Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The major aspects in dealing with the design of nuclear shelters, such as the engineering designs (architectural and civil), location, prevailing meteorological conditions, methods and technologies of ventilation and air conditioning, supplies, degree of burial, wall thickness…etc., the last two aspects are chosen in this paper. This paper results in the preference for the nuclear shelter to be underground for maximum protection. That will reduce the effect of overpressure on the exposed roof slab, and remove the effect of the dynamic pressure altogether. Also, the effects of radiation would be reduced, allowing simplification of the design process and reducing the material cost compared with a similar partially or wholly above-ground shelter. Two types of concrete were tested as shielding materials through the use of the computer program CADRE, in addition to the use of the program BMIX to calculate some of the variables needed for the essential program, to calculate the wall thickness required to reduce the radiation dose exerted from a nuclear explosion of 20 kT (about 1 km away) to a safe value inside the shelter (2 mrem/h)

This work presents a method for designing and analyzing planetary gear trains and discusses potential applications in engine couplings. Furthermore, it will show to use of Epicyclic gear trains as a power coupling for two-engine generators to discuss the fuel consumption for (Amp/hr) 1n 2 & 4 KVA generators comparing the use of 337 cc engine and two 163 cc engines.
Results show that using two 163 cc engines launched to the generator head in the range of (1 to 12) Amp/hr may give up to a 50% reduction in fuel consumption compared to that of a single 337cc engine (at 6 Amp/hr).

This study presents the design and implementation of a business-to-consumer e-commerce system that provides the basic e-commerce security requirements including confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation, replay protection, and most important entity authentication. The above security features are obtained by adopting the Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) Protocol as the emerging e-payment security standard. The security of the protocol is further enhanced using some of the most powerful cryptographic algorithms such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm, the RSA-OAEP encoding, SHA-1 hashing, and HMAC authentication functions. The system is based on the modular Three Tier client-server architecture and guarantees portability across any hardware and software platform. This feature is basically provided by the cross-platform capability feature of the Java language. Indeed, Java Servlet technology gives the system the very important multithreading feature. MySQL database along with the HTML language was also used for system implementation. The system had been successfully installed and tested. Experimentally, our system was found to be of a high-security level, flexible, portable, robust, and relatively good performance.

The effect of the hole size on the fracture behavior of glass/polyester fabric laminates is experimentally studied in the flexural test. An “ANSYS” program is employed for the purpose of comparison, and for computation of the maximum stress and its concentration factors. Four groups of composite materials are used, one layer; two layers; three layers, and four layers. All these groups are of 35% volume fraction, 450 g/m2 areal weight, and hole diameter of (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) mm for each group. ISO standard flexural specimens are tested and repeated three times.It is noticed that values of stress concentration factors (Kt) decrease with the increase in hole diameter. Also, the fracture load and the stress concentration factors increase with an increased number of layers. The present Theoretical results show a good agreement with the experimental results.

This paper presents an algorithm for gray-scale image enhancement in the frequency domain using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) depending on the definition of contrast measure in the DCT domain. This algorithm introduces an efficient method for brightening darkened regions of images (which result from bad lighting scenes) without saturation of the normal regions. The proposed algorithm divides the image into nonoverlapping (8×8 pixel) blocks, for each block, the enhancement factor is computed by using a proposed equation. The enhancement factor is varied according to the mean of the block. The blocks with a low mean (dark blocks), get a high enhancement factor while the brightened blocks get a low enhancement factor.

Any numerical model is designed to address a specific class of problems. The results of these numerical models are often sensitive to the values of Manning’s roughness and eddy viscosity.
This study analyzes the effects of changes in Manning’s roughness coefficients and the eddy viscosities on a constrained flume. Understanding these effects is useful in model calibration. A computer program called RMA2 has been used for this purpose. The effects of five values of Manning’s (n) and five values of eddy viscosity (E) are investigated, for determining the water depth and flow velocities. The results indicate the fact that as the roughness increases, the upstream water depth increases and the eddy viscosities have a much larger effect when there are large longitudinal velocity gradients.
For realistic values of eddy viscosity, differences in depth at the upstream end of the channel are small. The effect of Manning’s roughness and eddy viscosity in model calibration are presented by an equation. This equation involves the dimensionless parameters (Peclet No. and Froude No.) and for different values of Manning’s (n). In this study and for subcritical flow, the Peclet No. was less than 28.0 and a good agreement was found between the result of the present work and that of the published studies.

