Kufa Journal of Arts

The study aims to reveal images of fish breeding and production in the province of Babylon and analyze the natural characteristics as far as their relationship to this aspect, and the possibility of its development and growth, through the diagnosis of problems that hinder this development and ways to develop.

This study gains its importance from its reliance on a vital and important topic, which is fish wealth, which has many links to the life of society and securing its developmental future, especially since this topic is related to the nutritional aspect, which is the basis for the survival and development of societies as a whole, in addition to being (fisheries) a renewable wealth that can be Preserving it and developing its resources in a way that constitutes an important developmental and nutritional resource that can be relied upon to meet the large population numbers in our country.

This study relies on research methods that the researcher believes are appropriate.

The research dealt with an environmental study of the bacteriological properties of Shatt Al-Kufa water in order to know its suitability for drinking. Shatt Al-Kufa water is polluted with agricultural waste (fertilizer and pesticide waste) and heavy sewage waste, which leads to an increase in the concentration of dissolved salts, organic and inorganic materials, and suspended materials in this water, which affects human health directly and indirectly and over different time periods; as household waste and heavy sewage are a good environment for the transmission of diseases, as such water contains a number of germs or pathogenic bacteria or parasites. Accordingly, some tests were conducted to detect the degree of pollution and that the biological properties of Shatt Al-Kufa water vary spatially and temporally according to the variation in natural and human conditions (this spatial variation in the number of bacteria and total coliform bacteria is attributed to the discharge of heavy water towards surface water, whether by connecting the sewage network or directing individual sewers directly to the river, which helps in the availability of nutrients for these bacteria and makes some sites unfit for human use. The spatial variation in the presence of typhoid and cholera in some sites is due to A bacterial infection that causes diarrhea and vomiting and is usually found in water contaminated by feces or excrement where water treatment is not sufficient. This confirms the validity of the hypothesis ((the bacteriological characteristics of the waters of the Shatt Al-Kufa vary spatially and temporally and for natural and human reasons).

This study dealt with an important figure in the history of Egypt, whose scientific impact is still clear in supporting research and studies. Through a careful reading of this study, I reached the following:

1- The opinions of Abdullah Al-Nadim had a clear impact on the transformation of Ahmed Orabi's movement at its beginning from having military objectives to a revolution with comprehensive objectives, as Abdullah Al-Nadim was the one who gave Ahmed Orabi the legitimacy to carry out his revolution.

2- Al-Nadim was aware that the means of British colonialism were many to ensnare peoples, especially among the Coptic Egyptians and Muslims, so he sought to block the British by exploiting the Copts and making the battle between the British and the Egyptians.

Al-Nadim was distinguished by his constant movement, as he was a man of action and knowledge, with clear leadership qualities. He was intelligent, quick-witted and argumentative, charming in his lecture, and sweet-tempered. He was bold. He lived his life contemplating the challenges facing his country, with determination and a resilient spirit that never tired of working for the benefit of his country. He always thought about how to reform it more than he thought about himself and his family. He dedicated himself to serving his country. Some described him as: “the rarity of his time and the wonder of his age.” Another described him as: “There is no other example of this type in the vanguard of our renaissance that rivals Abdullah Al-Nadim.” He had a clear role in the Urabi Revolution, as his role appeared in the midst of these events through his going out and roaming the country, arousing enthusiasm to fight the British occupiers, and igniting the fire of enthusiasm in the hearts of the people to defend their dignity, honor, honor, and religion. He addressed people in mosques and streets, in fields and communities, reciting the Qur’an to them, and reciting poetry to them. To instill in them the spirit of chivalry and zeal

Hermeneutics was a wide door through which the contemporary thinker could enter to choose a new line of research, if the importance of hermeneutics became clear, because it provides wide doors to understanding history and beauty and to delve into what is behind rigid writings, behind which we can reveal a hidden, distant truth that we see standing at a certain limit, but hermeneutics provides multiple truths that are understandable to us, and the research was limited to the philosophy of two contemporary philosophers, Martin Heidegger and Gadamer.

