Journal of University of Babylon

تُعرف طبقة المواد التي تقع فيها طبقات الصابورة الفرعية أيضًا بأسم الطبقة السفلية. نظرًا لأن الطبقة التحتية هي عنصر حاسم في بناء المسار وساهمت في تتبع الفشل وتدهور جودة المسار ، فقد أجرى العديد من الباحثين العديد من الأبحاث حول هذه الطبقة. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو التقييم الشامل وتصوير الحالة الحالية للبحث على مسار السكك الحديدية. باستخدام برنامج عارض VOS ، تم إجراء التحليل باستخدام موقع Web of Science من خلال النظر في الدراسة السابقة التي أجريت على المستوى الفرعي لمسار السكك الحديدية. باستخدام ميزة تحليل التكرار للكلمات الرئيسية ، نظرت هذه الدراسة في تكرار حدوث الكلمة الرئيسية ، "الطبقة السفلية" استنادًا إلى إجمالي 456 منشورًا مع "تصنيف فرعي" في الكلمات الرئيسية أو الملخص أو العنوان ، حددت نتيجة البحث بنجاح ثلاث مجموعات باستخدام طريقة التحليل العنقودي. تم استخدام تحليل انفجار الاقتباسات في الدراسة لفحص اتجاه النمو في مجال الطبقة التحتية وإظهار كيف تغير البحث على مسار السكك الحديدية بمرور الوقت. من أجل تصنيف الوضع الحالي والاتجاه التصاعدي في مسار السكك الحديدية بشكل أكثر دقة ، تعتبر هذه الدراسة مميزة من حيث أنها تعطي القارئ معلومات كاملة عن مجموعة الأبحاث السابقة حول تحقيقات الطبقة السفلية. أظهرت مراجعة الدراسات السابقة أن تثبيت الطبقة السفلية سيعزز الصفات الهندسية ، حيث كانت نسبة 10٪ من محتوى الأسمنت للطبقة التحتية للسكك الحديدية هي نسبة مثالية لبعض انواع التربة.

The urban fabric in historical cities faces enormous challenges in the field of urban conservation and reconstruction, due to the authenticity of its elements and components with multiple values that are irreplaceable in the event of their disappearance. The diversity of urban conservation methods and trends makes adopting one of them a challenge in addition to the compound damage caused by disasters, which requires experts to conduct focused analyzes of the reality of the urban heritage in comparison with the available capabilities, whether economic, social or other. The integrative conservation approach represents one of the trends followed globally in the field of urban conservation, but the absence of previous studies that show and classify its criteria and indicators increases the difficulty of adopting it as a trend for urban conservation in historical cities. The current research aims to identify and define the requirements and limitations of the integrative Conservation approach and define its aspects and standards, with the aim of employing them and their indicators as guidelines and directives to develop a plan for the reconstruction of the historical urban fabric. The research adopted the approach of comparative analysis of conservation trends and intervention mechanisms and analysis of the relevant charters to reach the standards of integrative conservation, and then an analysis of a number of international experiences that adopted this approach as a case study to show the extent to which they achieve these standards. The research found a set of criteria for integrative conservation and its effective social, functional and visual indicators, which can be employed as instructions and guidelines within plans and scenarios for the reconstruction and conservation of historical cities.

Similar lap joints of pure copper C101 thin sheets were welded using pulsed laser welding. The effect of laser welding parameters on mechanical properties was investigated. The experimental results revealed that sound defect-free joints could be obtained from similar copper-copper joints where the fracture occurs away from the weld line. The present work proposes improved design control for three different pulse shapes; rectangular (normal), ramped-down and modulated which are used to weld six different copper samples to achieve the optimum tensile-shear strength of the joints. Results showed that modulated pulse shape has the optimum in the shear-tensile test. Ramped-down pulse shape had a less significant effect on the strength of the copper joint when compared with the rectangular pulse shape. The relationship between the input and output parameters was obtained by employing Minitab software, and the Matlab software was used in order to reach the optimum solution. The genetic algorithm showed that the optimum magnitude achieved for the shear strength was 77.9 MPa, and the optimum input parameters were pulse energy of 39J, the pulse width of 8.5, frequency of 10Hz and linear speed of 160mm/min.

Brain stroke occurs because of a blockage in the artery, which delivers oxygenated blood to the brain. Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) is mostly occurred brain stroke. Early detection of brain stroke can be life-saving for patients. Electroencephalography is a technique to analyze electrical activities present in the different parts of the human brain, and using visual trace, it records these activities. EEG provides cost-effective, portable, high-frequency and accurate measurement as compared to other brain wave activity monitoring tools. EEG is used to diagnose AIS. In the proposed research, the convolutional neural network is applied for the classification of stroke severity. In this algorithm, the power spectral density (PSD) of EEG signals is calculated based on the extracted features from the artificial neural network. The feature map was then trained to classify the data into four instances based on the severity of the brain stroke. The effectiveness of the suggested algorithm is examined by comparing it with several similar algorithms., and it is observed that the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 98.3% and which is better than the existing algorithm for brain stroke detection.

The evaluation was based on the plant operation data such as BOD5, COD, TSS, T.N, PO4, NH3, SO4, NO3, Cl, and Oil&Grease for the period of 11months from Oct. (2020) to Aug. (2021). Data taken from a laboratory in the wastewater treatment plant and compiled in Excel software. The results showed that the efficiency of removal of BoD5, COD, TSS, T.N, PO4, NH3, SO4, NO3, CL, and O&G was 92.68%,78.97%,94.27%,62.61%,81.83%,83.32%, 8.71%,61.53%,12.29%, and 88.88% respectively on a monthly basis. Accordinig, it can be recommended that the Al-Muamirah wastewater treatment plant has an acceptable efficiency except for the efficiency of sulfates and chlorides that are not acceptable please treat them in the future. A multivariate statistical technique of the data has been attempted by applying cluster analysis using a statistical (SPSS). Cluster analysis shows that months (December20, February21, October20, January21 and November20) indicate a good level of treatment compared to that of (March21, May21, August21, Jun21, July21 and April21).

The current work presents an experimental demonstration of the impact of two-phase flow mixture (water and air) temperature on the pressure across the bend's upstream and downstream sides as well as the bend itself, as it is crucial for understanding and optimizing industrial processes. The test section in this study comprises a horizontal section, a vertical section, and a bend section, all made of PVC-U material with an inner diameter of 68 mm. The bend section has a curvature radius to diameter ratio (R/D) of 8. Pressure was monitored using six sensors over the test length for a range of water flow rates 18 to 42 m^3⁄h and air flow rates 4 to 18〖 m〗^3⁄h at various mixture temperatures. The obtained experimental pressure drop results were also compared to already previously published models to evaluate their performance in predicting pressure drop in conditions with heat transfer but no boiling. Based on the experimental result, the pressure across the test section increases with increasing temperature in a situation in which mixture viscosity is not dominated by liquid viscosity due to its high volume flow rate. Also, the pressure drop across the bend is higher at a lower air flow rate compared to a higher air flow rate at the same water flow rate and mixture temperature at room temperature, but as the mixture temperature increases, the pressure drop at a high air flow rate will be higher compared to a low air flow rate.