In this paper, the equations for the inverse and direct kinematics problems of a 3-UPS spatial parallel mechanism (universal-prismatic-spherical) of six degrees of freedom with two actuated joints and four passive joints in each of three parallel branches have been studied.
The number of solutions to the inverse kinematics problem is shown to be not more than 64, and the solution of the direct kinematics problem has been shown to be reducible to an 8th order polynomial. This implies that for a given set of actuated angles, this 3-UPS parallel mechanism can be assembled in at most 8 different configurations. Further numerical computations were performed to check the algebra and numerical examples were solved to demonstrate the procedure

Automatic segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions in magnetic resonance images remains a challenging task. In this study, we present a fully automatic method to extract lesions from multi-sequence MRI (T1, T2, T2 FLAIR, Proton Density) within an Expectation Maximization (EM) based probabilistic framework.
The method uses the available MRI sequences in a hierarchical, orderly manner. First, the T2 FLAIR sequence is used to generate a segmentation of supra-tentorial lesions. Then T2 and T1 lesion loads are computed, providing an insight into lesion structure

A new model for embedded bar formulation in the finite element analysis is presented, this new model differs from the conventional models, that it can represent the bar in a more accurate way, also it can deal with curved and/or complicated bar geometry.
The current formulation is made using finite element analysis by considering the degenerated assumed strain eight-noded shell finite element with each node having five degrees of freedom and nonlinear material properties and solution techniques.
The validity of the current formulation is proved by comparing the results obtained from the generated computer program with that of experimentally tested slabs by different researches

This paper presents the analysis of a below-knee prosthetic socket for successful amputation, comfort, and stability. Seven different design models are created by changing the socket wall thickness, enlarging pressure relief areas of the socket, and changing the material.
The model designs are implemented by the finite element program, ANSYS. Useful information on stresses and deflections are obtained and a final design of the socket is selected

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or multicarrier transmission has been shown to be an effective technique to combat multipath fading in wireless Communications. It has been successfully used for HF (High frequency) radio applications and has been chosen as the standard for digital audio broadcasting and digital terrestrial TV broadcasting in Europe and high-speed wireless local areas networks. This paper describes the concept behind parallel data transmission and the configuration of an OFDM transmitter and receiver system when 8DPSK is used (8ary-Differential phase shift keying) as a modulation technique with the effect of carrier interference. First, the BER (Bit Error Rate) is evaluated for the OFDM system in two typical channels, the AWGN channel and the Rayleigh fading channel when we used a guard interval of 25% of the symbol period compared with the theoretical channel performance for each channel. Second, the BER is evaluated for the OFDM system in a Rayleigh fading channel with the effect of carrier interference for two values of the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR=15 dB & CIR=20 dB). In this case, some of the subcarriers are completely lost by deep fades due to multipath fading and carrier interference. So, Forward Error Correcting (FEC) code is used to improve the performance of the OFDM system with carrier interference...

Image filtering is one of the most important image processing tasks. Recently, fuzzy techniques offer a suitable framework for the development of efficient methods. In this paper, a recursive fuzzy filtering technique is presented to reduce additive Gaussian noise from color images using YIQ space. An adaptation scheme is developed to adapt the shape of membership functions of this filter according to the remaining amount of noise after each iteration. After the adaptation scheme, the fuzzy filter is based on two stages of fuzzy reasoning. The first stage computes a fuzzy derivative for eight different directions. The second stage uses these fuzzy derivatives to perform fuzzy smoothing by weighting the contributions of neighboring pixel values.
The simulation results show the effectiveness of this filter in reducing the additive
noise while preserving image edges very well. It is also favorably compared with the traditional
mean filter.

An analytical method for the elastic analysis of the interaction between a reinforced concrete beam and a steel plate bonded to it by flexible connectors is presented. The shear distributed force is formulated. Also, the ultimate strength, slip, and deflection for different cases of loading are studied. It is observed that large shear is concentrated at the edges of the steel plate. Compared with some experimental results from references, this model gives a close prediction.

Some properties were studied for the water of Hammar marsh in the south of Iraq, and the study was performed over a period of four months, months of January, February, and months of June, and July of the year 2006. The measured characteristics are temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved salts, electrical conductivity, chloride, sulfate, and the total hardness. It has been observed that the minimum temperature recorded in the Marsh within the study period is (10.5 oC) while the maximum temperature is (32.5 oC). The results of tests with a pH of the water show that the predominance in the Marsh is alkalinity, as confirmed by previous studies. The analysis of dissolved oxygen concentration records revealed that most areas of the Marsh are of good ventilation, while some sites have very low ventilation, below the critical limit. The minimum and maximum values of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the marsh are (2.0 and 12.3 mg/L), respectively. Moreover, a considerable variation in the concentration of total dissolved salts was recorded, where the minimum value is (1000 mg/L), and the maximum value is (11500 mg/L). The maximum and the minimum values of electrical conductivity are (2.2 and 10.5 mS/cm), respectively. These values were faller in the range of the results introduced by related previous studies on the Marsh and water bodies. The same thing was held for chloride, sulfate, and total hardness. Their averages are much more than the values in the Euphrates River before entry into the marshes