The press and its managers in Iran enjoyed a kind of relative freedom during the first stage of its life, that is, from the nineteenth century until the outbreak of the constitutional movement in 1905 AD, where the country witnessed the issuance of the first newspaper through the efforts of the Iranian government and with direct support and backing from the Shah. Its articles were always far from criticizing the state's policy and the way it dealt with the foreign presence in Iran. This opened the way for the sons of the educated elite who found themselves capable of issuing a newspaper and magazine that represented the tendencies of those in charge at the time and expressed, in one way or another, the orientations of the Iranian street and its desire for liberation and emancipation. After the constitutional movement events in 1905 AD, the Iranian government's policy towards press freedoms changed, as a set of laws were issued that regulated the work of these newspapers, and everyone could no longer issue newspapers as they wished, as strict control was placed on the work of these newspapers, especially during critical times that Iran had gone through at that time. Not only that, but the state faced those who criticized it with arrest, imprisonment, and the closure of the offices of opposition newspapers. However, despite this, the efforts of intellectuals did not stop in this field, but on the contrary, they continued and witnessed the first period of Ahmad Shah Qajar’s rule (1909-1925 AD), the publication of many newspapers and magazines with different orientations, the number of which reached hundreds.

The research adopted the choice of the dialectic of relations between the cultural approach and the determinants of the systematic reading of literary texts and its employment in approaching the title and its manifestations in the text of Saleh Al-Dhalimi to reach the interrogation of its nature and its effect on the formation of meaning, with the identification of the mechanisms of the influence of cognitive awareness and its manifestations in the text read, with the poet working on writing a poetic style that is not disconnected from the context of speech and the traditions of Arabic writing through the connection with the ancient text as a representative of the Arabic poetic character, to distance himself from reflecting reality or complaining about it because the umbrella under which the poet’s awareness was formed is the umbrella of the fifties and sixties under the influence of the cultural incubator that produced awareness.

The research went through several statements in a quick and preliminary manner, each of which requires a complete pause at each and every one of them. Despite their importance, we renew that they have been studied by some Islamic thinkers and also studied by Orientalists before us, and they have not been fully and appropriately liberated in the jurisprudential collections and religious seminaries that focus on producing contemporary jurisprudence and in stable traditional ways... The research is an initial provocation to establish the foundations of contemporary efforts in the Shiite and Sunni schools in their most prominent statements, and they were

The research aims to reveal the variation of the morphometric characteristics of Wadi Al-Rabish within the western plateau in Najaf Governorate and the extent of the influence of natural geographical factors represented by the geological situation, surface characteristics, climate, water resources, soil and natural vegetation on the variation of these characteristics. The research included an analysis of the spatial, morphological and topographic characteristics and the characteristics of the valley network using GIS, which showed that the basin has reached the stage of maturity or balance in its erosion cycle.

The science of Usul al-Fiqh is considered one of the distinguished intellectual data in the Islamic nation, as it outlines laws for exploring the rulings of the true Sharia in light of the method of jurisprudential research. Therefore, it represents the law that protects the mind of the mujtahid from error in deducing the rulings of the Sharia from its detailed methods. The method of Usul al-Fiqh is linked to contemporary intellectual reality due to its interdependence with jurisprudence and the connection of jurisprudence with lived reality, as it has an important function in addition to researching the subsidiary Sharia rulings recorded previously in terms of the difference in deduction. This is envisioned by researching the grounds of Sharia rulings in order to apply them to their proper places, by observing new incidents and developments. Especially with the openness of the Islamic world to other civilizations; This prompted some Islamic thinkers to adopt a new reading of the science of Usul al-Fiqh in order to find a solution to the \"problem of the method\" in contemporary Islamic thought, and to deduce and establish foundations on which the foundation of the theory of science is built, and to dispel cognitive blindness. Therefore, criticizing the methodology of the principles of jurisprudence has become one of the most important intellectual problems in Islamic sciences, because it constitutes an initial step towards delving into the consideration of jurisprudential innovations, while preserving its established principles, as well as in the issues of interpreting the text of the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Sunnah.

The (Lee) cognitive strategy is one of the cognitive learning strategies. This strategy was derived from Polya's approach to solving problems by reformulating it to suit the nature of verbal problems and reformulating the methods referred to by Polya, in terms of language and the degree of structure to suit the problems in the educational stages.

