, in the past, in the present and in the future. The subject of metaphor in the Arabic sciences is still the subject of controversy and debate and discussion and debate not only among Arabic language scholars, but also including the rest of the human sciences. Perhaps the importance of that is due to the effect of this issue and its relation to the most prominent attribute that God Almighty has assigned to man, namely the tongue and the revelation. Almighty Allah says: " (1)The Compassionate (2 ) Has taught the Quran. (3) He created the human being (4) And taught him clear expression. (The Compassionate 1-4). This issue also touches the purpose and mission for its sake, man was created. It is his belief in his Lord, his attributes, his actions, and his approach to him.
In addition, the motives for metaphorical study in Arabic rhetoric are religious motives, and researchers in linguistics used to take into account the religious factor, whether they knew it or not, especially in the first centuries of the advent of Islam. In this topic, the researcher sheds light on the attitude of one of the great scholars in the modern era who disagrees with the majority of the people of language and Sharia in the issue of metaphor. He is Al Sheikh Muhammad Al-Ameen Al-Shanqeeti (D: 1393 AH). The methodology of the research requires that it consists of an introduction followed by two topics. The introduction deals with the subject of metaphor, its definition in language and terminology, its conditions, its contradictions, and analogy with it. The first topic presents the pioneer's opinions in the issue of metaphor and their arguments in that, while they are stand beside or against it. The second topic is the most important in this study that presents Al Sheikh Al-Shanqeeti's attitude of metaphor in the Noble Qur’an and language and his arguments in that.

The idea of the research is based on the study of physiognomy in Arabic poetry in general and Abbasid poetry in particular. It is concerned with identifying the intended implications and meanings of inferring the explicit things from the implicit ones, i.e. knowing the inner morality from the apparent morality. After investigation and scrutiny, several poetic physiognomies have been identified, from which those which correspond to the objective of the research in terms of brevity and drawing attention of what is useful as poetic evidence have been selected. Physiognomy was difined and its concept and importance in realizing the purposes and subtleties of poetry were explained. The research was divided into three sections. The first: stating the term physiognomy. The second: Physiognomy of the body and organs. The third: other types of physiognomy. The findings show that poetic physiognomy came in a variety of ways and means. Moreover, the Arab poet mastered the use of these diversities, and that physiognomy was a criterion for excellence and distinction.

This essay critically examines the invocation of poetry as a strategy of ethical resistance against the war on Iraq in the chapbook anthology 100 Poets Against the War, which was assembled in a matter of few weeks before the war. This textual tactics figures prominently among other resistance tactics employed by the poets in the 100 poems included in this anthology. Considerable number of poems turns to the invocation of poetry, the act of poetry making, and the power of the poem as a means to initiate an inquiry into the injustice of the war and the ethical responsibility of poetry to counter this injustice. Although 100 Poets Against the War emerges with one powerful collective voice which transcends cultural and racial barriers, this thematic strand of poetry invocation to counter the war on Iraq remains quite recognizable and, in a sense, foregrounds this collective voice.

The term “Arab spring” refers to the revolutions or uprisings that occurred in various Arab countries between 2010 and 2011 whose citizens viewed their government as having taken their rights and extorted their lives as human beings. The regime changes and ongoing civil wars that resulted from the uprisings are thus considered a political turning point in the affected countries, though the final outcome of the revolution is still unclear. Touted as the unprecedented event in the Arab world, the coverage the uprisings received, both internationally and locally, is believed to have been elicited not only due to the uprising itself, but as a force that encouraged and inflamed the uprising. Political affiliates, ordinary citizens and researchers in the affected countries have questioned whether the media was used to promote agendas favored by any particular government party, officials, and even foreign players. The significance of this question necessitates an