The problem in general is an unusual situation that previous experiences and familiar behavior are not sufficient to solve. The problem results from obstacles in the way of reaching a goal that cannot be achieved by familiar behavior, so the student feels a sense of confusion, hesitation and distress that prompts her to get out of the predicament and get rid of the distress she feels.

Therefore, the current research aims to know (the effect of the Lee cognitive strategy on the achievement of second-year middle school students in geography).

In the previous pages, we have finished discussing the subject of judicial settlement of international disputes. In conclusion, we say that since God Almighty created man, peace has been and will remain the focus of His laws and life and the fence of His impregnable security. It was and will remain the pioneer of the caravan of life on the path of prosperity and progress. The development of public international law has played a major role in achieving peace in the world because it has moved towards preventing war and achieving international cooperation, which is represented above all by the necessity of resolving disputes through peaceful means.

After this literary journey with the poet of the two countries (Khalil Mutran), the poet of authenticity and modernity, the research ship anchored on the shore of the end, and it determines the most important results that we can see in the production of this innovative poet. Khalil is a poet with rich knowledge and broad horizons. He lived in an intellectual and cultural environment that provided him with a suitable climate and a solid foundation from which he set out, carrying the idea of ​​liberation and renewal in Arabic poetry, where he absorbed Western literature, especially French, and was influenced by the Barnabas school, classicism, symbolism and romanticism. However, this influence remained committed to the message of the authentic Arab writer, and for this reason he knew renewal early, and introduced many narrative poems to modern Arabic poetry, such as (Nero, the Martyr Fetus, and the Girl of the Black Mountain...). He drew the characters and dived into their depths, and he was able to describe nature in a way that went beyond sensory descriptions and merged with it in a way that Dr. Muhammad Mandour called (poetic solutions), as in the poem (the evening). This and He was able to organize the epic in its most precise meanings, and the poem (Nero) is the greatest sign of this innovation; as the number of its verses exceeds four hundred verses, and he also renewed the literature of ballads in Arabic poetry, which is the organized, multi-segmented story. Finally, it can be said: Matran’s innovation was not separate from the ancient literary heritage, and he did not completely cut off from what his predecessors produced, and this is what made his poetry strong and authentic.

After that journey with studying the significance of the letter “lam” in those blessed texts, the research reached:

The letter “lam” in the previous texts is the letter “lam” of time.
The letter “lam” of time is a type of the letter “lam” of specialization, as it indicates that a meaning is specific to a certain time.
The grammarians and commentators differed and their opinions multiplied in directing the significance of the letter “lam” in the studied texts. Some of them said that it means (after - or at - or before), and some of them said that it is (for timing - or it is the letter “lam” of time), and some of them combined the two, and a few of the later ones chose the second, which is what the research also chose, and it went to the right as evidence of the need of the contextual evidence in those texts for this precise meaning, in addition to the difference in significance between “after” or “at” and specialization, as we explained previously.

Fallacy can be defined as a deviation from a strategic maneuver as the process of issuing a flawed argument (when subject to certain criteria) to support and reinforce a previously issued argument for purposes of persuasion. However, fallacy is a broad topic that has been approached from different perspectives. Many studies have attempted to address fallacy in a practical way. However, those attempts have suffered from numerous gaps and shortcomings, which have made them inadequate accounts in this regard. Hence, this work has set itself the task of dealing with this problem by developing practical models to analyze fallacy in terms of its practical structure, types, and strategies. These models are based on several models presented by several researchers as well as the observations made by the researchers themselves. The validity of the developed models was tested by analyzing sixteen fallacious situations taken from Barack Obama’s war and election speeches. The analyses conducted proved that the developed models are applicable. Besides, they have yielded different results from which it was concluded that fallacy is a process consisting of different stages. Each stage is characterized by its components and practical strategies.