Cette recherche comprend une exposition de la problématique de la traduction de la polysémie dans le Coran, et la comparaison de trois traductions de trois différents traducteurs, le but de telle comparaison c\'est d\'arriver à comprendre au premier plan, les vraies dimensions de cette même problématique, et au deuxième plan, de choisir quelle traduction d\'entre eux se considère la plus proche du texte coranique en ce qui concerne le sens. Au début, nous parlons de l\'importance de la polysémie dans une langue et comment les linguistes et les spécialistes considèrent la polysémie comme nécessité linguistique parce qu\'elle nous délivre de mettre un mot pour chaque sens, en tant qu\'un seul mot porte de plusieurs sens unis phonétiquement, c\'est pourquoi on l\'appelle \"Polysémie\". Outre, la recherche étudie la difficulté de la traduction de la polysémie et l\'importance d\'obtenir un certain savoir linguistique et culturel de la langue du texte d\'original pour un traducteur. Puis, nous citons de plusieurs exemples des mots polysémiques dans le noble Coran et comment les transmettent trois différents traducteurs, de l\'arabe vers le français, en montrant ce qui réussit à donner un sens semblable à celui-ci dans le texte coranique. Enfin, nous essayons de trouver une solution pour éviter le piège de la \"Polysémie

War of Iraq has great consequences for US hegemony nationally and internationally. The American government adopted different methods to create false consciousness and to win the support of the public opinion before and during the war of Iraq. The power of the dominant discourses of the American political leaders have their influential part in the labels of the War on Terror. This paper shows how the political elite exploit the 11/9 attacks to create false consciousness and scare the American public . It shows how the American elite manipulate everything for their interests. They falsify truth terrifying Americans of the threat of Iraq. It also shows how these characters become victims and then turn to be victimizers. This study adopts the Marxist perspective as the theoretical approach in analyzing Thompson’s Palace of the End. Frankfurt school helps to explain how the economic power leads to have the domination of social and political issues. Concerned with the concept of false consciousness, the study presents how the political elite is able to deceive their people. Therefore, the current study finds that political elite created moral panic and used the stereotypical image of Muslim as motivations and influential tactics in order to support war’s decision. Moreover, the study concludes that the Soldiers fall victims to the deceptions of their government when they are manipulated and recruited in the army in war of Iraq. Consequently, they became victimizers when they come to Iraq.

This paper aims at exploring the theme of self-criticism in selected poems by the American poet, John Berryman. In both "Homage to Mistress Bradstreet" and "Dream Song", Berryman uses Bradstreet and Henry as a personae to construct an image of himself and his society in modern times. The purpose of Berryman's self-criticism is to expose what is wrong in himself, his faults and mistakes. What unifies these two characters and their creator is that all of them suffer a deep sense of alienation in the social and political environments they lived in. The feelings of frustration, anger, disappointment are not being properly appreciated, and the desire for change are typical of persons expressing self-criticism and using it as a tool to overcome the traumas of the past.

Negative stereotypes of Muslims have become the frequent feature of contemporary Islamophobic discourse and the icon of the "War on Terror". Perceived differences in race and religion, false depictions of Muslims and misconceptions about Islam have been recruited by mainstream discourse to create "the Muslim Other" or the Muslim enemy. "The Muslim Other", thus, has to live under the fierce measures of the "PATRIOT ACT" and the "Homeland Security State" that have created a new phase of Islamophobia in post- 9/11 world. Therefore, the first objective of this paper is to examine stereotyping Muslim identity in Akhtar's Disgraced in the light of Postcolonial Theory via the concept of the Other. It will also investigate the Western Islamophobic view of Muslims. The second objective is to investigate the Islamophobic setting created by "the Homeland Security State and the PATERIOT ACT" and supported by the "political discourse and Mass media". The significance of the study stems from the fact that it provides an investigation of the way Muslims are othered by adopting a postcolonial reading of the representation of Muslim identity in the aftermath of 9/11, thus, enriching the academia with contemporary literary studies in dramatic field. Ayad Akhtar's "Disgraced" (2012), is selected because it shows the quandaries endured by Muslims under the measures of "the Homeland Security State" and the "PATERIOT ACT" that have conceptualized Islam as a threat. The selection of Ayad Akhtar, the playwright, stems from the fact that he has experienced the dilemma of being Muslim in post- 9/11 America. The study concludes that Akhtar's "Disgraced" condemns "the Homeland Security State" and the "PATERIOT ACT" that have criminalized the Muslim Other