The Greeks have a certain authority, as they are the source of Western traditions in poetry, philosophy, and science. The figure of Penelope in Homer’s epic can be seen as a symbol not only of the trials of women in general but also of the trials of the female artist in a man’s world. This study explores the myth of the peninsula as an ideological tool of patriarchy and argues that the gender stereotypes established in Greek mythology were later reworked by the modern American poet, Edna St. Vincent Millay. Encouraged by the feminist movement, Millay revised and rewrote the myth of the peninsula highlighting gender stereotyping as an important feature in her poems, “The Song of the Lyre” and “Ancient Gesture.”

Language defines the organized world, whose meaning provides the basis for our culture, activities, and relationships. It defines our identity as a form of reassurance. It deals not only with the impossibility of knowing human motives, but also presents the problem of communication between humans. Speech, without a doubt, is a proof of existence as well as a mode of competition for silence, isolation, and death, which is the unique heritage of man. The absurd playwrights’ use of language explores the limits of language as a means of communication and as an instrument of thought since there can be no definite meanings in a world devoid of values, principles, and virtues. They chose to write in a language devoid of content in order to become the appropriate representation of stagnant life. They present language as an ineffective tool for expressing one’s thought, for understanding the world, or for defining oneself. Thus Samuel Beckett represented the absurdity of modern life and the human condition in his play. He showed that with the advent of the twentieth century and its specificities, the specific character that was already taken for granted turned into the most negative of all, confused, disappointed, alienated, dislocated, and aimless. This creature may provide a new language, new ideas, new approaches, and a new vital philosophy to change the thinking and feeling patterns of the general public in the not-too-distant future. This paper aims to reveal the maze of language because it is a symbol of human existence. So it is used here as a symbol of absurdity.

This study aims to review and investigate the role and function of the poetic sense of Ahmed Matar in a practical way. Moreover, it attempts to identify the ways and strategies in which he uses humor negatively. That is, he uses humorous or joking strategies to overcome the social and political situation in the case of Iraq. Thus, he creates acceptance and sympathy from the audience. This study focuses on verbal irony that is produced by language or text. In addition, the study assumes that there is no clear cut between the categories of humor types - that is, the categories may interchange and merge in few cases. The stylistic forms presented in this study include mockery, sarcasm, exaggeration, comparison, and irony. Keywords: pragmatics, irony, sarcasm, exaggeration, humor. 0- Introduction This study is an attempt to deal with the strategies of humor in Ahmed Matar's poetry, and since pragmatics and style are interconnected, especially in poetry (Nofal, 2011), it is necessary to deal with both lines when approaching the poem. The stylistic forms used in the book have practical implications. From this perspective, the current paper aims to know how ``humor strategies'' are reflected and manifested in Matar's poetry. In: A- Presenting the pragmatic humor tools used by Ahmed Matar. B- Evaluating the impact of this use. C- Finding the most common strategies. In light of the above-mentioned objectives, it is assumed that: Ahmed Matar relies heavily on humor strategies to deliver his message and the message of mockery and criticism. B- Deliberately using humor - with the aim of entertaining and mocking the audience. C- The most common strategies are: sarcasm, exaggeration, and irony To achieve the objectives of the study and test its hypotheses, the following procedures are followed: A. Reviewing the literature on humor and pragmatism. B- Developing a model for analyzing the materials. C- Conducting a practical method of qualitative stylistic analysis of some randomly selected excerpts from Ahmed Matar's poetry. D- Discussing the results of the analysis, but the discussion takes place within the analysis - as there is no separate title dedicated to the discussion. Finally, it is worth noting that the translation of the book was done by the researcher himself.

The present work revolves around metonymy as one of the lexical relations that exist between words on the one hand, and as a problematic area for English language students on the other hand. Hence, it aims to measure students' proficiency in using metonymy and to identify the types and sources of errors in recognizing and producing metonymic concepts. To achieve these objectives, the study assumed that most EFL students face difficulties in using it. Then, it was planned to test a sample of (50) Iraqi EFL university students in the fourth year, Department of English, College of Education, University of Kufa during the academic year (2014-2015). The results obtained from collecting and analyzing students' performance confirm that students face great difficulty in this area. This is evident from the number of their correct answers compared to their incorrect answers. Keywords: Lexical relation; metonymy; Exam; Data analysis